Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T18:45:23.833Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Pride, prejudice, plunder and preservation: archaeology and the re-envisioning of ethnogenesis on the Loango coast of the Republic of Congo

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

James Denbow*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal Arts, 1 University Station, C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa (Email: jdenbow@mail.utexas.edu)

Extract

This is the first description of the prehistory of the coastal Congo, won by the author and his colleagues against considerable odds: war, exploitation by big business and, above all, by the entrenched assumption that this part of the world had no history to save. Here is a first glimpse of that history: 3300 years of prehistoric settlement, movement and change chronicled by radiocarbon dating and a new ceramic typology.

Type
Research article
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anciaux De Faveaux, E. & De Maret, P.. 1984. Premières datations pour la fonte du cuivre au Shaba (Zaïre). Bulletin Société Royale Belge d'Anthropologie et de Préhistoire 95: 520.Google Scholar
Arazi, N. 2009. Cultural research management in Africa: challenges, dangers and opportunities. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 44(1): 95106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassani, E. 1987. Un Cappuccino nell'Africa nera del Seicento: i disegni dei Manoscritti Araldi del Padre Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi da Montecuccolo (Quaderni Poro 4). Milano: Associazione Poro.Google Scholar
Bastin, Y., Coupez, A. & Mann, M.. 1999. Continuity and divergence in the Bantu languages: perspectives from a lexicostatistic study (Annales sciences humaines 162). Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Battell, A., Ravenstein, E. G., Purchas, S. & Knivet, A.. 1967. The strange adventures of Andrew Battell: of Leigh in Angola and the adjoining regions (Works issued by the Hakluyt Society 2nd ser., 2). Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint.Google Scholar
Blench, R. 2011. Explorations in early Bantu maritime history on the west coast of Africa. Paper presented at the conference on Thinking Across the African Past: Archaeological, Linguistic and Genetic Research on Precolonial African History, Rice University, Houston, 11-12 March 2011.Google Scholar
Bostoen, K. 2007. Pots, words and the Bantu problem: on lexical reconstruction and early African history. Journal of African History 48: 173–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brncic, T., Willis, K., Harris, D. & Washington, R.. 2007. Culture or climate? The relative influences of past processes on the composition of the lowland Congo rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362(1478): 229–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, J. D. 1968. Further paleo-anthropological studies in northern Lunda. Lisboa: Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang) Servi, cos Culturais.Google Scholar
Clist, B. 1986. Le Néolithique en Afrique Centrale: le groupe d'Okala au Gabon. L'Anthropologie 90: 217–32.Google Scholar
Clist, B. 2005. Des premiers villages aux premiers Européens autour de l'estuaire du Gabon: quatre millénaires d'interactions entre l'homme et son milieu. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Université Libre de Bruxelles.Google Scholar
De Maret, P. 1986. The Ngovo group: an industry with polished stone tools and pottery in lower Zaîre. The African Archaeological Review 4: 103133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delegue, M., Fuhr, M., Schwartz, D., Mariotti, A. & Nasi, R.. 2001. Recent origin of a large part of the forest cover in the Gabon coastal area based on stable isotope data. Oecologia 129(1): 106113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denbow, J. 1990. Congo to Kalahari: data and hypotheses about the political economy of the Western Stream of the EIA. African Archaeological Review 8: 139–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denbow, J. 1999. Heart and soul: glimpses of ideology and cosmology in the iconography of tombstones from the Loango coast of central Africa. Journal of American Folklore 112: 404423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denbow, J. 2011. Excavations at Divuyu, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records 43: 7694.Google Scholar
Dennett, R. 1906. At the back of the black man's mind: or, Notes on the kingly office in West Africa. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Eggert, M. 1987. Imbonga and Batalimo: ceramic evidence for early settlement of the equatorial rain forest. African Archaeological Review 5: 129–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehret, C. 1998. An African classical age: eastern and southern Africa in world history, 1000 BC to AD 400. Charlottesville (VA): University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
Fabian, J. 1983. Time and the other: how anthropology makes its object. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gosselain, O. 2002, Poteries du Cameroun méridional: styles techniques et rapports à l'identité (CRA Monographies 26). Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Hagenbucher-Sacripanti, F. 1973. Les Fondements spirituels du pouvoir au royaume de Loango, République populaire du Congo (Mémoir ORSTOM 67). Paris: Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer.Google Scholar
