Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T01:58:54.283Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social attribution skills of children born preterm at very low birth weight

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2014

Kathryn E. Williamson  and
Lorna S. Jakobson
Kathryn E. Williamson
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba
Lorna S. Jakobson*
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Lorna S. Jakobson, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; E-mail: Lorna.Jakobson@umanitoba.ca.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Children born prematurely at very low birth weight (<1500 g) are at increased risk for impairments affecting social functioning, including autism spectrum disorders (e.g., Johnson et al., 2010). In the current study, we used the Happé–Frith animated triangles task (Abell, Happé, & Frith, 2000) to study social attribution skills in this population. In this task, typical viewers attribute intentionality and mental states to shapes, based on characteristics of their movements. Participants included 34 preterm children and 36 full-term controls, aged 8–11 years. Groups were comparable in terms of age at test, gender, handedness, and socioeconomic status; they also performed similarly on tests of selective attention/processing speed and verbal intelligence. Relative to full-term peers, preterm children's descriptions of the animations were less appropriate overall; they also overattributed intentionality/mental states to randomly moving shapes and underattributed intentionality/mental states to shapes that seemed to be interacting socially. Impairments in the ability to infer the putative mental states of triangles from movement cues alone were most evident in children displaying more “autistic-like” traits, and this may reflect atypical development of and/or functioning in, or atypical connections between, parts of the social brain.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 26 , Issue 4pt1 , November 2014 , pp. 889 - 900
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abell, F., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2000). Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development. Cognitive Development, 15, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abu-Akel, A. (2003). A neurobiological mapping of theory of mind. Brain Research Reviews, 43, 29–40.Google Scholar
Allen, M. C., Donohue, P. K., & Dusman, A. E. (1993). The limit of viability: Neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks gestation. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1597–1601.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. J., & Doyle, L. W. (2003). Neurobehavioral outcomes of school-age children born extremely low birth weight or very preterm in the 1990s. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 3264–3272.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. J., & Doyle, L. W. (2004). Executive functioning in school-aged children who were born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight in the 1990s. Pediatrics, 114, 50–57.Google Scholar
Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Allison, C. (2008). The Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children's version (AQ-Child). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1230–1240.Google Scholar
Aylward, G. P. (2002). Cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes: More than IQ scores. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8, 234–240.Google Scholar
Barnea-Goraly, N., Kwon, H., Menon, V., Eliez, S., Lotspeich, L., & Reiss, A. L. (2004). White matter structure in autism: Preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 323–326.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1987). Autism and symbolic play. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 139–148.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989). The autistic child's theory of mind: A case of specific developmental delay. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 285–297.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1991). Precursors to a theory of mind: Understanding attention in others. In Whiten, A. (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading (pp. 233–251). Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813–822.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21, 37–46.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1986). Mechanical, behavioral and intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 113–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997). Is there a “language of the eyes”? Evidence from normal adults and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4, 311–331.Google Scholar
