Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-hgkh8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T15:35:32.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The goddess of the Theban mountain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

V. A. Donohue*
Affiliation:
C/o Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford OX1 2PH, UK

Extract

The discovery of a colossal ‘statue group’ in the cliffs at Deir el-Bahri sheds new light on the ways in which pharaonic Egyptians experienced the dynamism of their physical environment, and made appeal to it in validation of royal legitimacy; suggests re-interpretation of the symbolic function of the memorial temple of Queen Hatshepsut; and defines a previously unrecognized tradition in rupestral architecture, spatially distributed from the Arabah to the Sudan.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldred, C.A. 1962. The development of Ancient Egyptian Art. London: Alec Tiranti.Google Scholar
Aldred, C.A. 1976. The Horizon of Aten, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 62: 184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allam, S. 1963. Beitrage zum Hathorkult (bis zum Ende des Mittleren Reiches). Berlin: Bruno Hessling. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 4.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. 1974. Der Tempel des Königs Mentuhotep von Deir ei-Bahari I. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Deutsches archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo: Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 8.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. 1979. The Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir ei-Bahari. New York (NY): Metropolitan Museum of Art. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 21.Google Scholar
AufrèRe, S. 1982–83. Caractères principaux et origines divine des minéraux, Revue d’Égyptologie 34: 321.Google Scholar
Badawy, A. 1963. The architectural symbolism of the Mammisi–Chapels in Egypt, Chronique d’Égypte 75: 7890.Google Scholar
Bell, L. 1985. Luxor Temple and the cult of the Royal Ka, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 44: 251–94.Google Scholar
Bleeker, C.J. 1973. Hathorand Thoth:two key figures of the ancient Egyptian religion. Leiden: E.J. Brill. History of Religions; Supplements to Numen 26.Google Scholar
Brunner, H. 1970. Die Sonnenbahn in Ägyptischen Tempeln, in Kushke, A. & Kutsch, E. (ed.), Archäologie und Altes Testament, Festschrift für Kurt Galling: 2734. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr.Google Scholar
BruyèRe, B. 1930. Meri Séger à Deir el–Medineh. Cairo: Institut frangais d’archéologie orientale. Mémoires publiés par les Membres de l’Institut frangais d’archéologie orientale du Caire 58Google Scholar
Buck, A.DE. 1955. De Egyptische tempel, Thoth: Tijdschri/t voor Vrijmetselaren 6/3: 163–75.Google Scholar
Cenival, J.L.DE. 1964. Living architecture: Egyptian. London: Oldbourne.Google Scholar
Champdor, A. 1975. Le livre des morts. Paris: Albin Michel.Google Scholar
Chittick, H.N. 1957. An inscription on Gebel Barkai, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 43: 42–4.Google Scholar
Davies, N.DE G. 1948. Seven private tombs at Kurnah. London: Egypt Exploration Society. Mond Excavations at Thebes 2.Google Scholar
Derchain, P. 1961. Remarques sur la décoration des pylònes ptolémaiques, Bibliotheca Orientalis 18: 47–9.Google Scholar
Derchain, P. 1972. Hathor Quadrifrons. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul 28.Google Scholar
Desroches-Noblecourt, C. & KUENTZ, C.. 1968. Le petit tempie d’Abou Simbel II. Cairo: Centre de documentation et d’études sur l’ancienne Egypte.Google Scholar
Donohue, V.A. Forthcoming. A gesture of submission, in Lloyd, A.B. (ed.), Studies in pharaonic kingship and society. London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Dormon, P.F. 1988. The monuments of Senenmut. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Dunham, D. 1970. The Barkai temples. Boston (MA): Museum of Fine Arts.Google Scholar
Fairman, H.W. & GRDSELOFF, B.. 1947. Texts of Hat-shepsut and Sethos I inside Speos Artimidos, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 33: 1233.Google Scholar
Fakhry, A. 1939. A new Speos from the reign of Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis III at Beni-Hasan, Annales du Service des Antiquités d’Égypte 39: 709–23.Google Scholar
Gaballa, G.A. 1976. Narrative in Egyptian art. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A.H. 1946. Davies’s copy of the great Speos Artimidos inscription, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 32: 4356.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A.H., PEET, T.E. & CČRNÝ, J.. 1955. The inscriptions of Sinai II. London: Egypt Exploration Society. Excavation Memoir 45.Google Scholar
