Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T08:17:22.765Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Doing God” in Number 10: British Prime Ministers, Religion, and Political Rhetoric

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Andrew S. Crines*
Affiliation:
University of Leeds
Kevin Theakston*
Affiliation:
University of Leeds
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Andrew S. Crines, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2, 9JT, United Kingdom. E-mail: a.s.crines@leeds.ac.uk; or Kevin Theakston, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2, 9JT, United Kingdom. E-mail: k.theakston@leeds.ac.uk.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Andrew S. Crines, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2, 9JT, United Kingdom. E-mail: a.s.crines@leeds.ac.uk; or Kevin Theakston, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2, 9JT, United Kingdom. E-mail: k.theakston@leeds.ac.uk.

Abstract

This article analyses British prime ministers' use of religious language and their own religious beliefs in their political rhetoric. This is used to justify policy, support their ideological positions, present a public persona, and cultivate their personal ethical appeal and credibility as values-driven political leaders. The focus is on the use and the nature of the religious arguments of Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and David Cameron. As political leaders, British prime ministers are aware of the need to modify and tailor their language in response to changing audiences and contexts. “Doing God” is a difficult and risky rhetorical strategy for British prime ministers but it increasingly has the potential to yield political benefits.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alexander, Jeffrey. 2006. “Cultural Pragmatics: Social Performance between Ritual and Strategy.” In Social Performance: Symbolic Action, Cultural Pragmatics, and Ritual, eds. Alexander, Jeffrey C., Giesen, Bernhard, and Mast, Jason L.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, Judi, Finlayson, Alan, Martin, James, and Turnbull, Nick, eds. 2014. Rhetoric in British Politics and Society. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Atkins, Judi. 2011. Justifying New Labour Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Atkins, Judi. 2014. “Narrating One Nation: The Ideology and the Rhetoric of the Miliband Labour Party.” Politics doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12076.Google Scholar
Bartley, Jonathan. 2006. “Bible-Bashers Bashed.” http://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/25/highereducation.news2 (Accessed on April 28, 2014).Google Scholar
BBC. 2007. “The Blair Years.” BBC Television, January 3, 2014.Google Scholar
Blair, Tony. 2000. “Speech to the Global Ethics Foundation, Tuebingen University.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=334 (Accessed on April 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Blair, Tony. 2001. “Faith in Politics.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=280 (Accessed on April 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Blair, Tony. 2005. “Speech to Faithworks.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=332 (Accessed on April 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Blair, Tony. 2007. “Speech to the Islam and Muslims in the World Today Conference.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=333 (Accessed on April 3, 2014).Google Scholar
Brown, Callum. 2001. The Death of Christian Britain. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brown, Callum. 2006. “Best Not to take it Too Far': How the British Cut Religion Down to Size.” http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-institutions_government/britain_religion_3335.jsp (Accessed on February 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Brown, Gordon. 2008a. “Speech at the Lambeth Conference.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=337 (Accessed on January 27, 2014).Google Scholar
Brown, Gordon. 2008b. “Speech before the Church of Scotland General Assembly.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=335 (Accessed on January 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Brown, Gordon. 2008c. “Speech to the UN Interfaith Dialogue Meeting.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=336 (Accessed on January 26, 2014).Google Scholar
Brown, Gordon. 2011. “Faith in Politics?” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=328 (Accessed on January 26, 2014).Google Scholar
Bryant, Chris. 1993. Reclaiming the Ground: Christianity and Socialism. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Burton, John, and McCabe, Eileen. 2009. We Don't Do God: Blair's Religious Belief and its Consequences. London: Continuum Books.Google Scholar