Bennett, F. C. (1999). Developmental outcome. In Avery, G. B., Fletcher, M. A., & MacDonald, M. G. (Eds.), Neonatology: Pathophysiology and management of the newborn (5th ed., pp. 1479–1497). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Bhutta, A. T., Cleves, M. A., Casey, P. H., Cradock, M. M., & Anand, K. J. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 728–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilder, D., Pinborough-Zimmerman, J., Miller, J., & McMahon, W. (2009). Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 123, 1293–1300.Google Scholar
Bird, C. M., Castelli, F. Malik, O., Frith, U., & Husain, M. (2004). The impact of extensive medial frontal damage on “theory of mind” and cognition. Brain, 127, 914–928.Google Scholar
Boddaert, N., Chabane, N., Gervais, H., Good, C. D., Bourgeois, M., Plumet, M. H., et al. (2004). Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: A voxel-based morphometry MRI study. NeuroImage, 23, 364–369.Google Scholar
Braid, S., Donohue, P. K., & Strobino, D. M. (2012). The impact of wealth on the cognitive development of children who were preterm infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 12, 225–231.Google Scholar
Buchmayer, S., Johansson, S., Johansson, A., Hultman, C. M., Sparén, P., & Cnattingius, S. (2009). Can association between preterm birth and autism be explained by maternal or neonatal morbidity? Pediatrics, 124, e817–e825.Google Scholar
Buitelaar, J. K., van der Wees, M., Swaab-Barneveld, H., & van der Gaag, R. J. (1999). Verbal memory and performance IQ predict theory of mind and emotion recognition ability in children with autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 869–881.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Lawrence, K., Mandy, W., Mitra, C., Jeyakuma, L., & Skuse, D. (2006). Meanings in motion and faces: Developmental associations between the processing of intention from geometrical animations and gaze detection accuracy. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 99–118.Google Scholar
Capruso, D. X., Hamsher, K. deS., & Benton, A. L. (1995). Assessment of visuocognitive processes. In Mapou, R. L. & Spector, J. (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychological assessment: A cognitive approach (pp. 137–169). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Caravale, B., Tozzi, C., Albino, G., & Vicari, S. (2005). Cognitive development in low risk preterm infants at 3–4 years of life. Archives of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 90, F474–F479.Google Scholar
Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63, i–iv, 1–143.Google Scholar
Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125, 1839–1849.Google Scholar
Castelli, F., Happé, F., Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2000). Movement and mind: A functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. NeuroImage, 12, 314–325.Google Scholar
Cherkes-Julkowski, M. (1998). Learning disability, attention-deficit disorder, and language impairments as outcomes of prematurity: A longitudinal descriptive study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31, 294–306.Google Scholar
Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., & Selvin, S. (2002). Descriptive epidemiology of autism in a California population: Who is at risk? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 217–224.Google Scholar
Cutting, A. L., & Dunn, J. (1999). Theory of mind, emotion understanding, language, and family background: Individual differences and interrelations. Child Development, 70, 853–865.Google Scholar
Dahl, L. B., Kaaresen, P. I., Tunby, J., Handegård, B. H., Kvernmo, S., & Ronning, J. A. (2006). Emotional, behavioral, social and academic outcomes in adolescents born with very low birth weight. Pediatrics, 118, e449–e459.Google Scholar
Delobel-Ayoub, M., Arnaud, C., White-Koning, M., Casper, C., Pierrat, V., Garel, M., et al. (2009). Behavioral problems and cognitive performance at 5 years of age after very preterm birth: The EPIPAGE study. Pediatrics, 123, 1485–1492.Google Scholar
De Sonneville, L. M. J., Verschoor, C. A., Njiokiktjien, C., Op het Veld, V., Toorenaar, N., & Vranken, M. (2002). Facial identity and facial emotions: Speed, accuracy, and processing strategies in children and adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 200–213.Google Scholar
Downie, A. L. S., Frisk, V., & Jakobson, L. S. (2005). The impact of periventricular brain injury on reading and spelling abilities in late elementary and adolescent years. Child Neuropsychology, 11, 479–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubois, J., Benders, M., Cachia, A., Lazeyras, F., Leuchter, R. H-V., Sizonenko, S. V., et al. (2008). Mapping in early cortical folding process in the preterm newborn brain. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 1444–1454.Google Scholar