Gauthier, H. 1912. Le livre des rois d’Egypte II. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale. Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut frangais d’archéologie orientale du Caire 18.Google Scholar
Griffith, F.LL. 1921. Oxford excavations in Nubia III–VII, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 8: 65104.Google Scholar
Hassan, S. 1953. The Great Sphinx and its secrets. Cairo: Government Press. Excavations at Giza VIII.Google Scholar
Holmberg, M.S. 1946. The God Ptah. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup.Google Scholar
Hornung, E. 1957. Zur geschichtlichen Rolle des Königs in der 18. Dynastie, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts für Ägyptische Altertumskunde Abteilung Kairo 15/1: 120–33.Google Scholar
Hornung, E. 1966. Geschichte als Fest. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Jacquet, J. 1967. Observations sur Involution archi–tecturale des temples rupestres, Cahiers d’Histoire Égyptienne 10: 6991.Google Scholar
Jacobsohn, H. 1939. Die dogmatische Stellung des Königs in der Theologie der alten Ägypter. Glückstadt and Hamburg: J.J. Augustin. Ägyptologische Forschungen 8.Google Scholar
Karkowski, J. 1976. The Beautiful Feast of the Valley as represented in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el–Bahari, First International Congress of Egyptology. Abstracts of Papers: 59. Munich: D. Wildung.Google Scholar
Karkowski, J. 1981. The pharaonic inscriptions from Faras. Warsaw: PWN/Éditions scientifiques de Pologne. Faras V.Google Scholar
Kees, H. 1961. Ancient Egypt. A cultural topography. London: Faber&Faber.Google Scholar
Keimer, L. 1956. La vache et le cobra dans les marècages de papyrus de Thèbes, Bulletin de l’Institut d’Égypte 37: 216–57.Google Scholar
Kendall, T. 1988. The cliff shrine of Taharqa and the ‘Uraeus’ on Gebel Barkal, in Cherif, A. (ed.), Fifth International Congress of Egyptology. Abstracts of Papers: 153–4. Cairo: Egyptian Antiquities Organization.Google Scholar
Kendall, T. 1990. Discoveries at Sudan’s sacred mountain of Jebel Barkal reveal secrets of the Kingdom of Kush, National Geographic Magazine 178/5: 96124.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K. (ed.) 1975. Deir el–Bahari. (Habitat préhistorique) I. Cracow: Jagellonian University. Acta Scientiarum Litterarumque 444: Schedae Archaeologicae 24.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K. (ed.) 1978. Deir el–Bahari. (Habitat préhistorique) II. Cracow: Jagellonian University. Acta Scientiarum Litterarumque 472: Schedae Archaeologicae 25.Google Scholar
Leclant, J. 1960. Le ròle de l’allaitement dans le cérémonial pharaonique du couronnement, Proceedings of the IXth International Congress of the History of Religions: 135–45. Tokyo: Maruzen.Google Scholar
Leclant, J. 1961. Sur un contrepoids de menat au nom de Taharqa: allaitement et ‘apparition’ royale, in Garnot, J.S.F. (ed.), Melanges Mariette: 251284. Cairo: Institut frangais d’archéologie orientale. Biblìothèque d’étude 32.Google Scholar
Lipinska, J. 1967. Names and history of the sanctuaries built by Tuthmosis III at Deir el–Bahri, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 53: 2533.Google Scholar
Lipinska, J. 1977. The Temple of Tuthmosis III. Warsaw: PWN: Éditions scientifíques de Pologne. Deir el–Bahari II.Google Scholar
Lipinska, J. 1984. The Temple of Tuthmosis III. Warsaw: PWN: Éditions scientifíques de Pologne. Deir el–Bahari IV.Google Scholar
Macadam, M.F.L. 1949. The Temples ofKawa I. Text vol. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mariette, A. 1877. Deir–el–Bahari. Documents topo– graphiques, historiques et ethnographiques. Text vol. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.Google Scholar
Naville, E. 1896. The Temple of Deir el Bahari II. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. Excavation Memoir 14.Google Scholar
Naville, E. 1898. The Temple of Deir el Bahari III. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. Excavation Memoir 16.Google Scholar
Nelson, H.H. 1942. The identity of Amon-re of United-with-Eternity, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1: 127–55.Google Scholar
Nims, C.F. 1955. Places about Thebes, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 14: 110–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nims, C.F. 1965. Thebes of the Pharaohs. London: Elek Books.Google Scholar
Ogdon, J.R. 1981–82. The Imnt-sign: the meaning and history of a symbol, Serapis 7: 6170.Google Scholar
Otto, E. 1938. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stierkulte in Ägypten. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Alterkumskunde Ägyptens 13.Google Scholar
Otto, E. 1952. Topographie des thebanischen Gaues. Berlin & Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens 16.Google Scholar
Petrie, W.M.F. 1906. Researches in Sinai. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Petrie, W.M.F. 1910. The arts and crafts of Ancient Egypt. London & Edinburgh: T.N. Foulis.Google Scholar