Cameron, David. 2010. “Speech to Pope Benedict XVI.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=331 (Accessed on February 18, 2014).Google Scholar
Cameron, David. 2011. “King James Bible Speech.” http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=326 (Accessed on February 19, 2014).Google Scholar
Cameron, David. 2014. “My Faith in the Church of England.” http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/17-april/comment/opinion/my-faith-in-the-church-of-england (Accessed on June 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Campbell, Alastair. 2007. The Blair Years: Extracts from the Alastair Campbell Diaries. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Campbell, John. 2003. Margaret Thatcher, Volume Two: The Iron Lady. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Chapman, Mark. 2008. Doing God: Religion and Public Policy in Brown's Britain. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.Google Scholar
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2005. Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Cooper, Zaki. 2013. “God in Government: The Impact of Faith on British Politics and Prime Ministers, 1997–2012.” http://www.demos.co.uk/files/God_in_Government_final.pdf?1381501527 (Accessed on June 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Crabb, Anna. 2009. “Invoking Religion in Australian Politics.” Australian Journal of Political Science 44:259279.Google Scholar
Crines, Andrew. 2013a. “Rhetoric and the Coalition: Governing in the National Interest.” Representation 49:207218.Google Scholar
Andrew, Crines. 2013b. “An Analysis of George Galloway's Oratorical and Rhetorical Impact.” Politics 33:8190.Google Scholar
Crines, Andrew. 2015. “The Rhetoric of Neoliberalism in the Politics of Crisis.” Global Discourse 5:116129.Google Scholar
Crines, Andrew, and Hayton, Richard. 2015. Labour Orators from Bevan to Miliband. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Domke, David, and Coe, Kevin. 2010. The God Strategy: How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Economist, The. 2014. “Doing God; Politicians and Religion.” http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21601252-david-camerons-frank-christian-talk-more-astute-reaction-it-suggests-doing-god (Accessed on April 29, 2014).Google Scholar
Elliott, Francis, and Hanning, James. 2012. Cameron: Practically a Conservative. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Filby, Lisa. 2010. “God and Mrs. Thatcher: Religion and Politics in 1980s Britain.” Ph.D. diss. University of Warwick.Google Scholar
Finlayson, Alan, and Martin, James. 2008. “‘It Ain't What You Say...’ British Political Studies and the Analysis of Speech and Rhetoric.” British Politics 3:445464 Google Scholar
Finlayson, Alan. 2007. “From Beliefs to Arguments: Interpretive Methodology and Rhetorical Political Analysis.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 9:545563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlayson, Alan. 2008. “Rhetorical Radical Democracy.” In The Politics of Radical Democracy, eds. Little, Adrian, and Lloyd, Moya. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1332.Google Scholar
Finlayson, Alan. 2012. “Rhetoric and the Political Theory of Ideologies.” Political Studies 60:751767.Google Scholar
Finlayson, Alan. 2013. “Critique and Political Argumentation.” Political Studies Review 11:313320.Google Scholar
Gaffney, John, and Lahel, Amarjit. 2013. “Political Performance and Leadership Persona: The UK Labour Party Conference of 2012.” Government and Opposition 48:481505.Google Scholar
Gaffney, John. 1991. The Language of Political Leadership in Contemporary Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, Doug. 2007. “Faith in, with and Under Gordon Brown: A Scottish Presbyterian/Calvinist Reflection.” International Journal of Public Theology 1:306320.Google Scholar
Gay, Doug. 2009. “Gordon Brown and his Presbyterian Moral Compass.” In Remoralising Britain? Political, Ethical and Theological Perspectives on New Labour, eds. Scott, Peter, Graham, Elaine, and Baker, Christopher. London: Continuum Books.Google Scholar
Graham, Elaine. 2009. “A Window on the Soul: Four Politicians on Religion and Public Life.” International Journal of Public Theology 3:144163.Google Scholar
Greiner, N. 2005. “An Introduction to Pathos: Writing across the Curriculum.” http://www.engl.niu.edu/wac/pathos.html (Accessed on January 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Griffiths, Rudyard. 2011. Hitchens vs Blair: Is Religion a Force for Good in Society. London: Black Swan.Google Scholar
Grimley, Matthew. 2012. “Thatcherism, Morality and Religion.” In Making Thatcher's Britain, eds. Jackson, Ben, and Saunders, Robert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7995.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Andrew. 2012. “Holy Orders: How Big a Voice Does Christianity Have in the Political Arena?” Total Politics April: 8–9.Google Scholar