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (3rd ed.). Bloomington, MN: Pearson Assessments.Google Scholar
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (4th ed.). Bloomington, MN: Pearson Assessments.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Mortensen, P. B., Thomsen, P. H., & Frydenberg, M. (2001). Obstetric complications and risk for severe psychopathology in childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 279–285.Google Scholar
Farooqi, A., Hägglöf, B., Sedin, G., Gothefors, L., & Serenius, F. (2007). Mental health and social competencies of 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks of gestation in the 1990s: A Swedish national prospective follow-up study. Pediatrics, 120, 118–133.Google Scholar
Foreman, N., Fielder, A., Minshell, C., Hurrion, E., & Sergienko, E. (1997). Visual search, perception, and visual-motor skill in “healthy” children born at 27–32 weeks' gestation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64, 27–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardener, H., Spiegelman, D., & Buka, S. L. (2009). Prenatal risk factors for autism: Comprehensive meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 7–14.Google Scholar
Gardner, F., Johnson, A., Yudkin, P., Bowler, U., Hockley, C., Mutch, L., et al. (2004). Behavioral and emotional adjustment of teenagers in mainstream school who were born before 29 weeks' gestation. Pediatrics, 114, 676–682.Google Scholar
Geldmacher, D. S. (1996). Effects of stimulus number and target-to-distractor ratio on the performance of random array letter cancellation tasks. Brain and Cognition, 32, 405–415.Google Scholar
Glasson, E. J., Bower, C., Petterson, B., de Klerk, N., Chaney, G., & Hallmayer, J. F. (2004). Perinatal factors and the development of autism: A population study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 618–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldenberg, R. L., & McClure, E. M. (2010). The epidemiology of preterm birth. In Berghella, V. (Ed.), Preterm birth: Prevention & management (pp. 22–38). West Sussex: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Grunau, R. E., Whitfield, M. F., & Fray, T. B. (2004). Psychological and academic characteristics of extremely low birth weight (≤800 g) adolescents who are free of major impairment compared with term-born control subjects. Pediatrics, 114, e725–e732.Google Scholar
Hack, M., Taylor, H. G., Drotar, D., Schluchter, M., Cartar, L., Andreias, L., et al. (2005). Chronic conditions, functional limitations, and special health care needs of schoolaged children born with extremely low-birth-weight in the 1990s. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 318–325.Google Scholar
Happé, F. G. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 129–154.Google Scholar
Happé, F. G. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Development, 66, 843–855.Google Scholar
Heider, F., & Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 57, 243–259.Google Scholar
Hellgren, K., Hellström, A., Jacobson, L., Flodmark, O., Wadsby, M., & Martin, L. (2007). Visual and cerebral sequelae of very low birth weight in adolescents. Archives of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 92, F259–F264.Google Scholar
Hille, E. T., den Ouden, A. L., Saigal, S., Wolke, D., Lambert, M., Whitaker, A., et al. (2001). Behavioral problems in children who weigh 1000 g or less at birth in four countries. Lancet, 357, 1641–1643.Google Scholar
Hoekstra, R. E., Ferrrara, T. B., Couser, R. J., Payne, N. R., & Connett, J. E. (2004). Survival and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely premature infants born at 23–26 weeks' gestational age at a tertiary center. Pediatrics, 113, e1–e6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horbar, J. D., Wright, E. C., & Onstad, L. (1993). Decreasing mortality associated with the introduction of surfactant therapy: An observational study of neonates weighing 601 to 1300 grams at birth. Pediatrics, 92, 191–196.Google Scholar
Hu, Z., Chan, R. C., & McAlonan, G. M. (2010). Maturation of social attribution skills in typically developing children: An investigation using the social attribution task. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6, 10–18.Google Scholar
Hultman, C. M., Sparén, P., & Cnattingius, S. (2002). Perinatal risk factors for infantile autism. Epidemiology, 13, 417–423.Google Scholar
Iidaka, T., Miyakoshi, M., Harada, T., & Nakai, T. (2012). White matter connectivity between superior temporal sulcus and amygdala is associated with autistic trait in healthy humans. Neuroscience Letters, 510, 154–158.Google Scholar
