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Of Buddhism and Militarism in Northern Thailand: Solving the Puzzle of the Saint Khruubaa Srivichai

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2014

Katherine A. Bowie
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Abstract

A growing body of scholarship on Buddhism is exploring the historical role of warfare and militarism. Buddhist polities have generally exempted monastic communities from military conscription and taxation. Although the monk Khruubaa Srivichai (1878–1938) is revered as a saint in northern Thailand today, during his lifetime he was detained under temple arrest on multiple occasions. He was sent to Bangkok in 1920 and 1935 to face charges that ranged from conducting unauthorized ordinations to treason. For the controversies he generated, the media of the day called him “that puzzling monk.” Prevailing scholarship has explained the controversies as the result of conflicts internal to the Thai monastic order. In this essay, I argue that the puzzle posed by Srivichai is solved by recognizing the importance of changing policies regarding military conscription, changes which sought to restrict the traditional rights of the northern population to ordain and expanded state access to manpower.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 73 , Issue 3 , August 2014 , pp. 711 - 732
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2014 

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References

List of References

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CT#59. Abbot Phraakhruu Kantha Khanto (Luang Poh Phintha) (age 86). #5, Wat, Tambon Sop Tia, Amphur Chomthong. Interviewed February 6, 1985.Google Scholar
HD#54. Mae Ui Laa Upalii (age 75). #8, Baan Kong, Tambon Hang Dong, Amphur Hang Dong. Interviewed January 22, 1985.Google Scholar
Monk at Wat Mahawan, Lamphun. Interviewed July 11, 2011.Google Scholar
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Bangkok Times Weekly Mail (BT). 1900–36.Google Scholar
National Archives. 1935 [BE 2478–79]. “Ryang Phra Sriwichai majprohngdohngkap khana songh” [About Phra Srivichai not being forthright with the sangha]. Kromlekhaathikaan Khanaratamontri #29/18 (SR0201.10/61).Google Scholar
Phrarachabanyat laksana kaen tahaan ratanakosin R.S. 124 [Military Conscription Act]. 1905. http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2448/023/513.PDF (accessed June 4, 2014).Google Scholar
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Prakaat haj chaj phraraachabanyat laksana pokkhrong khanasong R.S. 121 naj monthon mahaaraaj monthon phayab lae monthon pattaani [Announcement applying Sangha Act RS 121 in Monthons Maharaaj, Phayab and Pattani]. 1924 [BE 2467]. September 6. http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2467/A/74.PDF (accessed June 4, 2014).Google Scholar
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Acts on the Administration of the Buddhist Order of Sangha. 1989 [BE 2532]. Thailand: Mahamakuta Educational Council, Buddhist University.Google Scholar
Adolphson, Mikael S. 2007. The Teeth and Claws of the Buddha: Monastic Warriors and Sohei in Japanese History. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Baird, Ian G. 2012. “Lao Buddhist Monks and Their Involvement in Political and Militant Resistance to the Lao People's Democratic Republic Government since 1975.” Journal of Asian Studies 71(3):655–77.Google Scholar
Bartholomeusz, Tessa J. 2002. In Defense of Dharma: Just-War Ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka. RoutledgeCurzon Critical Studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
BBC. 2009. “Buddhism and War.” November 23. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/buddhistethics/war.shtml (accessed May 1, 2013).Google Scholar
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Bowie, Katherine. 2014. “The Saint with Indra's Sword: Khruubaa Srivichai and Buddhist Millenarianism in Northern Thailand.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 56(3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, Katherine. n.d. “Dating the Controversies over Khruubaa Srivichai.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Cohen, Paul T. 2001. “Buddhism Unshackled: The Yuan ‘Holy Man’ Tradition and the Nation-State in the Tai World.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32(2):227–47.Google Scholar
Colquhoun, Archibald R. 1885. Amongst the Shans. London: Field and Tuer.Google Scholar
Crawfurd, John. [1828] 1967. Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Jacob. 2011. The Taming of the Demons: Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
De Groot, J. J. M. 1891. “Militant Spirit of the Buddhist Clergy in China.” T'oung Pao 2:127–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demieville, Paul. [1957] 2010. “Buddhism and War.” Translated by Kendall, Michelle. In Buddhist Warfare, eds. Jerryson, Michael and Juergensmeyer, Mark, 17–58. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DeVotta, Neil, and Stone, Jason. 2008. “Jathika Hela Urumaya and Ethno-Religious Politics in Sri Lanka.” Pacific Affairs 81(1):31–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faa, Wongmaha. 1976–77. “Sriiwichai: Nakbun haeng laanaathai”[Srivichai, the Lannathai saint]. Serialized. Thaan Tawan 170–203 (July 30, 1976, to June 18, 1977).Google Scholar
Farrington, Anthony, ed. 2004. Dr. Richardson's Missions to Siam, 1829–1839. Bangkok: White Lotus.Google Scholar
Goldman, M. F. 1972. “Franco-British Rivalry over Siam, 1896–1904.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3(2):210–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabowsky, Volker, and Turton, Andrew, eds. 2003. The Gold and Silver Road of Trade and Friendship: The McLeod and Richardson Diplomatic Missions to Tai States in 1837. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman. 1999. Absolute Dreams: Thai Government Under Rama VI, 1910–1925. Bangkok: White Lotus.Google Scholar
