Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T20:54:43.242Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Early human occupation of northern Australia: archaeology and thermoluminescence dating of Jinmium rock-shelter, Northern Territory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

R. L. K. Fullagar
Affiliation:
Division of Anthropology, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
D. M. Price
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
L. M. Head
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia

Extract

The nature and date of the human colonization of Australia remains a key issue in prehistory at the world scale, for a sufficiently early presence there indicates either Homo sapiens sapiens arriving precociously in a place remote from a supposed African origin, or a greater competence in sea-crossing than has been expected of archaic humans. Stratigraphic integrity, the new science of luminescent dating and the recognition of worked stone and of rock-engraving are immediate issues in this report from far northwestern Australia.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, M. J. 1985. Thermoluminescence dating. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Allen, J. & Holdaway, S.. 1995. The contamination of Pleistocene radiocarbon determinations in Australia, Antiquity 69:101–12.Google Scholar
Atchison, J. M. 1994. Analysis of food starch residues at the Jinmium archaeological site, Northern Territory. BEnv.Sc. (Hons.) thesis, University of Wollongong.Google Scholar
Attenbrow, V., David, B. & Flood, J.. 1995. Mennge-ya and the origin of points: new insights into the appearance of points in the semi-arid zone of the Northern Territory, Archaeology in Oceania 30: 105–20.Google Scholar
Bartstra, G.-J., Soegondho, S. & Van Der Wijk, A.. 1988. Ngandong man: age and artifacts, Journal of Human Evolution 17: 325–37.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R. G. 1992. Palaeoart and archaeological myths, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2: 2743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, W. T. 1978. Studies in thermoluminescence dating in Australia. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
Bowdler, S. 1991. Some sort of dates at Malakunanja II: a reply to Roberts ef al, Australian Archaeology 32: 5051.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, E. 1986. A typological analysis of five excavated stone tool assemblages, East Kimberley, Western Australia. Unpublished BA (Hons.) thesis, University of Western Australia, Perth.Google Scholar
Chappell, J. 1983. A revised sea-level record lor the last 300,000 years from Papua New Guinea, Search 14: 99101.Google Scholar
Chappell, J., Head, J. & Macee, J.. 1996. Beyond the radiocarbon limit in Australian archaeology and Quaternary research, Antiquity 70: 543–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J. H., Curran, H. A., White, B. & Wasserburg, G. J.. 1991. Precise chronology of the last interglacial period: 234U-230Th data from fossil coral reefs in the Bahamas, Geological Society of America Bulletin 103: 8297.Google Scholar
David, B., Mcniven, I., Attenbrow, V., Flood, J. & Collins, J.. 1994. Of Lightning Brothers and White Cockatoos: dating the antiquity of signifying systems in the Northern Territory. Australia, Antiquity 68: 241–51.Google Scholar
David, B., Mcniven, I. & Flood, I.. 1991. Archaeological excavations at Yiwarlarlav 1: site report, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20(3): 373–80.Google Scholar
David, B., Mcniven, I., Flood, J. & Frost, R.. 1990. Yiwarlarlay 1: archaeological excavations at the Lightning Brothers site, Delamere station, Northern Territory, Archaeology in Oceania 25: 7984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dortch, C. 1972. Archaeological work in the Ord reservoir area, east Kimberley, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter 3(4):1318.Google Scholar
Dortch, C. 1977a. Early and late stone industrial phases in western Australia, in Wright, R.V.S. (ed.), Stone tools as cultural markers: change, evolution and complexity: 104-32. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Google Scholar