Indredavik, M. S., Vik, T., Evensen, K. A. I., Skranes, J., Taraldsen, G., & Brubakk, A. M. (2010). Perinatal risk and psychiatric outcome in adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight or term small for gestational age. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 286–294.Google Scholar
Indredavik, M. S., Vik, T., Skranes, J., & Brubakk, A. M. (2008). Positive screening results for autism in ex-preterm infants. Pediatrics, 122, 222.Google Scholar
Isaacs, E. B., Lucas, A., Chong, W. K., Wood, S. J., Johnson, C. L., Marshall, C., et al. (2000). Hippocampal volume and everyday memory in children of very low birth weight. Pediatric Research, 47, 713–720.Google Scholar
Jakobson, L. S., Frisk, V., & Downie, A. L. S. (2006). Motion-defined form processing in extremely premature children. Neuropsychologia, 44, 1777–1786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, S., Hollis, C., Kochhar, P., Hennessy, E., Wolke, D., & Marlow, N. (2010). Autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm children. Journal of Pediatrics, 156, 525–531.Google Scholar
Johnson, S., & Marlow, N. (2009). Positive screening results on the modified checklist for autism in toddlers: Implications for very preterm populations. Journal of Pediatrics, 154, 478–480.Google Scholar
Johnson, S., & Marlow, N. (2011). Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatric Research, 69, 11R–18R.Google Scholar
Jones, C. R. G., Swettenham, J., Charman, T., Marsden, A. J. S., Tregay, J., Baird, G., et al. (2011). No evidence for a fundamental visual motion processing deficit in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 4, 347–357.Google Scholar
Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J., & Just, M. A. (2009). Atypical frontal–posterior synchronization of theory of mind regions in autism during mental state attribution. Social Neuroscience, 4, 135–152.Google Scholar
Klein, A. M., Zwickel, J., Prinz, W., & Frith, U. (2009). Animated triangles: An eye tracking investigation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1189–1197.Google Scholar
Knickermeyer, R., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Fetal testosterone and empathy. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 282–292.Google Scholar
Kniestedt, C., & Stamper, R. L. (2003). Visual acuity and its measurement. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, 16, 155–170.Google Scholar
Koelkebeck, K., Pedersen, A., Suslow, T., Kueppers, K. A., Arolt, V., & Ohrmann, P. (2010). Theory of mind in first-episode schizophrenia patients: Corrections with cognition and personality traits. Schizophrenia Research, 119, 115–123.Google Scholar
Kuban, K. C. K., O'Shea, M., Allred, E. N., Tager-Flusberg, H., Goldstein, D. J., & Leviton, A. (2009). Positive screening on the modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT) in extremely low gestational age newborns. Journal of Pediatrics, 154, 535–540.Google Scholar
Lampi, K. M., Lehtonen, L., Tran, P. L., Suominen, A., Lehti, V., Banerjee, P. N., et al. (2012). Risk of autism spectrum disorders in low birth weight and small for gestational age infants. Journal of Pediatrics, 161, 830–836.Google Scholar
Landry, S. H. (1986). Preterm infants' responses in early joint attention interactions. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 1–14.Google Scholar
Landry, S. H. (1995). The development of joint attention in premature low birth weight infants: Effects of early medical complications and maternal attention-directing behaviors. In Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 223–250). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lawrence, K., Jones, A., Oreland, L., Spektor, D., Mandy, W., Campbell, R., et al. (2007). The development of mental state attributions in women with X-monosomy, and the role of monoamine oxidase B in the sociocognitive phenotype. Cognition, 102, 84–100.Google Scholar
Lax, I. D., Duerden, E. G., Lin, S. Y., Chakravarty, M. M., Donner, E. J., Lerch, J. P., et al. (2013). Neuroanatomical consequences of very preterm birth in middle childhood. Brain Structure and Function, 218, 575–585.Google Scholar
Lee, J. E., Bigler, E. D., Alexander, A. L., Lazar, M., DuBray, M. B., Chung, M. K., et al. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter in the superior temporal gyrus and temporal stem in autism. Neuroscience Letters, 424, 127–132.Google Scholar
Leekam, S., & Perner, J. (1991). Does the autistic child have a metarepresentational deficit? Cognition, 40, 203–218.Google Scholar
Lewis, V., & Boucher, J. (1988). Spontaneous, instructed and elicited play in relatively able autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 325–339.Google Scholar
