Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T19:43:41.769Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

How is Institutional Formation Gendered, and Does it Make a Difference? A New Conceptual Framework and a Case Study of Police and Crime Commissioners in England and Wales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2014

Francesca Gains
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Vivien Lowndes
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham

Extract

How is institutional formation gendered, and does it make a difference? Inspired by new institutionalism's generic claim that “the organisation of political life makes a difference” (March and Olsen 1984), we ask, how does the gendered organization of political life make a difference? The purpose of this article is to build a conceptual framework for understanding the gendered character (and effects) of institutional formation. We test the framework through a case study of Police and Crime Commissioners in England and Wales (which were introduced in 2012) and consider its potential for further development and wider utility in research on gender and institutional design and change.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abrar, Stefania. 1996. “Feminist Intervention and Local Domestic Violence Policy.” Parliamentary Affairs 49 (1): 191205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acker, Joan. 1990. “Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations.” Gender and Society 4 (2): 139–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annesley, Claire. 2010. “Gender, Politics and Policy Change.” Government and Opposition 45 (1): 5072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annesley, Claire, Engeli, Isabelle, and Gains, Francesca. 2011. “The Pace and Profile of Gender Policy Change in Europe.” Presented at the American Political Science Association Conference, Seattle.Google Scholar
Annesley, Claire, and Gains, Francesca. 2010. “The Core Executive: Gender Power and Change.” Political Studies 58 (5): 909–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annesley, Claire, and Gains, Francesca. 2014. “Can Cameron Capture Women's Votes?: the Gendered Impediments to a Conservative Majority in 2015.” Parliamentary Affairs 67 (4). doi: 10.1093/pa/gsu001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association of Police and Crime Commissioners. 2012a. What Might Police and Crime Commissioners Do? APCC Analysis of PCC Priorities. London: APCC.Google Scholar
Association of Police and Crime Commissioners. 2012b. Police and Crime Commissioners: Equality, Diversity and Human Rights. London: APCC.Google Scholar
Baroness, Royall. 2012. “House of Lords Oral Questions col 1090.House of Lords Hansard. London: Stationary Office.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen. 2005. “A Common Language of Gender?Politics & Gender 1 (1): 128–37.Google Scholar
Chappell, Louise and Hill, Lisa. 2006. The Politics of Women's Interests. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, Louise and Waylen, Georgina. 2013. Gender and the Hidden Life of Institutions. Public Administration 91 (3): 599615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, Sarah, and Lena Krook, Mona. 2009. “Analysing Women's Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors.” Government and Opposition 44: 125–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, Raewyn. 2002. Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Crouch, Colin. 2005. Capitalist Diversity and Change: Recombinant Governance and Institutional Entrepeneurship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crown Prosecution Service. 2013. “CPS VAW Prosecutions by Group and Area 2011–2012.” http://www.cps.gov.uk/data/violence_against_women/vawg_2011_12_report.html (accessed January 14, 2014).Google Scholar
Durose, Catherine, and Gains, Francesca. 2007. “Engendering the Machinery of Governance.” In Women and New Labour: Engendering Politics and Policy, ed. Annesley, C., Gains, F., and Rummery, K.. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Gains, Francesca. 2011. “Elite Ethnography: Potential, Pitfalls and Prospects for Getting ‘Up Close and Personal.’” Public Administration 89 (1): 156–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gains, Francesca. 2013. “Observing Political Leadership.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Leadership, ed. Hart, Paul. t' and Rhodes, Rod. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Damian. 2012. “Speech to Policy Exchange.” https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/damian-greens-speech-to-the-policy-exchange-on-23-october-2012 (accessed January 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Hay, Colin, and Wincott, Daniel. 1998. “Structure, Agency and Historical Institutionalism.” Political Studies 46 (5): 951–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holli, Anne Maria. 2008. “Feminist Triangles: A Conceptual Analysis.” Representation 44 (2): 169–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Home Office. 2011. “Call to End Violence Against Women and Girls Action Plan.” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/call-to-end-violence-against-women-and-girls:Action-Plan (accessed December 3, 2013).Google Scholar
Home Office. 2012. “Tackling Violence Against Women and Girls.” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/candidate-briefings-national-policy-and-strategy (accessed January 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Home Office. 2013a. “Ending Violence Against Women and Girls in the UK.” https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/ending-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-the-uk (accessed December 2, 2013).Google Scholar
Home Office. 2013b. “Briefing Against Violence Against Women and Girls.” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/briefing-on-ending-violence-against-women-and-girls (accessed January 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Weldon, Laurel. 2010. “When do Governments Promote Women's Rights? A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Sex Equality Policy.” Perspectives on Politics 8 (1): 207–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Weldon, Laurel. 2012. “The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change.” American Political Science Review 106 (3): 548–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena, and Mackay, Fiona, eds. 2011. Gender, Politics and Institutions. Basingstoke: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena, and Norris, Pippa. 2013. “Beyond Quotas: Strategies to Promote Gender Equality in Elected Office.” Political Studies 62 (1): 220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, Thomas, Suddaby, Roy, and Leca, Bernard, eds. 2011. Institutional Work: Actors and Agency in Institutional Studies of Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni. 2005. Feminizing Politics. Bristol: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni. 2011. “Foreword.” In Gender, Politics and Institutions, ed. Krook, M., and Mackay, F.. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Lowndes, Vivien. 2005. “Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed … How Institutions Change (and Stay the Same) in Local Governance.” Policy Studies 26 (3): 291309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowndes, Vivien, and Roberts, Mark. 2013. Why Institutions Matter: The New Institutionalism in Political Science. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackay, Fiona. 2011. “Conclusion: Towards a Feminist Institutionalism?” In Gender, Politics and Institutions, ed. Lena Krook, Mona and Mackay, Fiona. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James, and Thelen, Kathleen. 2010. “A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change.” In Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency and Power, ed. Mahoney, J., and Thelen, K.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
March, James, and Olsen, Johan. 1984. “The New Institutionalism: Organisational Factors in Political Life.” American Political Science Review 78: 738–49.Google Scholar
May, Theresa. 2011. “I Want to End All Forms of Violence Against Women and Girls.” Home Office Press Release. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/theresa-may-i-want-to-end-all-forms-of-violence-against-women (accessed January 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Mazur, Amy. 2002. Theorizing Feminist Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montoya, Celeste. 2009. “International Initiative and Domestic Reforms: EU Efforts to Combat Violence Against Women.” Politics & Gender 5 (3): 325–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 1999. “Institutional Rational Choice: An Assessment of the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework.” In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. Sabatier, Paul. Boulder, CO: Westview, 3572.Google Scholar
Outshoorn, Joyce, and Kantola, Johanna. 2007. Changing State Feminism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hannah. 1972. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stetson, Dorothy, and Mazur, Amy, eds. 1995. Comparative State Feminism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Tickle, Louise. 2012. “Female Police Chiefs: What's Holding Them Up?” The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2012/apr/03/female-police-chiefs-holding-up (accessed January 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Weldon, Laurel. 2002. Protest, Policy and the Problem of Violence Against Women. Pittsburgh,PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westmarland, Louise. 2012. Gender and Policing: Sex Power and Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Women's Aid. 2012. “Women's Aid Manifesto Pledge for the Police and Crime Commissioners.” http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200400001&sectionTitle=Articles%3A+police&itemid=2917 (accessed December 3, 2013).Google Scholar