Dortch, C. 1977b. Ancient grooved stone axes from an alluvial terrace on Stonewall Creek, Kimberley, Western Australia, journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 60: 2330.Google Scholar
Flood, J. M. 1970. A point assemblage from the Northern Territory, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 5(1):2752.Google Scholar
Fullagar, R.L.K. 1993. Flaked stone tools and plant food production: a preliminary report on obsidian tools from Talasea, West New Britain, PNG, in Anderson, P. et al. (ed.), Traces et fonction: les gestes retrouvés: 331-7. Liège: Editions ERAUL. Colloque Internationale de Liège 50.Google Scholar
Fullagar, R.L.K. 1995. Archaeological and Heritage Resources: Ord Stage II Irrigation Scheme, Northern Territory. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Fullagar, R.L.K. & Head, L. M.. In press. Aboriginal landscapes of the northwest Northern Territory, Australia, in Layton, R. et al. (ed.), Frontiers of landscape archaeology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Furby, J. H., Fullagar, R., Dodson, J. R. & Prosser, I.. 1993. The Cuddie Springs bone bed revisited, 1991, in Smith, M. A. et al. (ed.), Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia: 204-12. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, ANU. Occasional Papers in Prehistory 24.Google Scholar
Gardner, G. J., Mortlock, A. J., Price, D. M., Readhead, M. L. & Wasson, R. J.. 1987. Thermoluminescence and radiocarbon dating of Australian desert dunes, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 343–57.Google Scholar
Gregory, R., 1994. Site patterning in the Ord-Victoria river region: a GIS database, Australian Aboriginal Studies 1994/2:51–8.Google Scholar
Grim, R. E. & Bradley, W. F.. 1948. Rehydration and dehydration of the clay minerals, American Mineralogist 33:50.Google Scholar
Head, L. M. 1994a. Landscapes socialised by fire: post-contact changes in Aboriginal fire use in northern Australia, and implications for prehistory, Archaeology in Oceania 29: 172–81.Google Scholar
Head, L. M. 1994b. Aborigines and pastoralism in north-western Australia: historical and contemporary perspectives on multiple use of the rangelands, Rangeland Journal 16: 167–83.Google Scholar
Head, L. M. & Fullagar, R.L.K.. 1991. ‘We all la one land’: pastoral excisions and Aboriginal resource use, Australian Aboriginal Studies 1991/1: 3952.Google Scholar
Head, L. M. & Fullagar, R.L.K. In press. Hunter-gatherer archaeology and pastoral contact: perspectives from the northwest Northern Territory, Australia, World Archaeology 1997.Google Scholar
Hiscock, P. 1990. How old are the artefacts at Malakunanja II?, Archaeology in Oceania 25:122-4.Google Scholar
Kershaw, A. P., Mckenzie, G. M. & Mcminn, A.. 1993. A Quaternary vegetation history of northeastern Queensland from pollen analysis of ODP site 820, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 133: 107–14.Google Scholar
Knight, C., Power, C. & Watts, I.. 1995. The human symbolic revolution: a Darwinian account, Cambridge Archaeological journal 5(1):75114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mcnickle, H. 1991. A survey of rock art in the Victoria River district, Northern Territory, Rock Art Research 8: 3646.Google Scholar
Nanson, G. G., Chen, X. Y. & Price, D. M.. 1992. Lateral migration, thermoluminescence chronology and colour variation of longitudinal dunes near Birdsville in the Simpson Desert, central Australia, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 17: 807–19.Google Scholar
Nanson, G. C., Price, D. M., Short, S. A., Young, R. W. & Jones, B. G.. 1991. Comparative uranium-thorium and thermoluminescence dating of weathered Quaternary alluvium in the tropics of northern Australia, Quaternary Research 35: 347–66.Google Scholar
O'Connor, S. 1995. Carpenter's Gap rock-shelter 1:40,000 years of Aboriginal occupation in the Napier Ranges, Kimberley, WA, Australian Archaeology 40: 58–9.Google Scholar
O'Neill, A.L., Head, L. M. & Marthick, J.. 1993. Integrating remote sensing and spatial analysis techniques to compare Aboriginal and pastoral fire patterns in the East Kimberley, Australia, Applied Geography 13: 6785.Google Scholar
Page, K. J. 1994. Late Quaternary stratigraphy and chronology of the Riverine Plain. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Wollongong University, Wollongong.Google Scholar