Limperopoulos, C., Bassan, H., Sullivan, N. R., Soul, J. S., Robertson, R. L., Moore, M., et al. (2008). Positive screening for autism in ex-preterm infants: Prevalence and risk factors. Pediatrics, 121, 758–765.Google Scholar
Litt, J., Taylor, H. G., Klein, N., & Hack, M. (2005). Learning disabilities in children with very low birthweight: Prevalence, neuropsychological correlates, and educational interventions. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 130–141.Google Scholar
Luciana, M., Lindeke, L., Georgieff, M., Mills, M., & Nelson, C. A. (1999). Neurobehavioral evidence for working-memory deficits in school-aged children with histories of prematurity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 521–533.Google Scholar
MacKay, T. L., Jakobson, L. S., Ellemberg, D., Lewis, T. L., Maurer, D., & Casiro, O. (2005). Deficits in the processing of local and global motion in very low birthweight children. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1738–1748.Google Scholar
Maimburg, R. D., & Væth, M. (2006). Perinatal risk factors and infantile autism. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114, 257–264.Google Scholar
Marlow, N., Wolke, D., Bracewell, M. A., & Samara, M. (2005). Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 9–19.Google Scholar
Milligan, K., Astington, J. W., & Dack, L. A. (2007). Language and theory of mind: Meta-analysis of the relation between language ability and false-belief understanding. Child Development, 78, 622–646.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Lane, R. D., Maeda, M., Mori, T., Nemoto, K., et al. (2006). Impaired self-awareness and theory of mind: An fMRI study of mentalizing in alexithymia. NeuroImage, 32, 1472–1482.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Mori, T., Matsuda, H., & Komaki, G. (2007). Changes of brain activity in the neural substrates for theory of mind during childhood and adolescence. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 355–363.Google Scholar
Moster, D., Lie, R. T., & Markestad, T. (2008). Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 262–273.Google Scholar
Msall, M. E., & Tremont, M. R. (2002). Measuring functional outcomes after prematurity: Developmental impact of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight status on childhood disability. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8, 258–272.Google Scholar
Mundy, P., & Gomes, A. (1998). Individual differences in joint attention skill development in the second year. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 469–482.Google Scholar
Norman, J. F., Payton, S. M., Long, J. R., & Hawkes, L. M. (2004). Aging and the perception of biological motion. Psychology and Aging, 19, 219–225.Google Scholar
Nosarti, C., Reichenberg, A., Murray, R. M., Cnattingius, S., Lambe, M. P., Yin, L., et al. (2012). Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 610–617.Google Scholar
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1081–1105.Google Scholar
Pears, K. C., & Moses, L. J. (2003). Demographics, parenting, and theory of mind in preschool children. Social Development, 12, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelphrey, K. A., & Carter, E. J. (2008). Brain mechanisms for social perception: Lessons from autism and typical development. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1145, 283–299.Google Scholar
Perner, J., Frith, U., Leslie, A. M., & Leekam, S. (1989). Exploration of the autistic child's theory of mind: Knowledge, belief, and communication. Child Development, 60, 689–700.Google Scholar
Pinto-Martin, J. A., Levy, S. E., Feldman, J. F., Lorenz, J. M., Paneth, N., & Whitaker, A. H. (2011). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in adolescents born weighing <2000 grams. Pediatrics, 128, 883–891.Google Scholar
Premack, D. G., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515–526.Google Scholar
Reed, T., & Peterson, C. (1990). A comparative study of autistic subjects' performance at two levels of visual and cognitive perspective taking. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 555–568.Google Scholar
Reijneveld, S. A., de Klein, M. J. K., van Baar, A. L., Kollée, L. A. A., Verhaak, C. M., Verhulst, F. C., et al. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in very preterm and very low birthweight infants at age 5 years. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal Neonatal Edition, 91, F423–F428.Google Scholar
Rickards, A. L., Kitchen, W. H., Doyle, L. W., Ford, G. W., Kelly, E. A., & Callanan, C. (1993). Cognition, school performance, and behavior in very low birth weight and normal birth weight children at 8 years of age: A longitudinal study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14, 363–368.Google Scholar