Porter, B. & Moss, R.L.B.. 1962. Topographical bibliography of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs and paintings VII. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, B. 1972. Topographical bibliography of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs and paint-ings II. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Quaegebeur, J. 1975. Le dieu égyptien Shai dans la religion et l’onomastique. Louvain: Leuven University Press. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 2.Google Scholar
Ratié, S. 1979. La reine Hatchepsout. Sources et problèmes. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Orientalia Monspe–liensia I.Google Scholar
Redford, D.B. (ed.). 1988. The Akhenaten Temple Project 2. Toronto: Akhenaten Temple Project. Aegypti Texta Propositaque 1.Google Scholar
Rochemonteix, M.DE. 1894. Le temple égyptien, in Maspero, G. (ed.), Bibliothèque égyptologique III: 138. Paris: E. Leroux.Google Scholar
Romer, J. 1974. Tuthmosis I and the Bibàn el–Molùk: some problems of attribution, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 60: 119–29.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, E. 1972. Timna: valley of the biblical copper mines. London: Thames&Hudson.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, E. 1988. The Egyptian mining temple at Timna. London: Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies. Researches in the Arabah 1959–1984 1.Google Scholar
Saleh, M. 1977. Three Old Kingdom tombs at Thebes. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo: Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 14.Google Scholar
SchäFer, H. 1905. Urkunden der älteren Äthiopen–könige 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums 111/1.Google Scholar
Schott, S. 1952. Das schöne Fest vom Wüstentale. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse 11.Google Scholar
Schott, S. 1969. Le Temple du sphinx à Giza et les deux axes du monde égyptien, Bulletin de la Société fran–qaise d’Égyptologie 53–4: 3141.Google Scholar
Schulman, A.R. 1964. Some remarks on the military background of the Amarna period, Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt 3: 5169.Google Scholar
Schulman, A.R. 1988. Hittites, helmets and Amarna: Akhenaten’s first Hittite war, in Redford, (ed.): 5379.Google Scholar
Smith, W.S. 1958. The art and architecture of Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth; Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Steindorff, G. & WOLF, W.. 1934. Die Thebanische Gräberwelt. Glückstadt&Hamburg: J.J. Augustin. Leipziger Ägyptologische Studien 4.Google Scholar
Tefnin, R. 1975. La chapelle d’Hathor du temple d’Hatshepsout à Deir el–Bahari, Chronique d’Égypte 50: 136–50.Google Scholar
Tefnin, R. 1979. La statuaire d’Hatshepsout. Portrait royal et politique sous la 18e Dynastie. Brussels: Fon–dation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth. Monumenta Aegyptiaca IV.Google Scholar
Troy, L. 1986. Patterns of queenship in ancient Egyptian myth and history. Uppsala: University of Uppsala. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediter-ranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 14.Google Scholar
Ward, W.A. 1986. Essays on /eminine titles of the Middle Kingdom and related subjects. Beirut: American University of Beirut.Google Scholar
Werbrouck, M. 1948. Le temple d’Hatshepsout à Deir el Bahari. Brussels: Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.Google Scholar
Wilson, I.A. 1951. The culture of Ancient Egypt. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Winlock, H.E. 1942. Excavations at Deir el Bahri 1911-1931. New York (NY): Macmillan.Google Scholar
Witkowski, M.G. 1985. Le róle et les fonctions des chapelles d’Anubis dans le complexe funéraire de la reine Hatshepsout à Deir el Bahari, in Schoske, S. (ed.), Akten des vierten internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses München 1985:431–40. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
Wysocki, Z. 1986a. The temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahari: its original form, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts für Ägyptische Altertumskunde Abteilung Kairo 42: 213–28.Google Scholar
Wysocki, Z. 1986b. The temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahari: the results of architectural research over the north part of the Upper Terrace. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts für Ägyptische Altertumskunde Abteilung Kairo 43: 267–76.Google Scholar
Zayed, A.-H. 1985. Une representation inèdite des campagnes d’Amenophis II, in Posener-Kriéger, P. (ed.), Melanges Gamal eddin Mokhtar 1: 517. Cairo: Institut frangais d’archéologie orientale. Bibliothèque d’étude 97/1.Google Scholar
Zivie, C.M. 1976. Giza au deuxième millénaire. Cairo: Institut frangais d’archeologie orientale. Bibliothèque d’étude 70.Google Scholar