Huffman, T. 1989. Iron Age migrations: the ceramic sequence in Southern Zambia: excavations at Gundu and Ndonde. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Huffman, T. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: the archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in Southern Africa. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.Google Scholar
Kahlheber, S., Bostoen, K. & Neumann, K.. 2009. Early plant cultivation in the central African rain forest: first millennium BC pearl millet from south Cameroon. Journal of African Archaeology 7(2): 253–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanfranchi, R. & Clist, B.. 1991. Aux origines de l'Afrique centrale. Libreville, Gabon: Centres Culturels Français d'Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Lavachery, P., Maceachern, S., Bouimon, T. & Mbida, C.M.. 2010. Komé-Kribi: rescue archaeology along the Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline, 1999-2004 (Journal of African Archaeology Monograph series 4). Frankfurt: Africa Magna.Google Scholar
McCormac, P., Hogg, A., Blackwell, P., Buck, C., Higham, T. & Reimer, P.. 2004. SHCal04 southern hemisphere calibration, 0-11.0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46(3): 1087–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1983. Modern Kongo prophets: religion in a plural society. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1986. Religion and society in central Africa: the Bakongo of lower Zaire. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Martin, P. 1986. Power, cloth and currency on the Loango coast. African Economic History 15: 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbida, C. M. 2000. Evidence for banana cultivation and animal husbandry during the first millennium BC in the forest of southern Cameroon. Journal of Archaeological Science 27(2): 151–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercader, J., Garcia-Heras, M. & Gonzalez-Alvarez, I.. 2000. Ceramic tradition in the African forest: characterization analysis of ancient and modern pottery from Ituri, DR Congo. Journal of Archaeological Science 27(2): 163–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngomanda, A., Neumann, K., Schweizer, A. & Maley, J.. 2009. Seasonality change and the third millennium BP rainforest crisis in southern Cameroon (central Africa). Quaternary Research 71: 307318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proyart, A. 1814. History of Loango, Kakongo and N'Goyo, in Pinkerton, J. (ed.) A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world: many of which are now first translated into English 16: 548–97. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme.Google Scholar
Schwartz, D., De Foresta, H., Deschamps, R. & Lanfranchi, R.. 1990. Découverte d'un premier site de l'age du fer ancien (2110 BP) dans le Mayombe congolaise: implications paléobotaniques et pédologiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, t. 310, Série II: 1293–98.Google Scholar
Schwartz, D., de Foresta, H., Mariotti, A., Balesdent, J., Massimba, J. P. & Girardin, C.. 1996. Present dynamics of the savanna-forest boundary in the congolese Mayombe: a pedological, botanical and isotopic (13C & 14C) study. Oecologia 116: 516–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidel, F., Kose, E. & Mohlig, W.. 2007. Northern Namibia-overview of its historiography based on linguistic and extra-linguistic evidence, in Bubenzer, O., Bolten, A. & Darius, F. (ed.) Atlas of cultural and environmental change in arid Africa (Africa Praehistoria 21): 152–55. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., & Reimer, P.. 1993. Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35: 215–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J. & Reimer, R.. 2011. CALIB radiocarbon calibration. Available at http://calib.qub.ac.uk/calib/ (accessed 18 February 2011).Google Scholar
Van Noten, F., Cahen, D., de Maret, P., Moeyersons, J. & Roche, E.. 1982. The archaeology of central Africa. Graz: Akademische Druck.Google Scholar
Vansina, J. 1990. Paths in the rainforests: toward a history of political tradition in equatorial Africa. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vansina, J. 2010. Being colonized: the Kuba experience in rural Congo, 1880-1960. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Bertaux, J., Elenga, H. & de Namur, C.. 1998. Holocene climatic changes in western equatorial Africa inferred from pollen from Lake Sinda, southern Congo. Quaternary Research 50: 3445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmsen, E. 2011. Nqoma: an abridged review. Botswana Notes and Records 43: 95114.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, E. & Denbow, J.. 2010. Early villages at Tsodilo: the introduction of livestock, crops and metalworking, in Robbins, L., Campbell, A. & Taylor, M. (ed.) Tsodilo Hills: copper bracelet of the Kalahari: 8593. East Lansing (MI): Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, E., Killick, D., Rosenstein, D., Thebe, P. & Denbow, J.. 2009. The social geography of pottery in Botswana as reconstructed by optical petrography. Journal of African Archaeology 7: 339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, E. 1982. Europe and the people without history. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wotzka, H. 1993. Studien zur Archäologie des Zentralafrikanischen Regenwaldes. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut.Google Scholar