Ishii, Yoneo. 1986. Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History. Translated by Hawkes, Peter. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Jerryson, Michael. 2011. Buddhist Fury: Religion and Violence in Southern Thailand. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jerryson, Michael, and Juergensmeyer, Mark, eds. 2010. Buddhist Warfare. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1971. “Buddhism and National Integration in Thailand.” Journal of Asian Studies 30(3):551–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1977. “Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and Thai Society.” Journal of Asian Studies 36(2):283–302.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1978. “Political Crisis and Militant Buddhism.” In Religion and Legitimation of Power in Thailand, Laos, and Burma, ed. Smith, Bardwell L., 147–64. Chambersburg, Pa.: ANIMA Books.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1982. “Death of Two Buddhist Saints in Thailand.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 48(3–4):149–80.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1989. “Buddhist Politics and Their Revolutionary Origins in Thailand.” International Political Science Review 10(2):121–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwanchewan Srisawat [Buadaeng]. 1988. “The Karen and the Khruba Khao Pi Movement: A Historical Study of the Response to the Transformation in Northern Thailand.” MA thesis, Ateneo de Manile University.Google Scholar
Ling, Trevor. 1979. Buddhism, Imperialism and War: Burma and Thailand in Modern History. Boston: G. Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
McGilvary, Daniel. 1912. A Half Century among the Siamese and the Lao: An Autobiography. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company.Google Scholar
Moyar, Mark. 2004. “Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War.” Modern Asian Studies 38(4):749–84.Google Scholar
Pranii Sirithorn na Pathalung. [1964] 1995 [BE (2507) 2538]. Phet Laannaa [Lanna diamonds]. 2 vols. Chiang Mai: Borisat Northern Printing.Google Scholar
Ratanaporn, Sethakul. 2010. “Lan Na Buddhism and Bangkok Centralization in Late 19th-Early 20th Century: Changes and Reaction of the Sangha.” Conference: Buddhism and Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. May 24–25.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Craig. 1972. “The Buddhist Monkhood in 19th Century Thailand.” PhD diss., Cornell University.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Craig, ed. 1979. Autobiography: The Life of Prince-Patriarch Vajiranana. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Ruth, Richard A. 2011. In Buddha's Company: Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Sangaa, Suphaaphaa. 1956 [BE 2499]. Chiiwit læ ngaan khohng Khruubaa Sriiwichai [The life and works of Khruubaa Srivichai]. Phra Nakhorn: Samnakphim Khlang Witthayaa.Google Scholar
Sarassawadee, Ongsakul. 2005. History of Lan Na. Translated by Tanratanakul, Chitraporn. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Press.Google Scholar
Sarkisyanz, E. 1965. Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution. The Hague: M. Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schober, Juliane. 2007. “Buddhism, Violence and the State in Burma (Myanmar) and Sri Lanka.” In Religion and Conflict in South and Southeast Asia: Disrupting Violence, eds. Cady, Linell E and Simon, Sheldon W., 51–69. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Seneviratne, H. L. 1999. The Work of Kings: The New Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shahar, Meir. 2008. The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Singkha, Waanasai. 2010. Saaraprawat Khruubaa Sriiwiichai nakbun haeng Laanaa [A historical account of Khruubaa Srivichai, the saint of Lanna]. Printed on the occasion of the 11th cycle of Khruubaa Srivichai, 11 June 2553/2010 or 132 year anniversary of Khruubaa Chaw Srivichai. By Saphaa Watthanatham Cangwat Lamphun together with Saphaa Watthanam Amphur Muang Lamphun.Google Scholar
Sommai, Premchit. 2002 [2545]. Khruubaa Sriwichai, nakbun haeng Laannaa [Khruubaa Srivichai, the holy man of Lanna]. Chiang Mai: Rongphim Mingmyang.Google Scholar
Sophaa, Chanamuul. 1991 [2534]. “Khruubaa Sriwichai ‘tonbun’ haeng Laanaa (phoo soo 2421-2481)” [Khruubaa Srivichai, saint of Lanna, 1878-1938]. MA thesis, Thammasat University.Google Scholar
Spiro, Melford E. 1970. Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Sukich, Nimmanhaeminda. 2002 [BE 2545]. “Foreword.” In Khruubaa Sriwichai, nakbun haeng Laannaa [Khruubaa Srivichai, the holy man of Lanna], Sommai Premchit. Chiang Mai: Rongphim Mingmyang.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1976. World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1992. Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Thepmoli, Phra (Can Siricanto; also Phra Ubaliikhunuupamaachaan). 1915. Nangsyy thaamawicayaanusaat [Book on dharma research methods]. Bangkok: Rongphim Bamrungnukuulkit.Google Scholar
Thompson, Virginia. [1941] 1967. Thailand: The New Siam. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Tikhonov, Vladimir, and Brekke, Torkel, eds. 2013. Violent Buddhism: Buddhism and Militarism in Asia in the Twentieth Century. Routledge Studies in Religion no. 19. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vella, Walter. 1978. Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Victoria, Brian Daizen. 1997. Zen at War. New York: Weatherhill.Google Scholar
Wachirayaanwarorot. 1971 [BE 2514]. “Ryang kaan tang upachaya” [About the appointment of the ordainers]. In Phramuan phraniphon somdet phramahasamanachao krom phrayaaa wachirayaanwarorot: kaan khana songh [Compilation of writings on sangha matters of Sangharaja Prince Vajirananavarorasa], 211–68. [Phranakhorn]: Mahaamakut Raatchawitthayaalai.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. [1977] 2000. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
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