Hayton, Richard, and Crines, Andrew. 2015. Conservative Orators from Baldwin to Cameron. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hennessy, Peter. 2008. “Religion and the Premier League.” The Tablet 7:68.Google Scholar
Hinsliff, Gaby. 2006. “Meet Jim Wallis, the Chancellor's Religious Guru.” The Observer, February 5.Google Scholar
Jones, Dylan. 2008. Cameron on Cameron. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Kettell, Steven. 2014. “The Militant Strain: An Analysis of Anti-Secular Discourse in Britain.” Political Studies doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12119.Google Scholar
Lanham, Richard. 1991. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Jonathan. 2008. Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England 1867–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Jonathan. 2009. Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leith, Sam. 2012. Are You Talkin' To Me? Rhetoric from Aristotle to Obama. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Maddox, Marion. 2004. “People Like that: Race, Religion and Values in Recent Australian Political Rhetoric.” Presented at the Australasian Political Studies Association Conference, Adelaide.Google Scholar
Martin, James. 2013. “Situating Speech: A Rhetorical Approach to Political Strategy.” Political Studies doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12039.Google Scholar
Moore, Charles. 2013. Margaret Thatcher the Authorised Biography, Volume One: Not For Turning. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
O'Connell, David. 2012. “God Wills It: Presidents and the Political Use of Religion.” Ph.D. diss. Columbia University.Google Scholar
Seldon, Anthony. 2004. Blair. London: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Shannon, Richard. 2007. Gladstone: God and Politics. London: Hambledon Continuum.Google Scholar
Smith, Gary Scott. 2006. Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Graeme. 2007. “Margaret Thatcher's Christian Faith: A Case Study in Political Theology.” Journal of Religious Ethics 35:233257.Google Scholar
Spencer, Nick. 2006. Doing God: A Future for Faith in the Public Square. London: Theos.Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1963. “Speech to Christ Church Youth Fellowship.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/101218 (Accessed on July 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1977. “Iain Macleod Memorial Lecture Dimensions of Conservatism.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/103411 (Accessed on June 27, 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1978a. “Speech at St. Lawrence Jewry.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/103522 (Accessed on June 27, 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1978b. “Catholic Herald.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/103793 (Accessed on June, 28 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1981. “Speech at St. Lawrence Jewry.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104587 (Accessed on July 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1985. “Speech to Conservative Central Council.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106000 (Accessed on June 30, 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1988. “Speech to General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107246 (Accessed on June 30, 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1988c. “Speech to Friends of Hebrew University of Jerusalem.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107361 (Accessed on August 3, 2014).Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1995. The Path to Power. London: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Theakston, Kevin. 2014. “Doing God in Number 10: British Prime Ministers and Religion.” http://www.psa.ac.uk/insight-plus/blog/'doing-god'-number-10-british-prime-ministers-and-religion (Accessed on May 3, 2014).Google Scholar
Theos. 2008. “Party Leaders ‘Talking God’ More.” http://www.theosthinktank.co.uk/comment/2008/09/14/party-leaders-talking-god-more (Accessed on July 3 2014).Google Scholar
Toye, Richard. 2011. “The Rhetorical Premiership: A New Perspective on Prime Ministerial Power since 1945.” Parliamentary History 30:175192.Google Scholar
Weiss, Antonio E. 2011. “The Religious Mind of Mrs. Thatcher.” http://www.margaretthatcher.org/commentary/displaydocument.asp?docid=112748 (Accessed on June 5 2014).Google Scholar
Williamson, Philip. 1999. Stanley Baldwin: Conservative Leadership and National Values. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Withnal, Adam. 2014. “Jesus invented the Big Society — I'm just continuing God's work.” The Independent, October 13.Google Scholar