Russel, T. A., Reynaud, E., Herba, C., Morris, R., & Corcoran, R. (2006). Do you see what I see? Interpretations of intentional movement in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 81, 101–111.Google Scholar
Saigal, S., Pinelli, J., Hoult, L., Kim, M., & Boyle, M. (2003). Psychopathology and social competencies of adolescents who were extremely low birth weight. Pediatrics, 111, 969–975.Google Scholar
Saigal, S., Stoskopf, B. L., Streiner, D. L., & Burrows, E. (2001). Physical growth and current health status of infants who were of extremely low birth weight and controls at adolescence. Pediatrics, 108, 407–415.Google Scholar
Salter, G., Seigal, A., Claxton, M., Lawrence, K., & Skuse, D. (2008). Can autistic children read the mind of an animated triangles? Autism, 12, 349–371.Google Scholar
Schwartz, R. M., Luby, A. M., Scanlon, J. W., & Kellogg, R. J. (1994). Effect of surfactant on morbidity, mortality, and resource use in newborn infants weighing 500 to 1500 grams. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 1476–1480.Google Scholar
Sommerfelt, K., Ellertsen, B., & Markestad, T. (1995). Parental factors in cognitive outcome of non-handicapped low birthweight infants. Archives of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 73, F135–F142.Google Scholar
Stephens, B. E., Bann, C. M., Watson, V. E., Sheinkopf, S. J., Peralta-Carcelen, M., Bodnar, A., et al. (2012). Screening for autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm infants. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33, 535–541.Google Scholar
Swettenham, J. (1996). Can children with autism be taught to understand false belief using computers? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 157–165.Google Scholar
Tager-Flusberg, H. (1992). Autistic children's talk about psychological states: Deficits in the early acquisition of a theory of mind. Child Development, 63, 161–172.Google Scholar
Taylor, N. M., Jakobson, L. S., Maurer, D., & Lewis, T. L. (2009). Differential vulnerability of global motion, global form, and biological motion processing in full-term and preterm children. Neuropsychological, 47, 2766–2778.Google Scholar
Ungerer, J., & Sigman, M. (1981). Symbolic play and language comprehension in autistic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 318–337.Google Scholar
Voss, W., Jungmann, T., Wachtendorf, M., & Neubauer, A. P. (2012). Long-term cognitive outcomes of extremely low-birth-weight infants: The influence of the maternal educational background. Acta Paediatrica, 101, 569–573.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Weed, E., McGregor, W., Feldbæk Nielsen, J., Roepstorff, A., & Frith, U. (2010). Theory of mind in adults with right hemisphere damage: What's the story? Brain and Language, 113, 65–72.Google Scholar
White, S. J., Coniston, D., Rogers, R., & Frith, U. (2011). Developing the Frith–Happé animations: A quick and objective test of theory of mind for adults with autism. Autism Research, 4, 149–154.Google Scholar
Williamson, K. E., & Jakobson, L. S. (2014). Social perception in children born at very low birth weight and its relationship to social/behavioral outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12210.Google Scholar
Wing, L., Gould, J., Yeates, S. R., & Brierley, L. M. (1977). Symbolic play in severely mentally retarded and in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 167–178.Google Scholar
Woodbury-Smith, M. R., Robinson, J., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2005). Screening adults for Asperger syndrome using the AQ: A preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 331–335.Google Scholar
Woodward, L. J., Edgin, J. O., Thompson, D., & Inder, T. E. (2005). Object working memory deficits predicted by early brain injury and development in the preterm infant. Brain, 128, 2578–2587.Google Scholar
Zilbovicius, M., Meresse, I., Chabane, N., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., & Boddaert, N. (2006). Autism, the superior temporal sulcus and social perception. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 359–366.Google Scholar
Zubiaurre-Elorza, L., Soria-Pastor, S., Junqué, C., Vendrell, P., Padilla, N., Rametti, G., et al. (2009). Magnetic resonance imaging study of cerebral sulci in low-risk preterm children. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 27, 559–565.Google Scholar
Zwickel, J., White, S. J., Coniston, D., Senju, A., & Frith, U. (2010). Exploring the building blocks of social cognition: Spontaneous agency perception and visual perspective taking in autism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 564–571.Google Scholar