Price, D. M. 1994. TL dating of alluvial quartz sands: a comparison of ages obtained at 325°C and 375°C, Ancient TL 12: 2023.Google Scholar
Readhead, M. L. 1984. Thermoluminescence dating of some Australian sedimentary deposits. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
Readhead, M. L. 1988. Thermoluminescence dating study of quartz in aeolian sediments from southeastern Australia, Quaternary Science Reviews 7: 257-64.Google Scholar
Richardson, N. 1992. Conjoin sets and stratigraphie integrity in a sandstone shelter: Kenniff Cave (Queensland, Australia), Antiquity 66: 408–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, R. G. & Jones, R.. 1994. Luminescence dating of sediments: new light on the human colonisation of Australia, Australian Aboriginal Studies 1994/2: 217.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. G., Jones, R. & Smith, M. A.. 1990. Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-year old human occupation site in northern Australia, Nature 345: 1536.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. G., Jones, R. & Smith, M. A. 1993. Optical dating of Deaf Adder Gorge, Northern Territory, indicates human occupation between 53,000 and 60,000 years ago, Australian Archaeology 37: 58–9.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. 1981. My country of the pelican dreaming. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. 1986. Countrymen: the life histories of f our Aboriginal men as told to Bruce Shaw. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Google Scholar
Shepherd, M. J. & Price, D. M.. 1990. Thermoluminescenco dating of late Quaternary dune sand, Manawatu/Horowhenua area, New Zealand: a comparison with 14C age determinations, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33: 5359.Google Scholar
Singh, G. & Geissler, E. A.. 1985. Late Cainozoic history of vegetation, fire, lake levels and climate, at Lake George, New South Wales, Australia, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 311:379477.Google Scholar
Sondaar, P.Y., Van Den Bergh, G. D., Mubroto, B., Aziz, F., De Vos, J. & Batu, U. L.. 1994. Middle Pleistocene faunai turnover and colonisation of Flores (Indonesia) by Homo erectus , Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 319: 125562.Google Scholar
Stewart, G. A., Perry, R. A., Paterson, S. J., Sleeman, J. R. & Trav, D. M.ÉS. 1970. Landsystems of the Ord-Victoria area, in Lands of the Ord-Victoria area, Western Australia and Northern Territory: 1161. Melbourne: CSIRO. Land Research Series 28.Google Scholar
Stokes, C. 1986. An analysis of the faunai remains from four East Kimberley rock-shelter sites, Western Australia. Unpublished BA (Hons.) thesis, University of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Thorne, A. G. & Wolpoff, M. H.. 1992. The multiregional evolution of humans, Scientific American (April): 2833.Google Scholar
Tlshkoff, S. A. et al. 1996. Global patterns of linage at the CD4 locus and modern human origins, Science 271:1380-86.Google Scholar
Kaars, Van Der, A, W.. & Dam, M.A.C.. 1995. A 135,000-year record of vegetational and climatic change from the Bandung area, West Java, Indonesia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 117: 5572.Google Scholar
Walsh, G. L. 1994. Bradshaws: ancient rock paintings of northwest Australia. Garouge-Geneva: Edition Limitée.Google Scholar
Walters, B. In press. Meganthropus and the hominid taxa of Java, lndo-Pacific Prehistory Bulletin.Google Scholar
Welch, D. 1993. Early ‘naturalistic’ human figures in the Kimberley, Australia, Rock Art Research 10: 2437.Google Scholar
White, J. P. 1994. Site 820 and the evidence for early occupation in Australia, Quaternary Australasia 12(2): 21–3.Google Scholar
Whitehead, B. R. & Fahey, G. M.. 1985. Geology of Keep River National Park, Northern Territory Geological Survey Report 1.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. C. & Cann, R. L.. 1992. The recent African genesis of humans, Scientific American (April): 22–7.Google Scholar
Zhu, Z. R., Wyrwoll, K.-H., Collins, L. B., Chen, J. H., Wasserburg, G. J. & Eisenhauer, A.. 1993. High-precision U-series dating of Last Interglacial events by mass spectrometry: Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 118: 281–93.Google Scholar