Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T04:16:18.069Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Amino acid efficiency with dietary glycine supplementation: Part 1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 August 2014

D.O. AKINDE
D.O. AKINDE*
Affiliation:
Nutrition Biotechnology Division, Fusion BioSystems, Lerchenstr. 2, 49393 Lohne, Germany
*
Corresponding author: David.akinde@fusionbiosystems.com
Get access

Abstract

Over the years a large body of information has accumulated for the amino acid glycine, which prove that this amino acid is critical to animal nutrition in order for feeding to be more economic, eco-sustainable and supportive of animal health and food safety. Underpinning these glycine efficacies are its multifaceted metabolic interrelationships with other essential amino acids, and the resultant physiological responses. Key among these interactions is the inter-convertibility between glycine and serine, the participation of glycine in sulphur amino acid metabolism, and its biochemical linkages with arginine. Crucial to this is the metabolic release of glycine in threonine catabolism and cellular application in N detoxification- all linked to body amino acid homoeostasis. This is the first of a two-paper series reviewing the biochemistry and multifunctional metabolic involvements of glycine and the impacts on physiological efficiency of sulphur amino acids, threonine, arginine and total crude protein, mainly in broilers.

Keywords

glycinemetabolic associationsamino acids efficiencybroilers
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 70 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 461 - 474
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AKAGI, S., SATO, K. and OHMORI, S. (2004) Threonine metabolism in Japanese quail liver. Amino Acids 26: 235-242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AKINDE, O.A. (2007) Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Halle-Wittenberg.Google Scholar
AKINDE, O.A. and LEMME, A. (2009) Response of Ross 708 to enhanced balanced protein supply fed in subsequent phases: Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology 18: 37.Google Scholar
AKINDE, O.A., KLUTH, H. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2010) Studies on the inevitable losses of nitrogen in Pekin ducks. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 74: 233-239.Google Scholar
AKINDE, O.A., KLUTH, H. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2011) Inevitable endogenous amino acid and CP losses in the terminal ileum of pekin ducks as affected by cellulose supplementation. Poultry Science 90 (E-Suppl. 1): 133.Google Scholar
AKINDE, O.A. and ETOP, S.C. (2014) Efficacy of dietary glycine and the glycine+serine requirement in laying hens fed a nutritionally marginal basal diet. Book of Abstracts. ХIV European Poultry Conference, 23-27 June, Stavanger, Norway. In press.Google Scholar
ALZAWQARI, M., KERMANSHAHI, H. and MOGHADDAM, N.H. (2010) The effect of glycine and desiccated ox bile supplementation on performance, fat digestibility, blood chemistry and ileal digesta viscosity of broiler chickens. Global Veterinaria 5: 187-194.Google Scholar
AUSTIC, R.E. and NESHEIM, C. (1970) Role of kidney arginase in variations of the arginine requirements of chicks. Journal of Nutrition 100: 855-867.Google Scholar
AVIAGEN (2007) Ross 708 Broiler Performance objectives. Aviagen., Newbridge, Scotland.Google Scholar
BAKER, D.H. (2006) Comparative species utilisation and toxicity of sulfur amino acids. Journal of Nutrition 136: 1670-1675.Google Scholar
BAKER, D.H., HILL, T.M. and KLEISS, A.J. (1972) Nutritional evidence concerning formation of glycine from threonine in the chick. Journal of Animal Science 34: 582-586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BALL, R.O., URSCHEL, K.L. and PENCHARZ, P.B. (2007) Nutritional consequences of interspecies differences in arginine and lysine metabolism. Journal of Nutrition 137: 1626-1641.Google Scholar
BENEVENGA, N.J. and HARPER, A.E. (1967) Alleviation of methionine and homocystine toxicity in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 93: 44-52.Google Scholar
BERRES, J., VIEIRA, S.L., DOZIER III, W.A., CORTES, M.E.M., DE BARROS, R., NOGUEIRA, E.T. and KUTSCHENKO, M. (2010) Broiler responses to reduced-protein diets supplemented with valine, isoleucine, glycine, and glutamic acid. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 19: 68-79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRYANT, K.I., DILGER, R.N., PARSONS, C.M. and BAKER, D.H. (2009) Dietary L-homoserine spares threonine in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 139: 1298-1302.Google Scholar
CAVE, N.A. (1978) Effects of dietary glycine on feed intake and growth of meat and egg strain chicks. Poultry Science 57: 1605-1608.Google Scholar
CIFTCI, I. and CEYLAN, N. (2004) Effect of dietary threonine and crude protein on growth performance, carcass and meat composition of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 45: 280-289.Google Scholar
CORZO, A., KIDD, M.T., BURNHAM, D.J. and KERR, B.J. (2004) Dietary glycine needs of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 83: 1382-1384.Google Scholar
CORZO, A., KIDD, M.T., DOZIER III, W.A. and KERR, B.J. (2009) Dietary glycine and threonine interactive effects in broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 79-84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAHIYA, J.P., HOEHLER, D., VAN KESSEL, A.G. and DREW, M.D. (2007) Dietary encapsulated glycine influences Clostridium perfringens and Lactobacilli growth in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition 137: 1408-1414.Google Scholar
DEAN, D.W., BIDNER, T.D. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2006) Glycine supplementation to low crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets supports optimal performance of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 85: 288-296.Google Scholar
D‘MELLO, J.P.F. (2003) An outline of pathways in amino acid metabolism. In: D‘MELLO, J.P.F. (Ed.) Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2. ed., pp. 71-87 (CAB International, New York).Google Scholar
FINKELSTEIN, J.D. (1998) The metabolism of homocysteine: pathways and regulation. European Journal of Pediatrics 157: 40-44.Google Scholar
FISHER, H., SCOTT, H.M. and JOHNSON, B.C. (1955) The role of glycine in chick nutrition. Journal of Nutrition 55: 415-430.Google Scholar
GRIMBLE, R.F. (1990) Nutrition and cytokine action. Nutrition Research Reviews 3: 193-210.Google Scholar
HAN, Y. and THACKER, P.A. (2011) Influence of energy level and glycine supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and egg quality in laying hens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24: 1447-1455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HEGSTED, D.M., BRIGGS, G.M., ELVBHJEM, C.A. and HART, E.S. (1941) Role of arginine and glycine in chick nutrition. Journal of Biological Chemistry 140: 191-200.Google Scholar
HERBIG, K., CHIANG, E., LEE, L., HILLS, J., SHANE, B. and STOVER, P.J. (2002) Cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase mediates competition between folate-dependent deoxyribonucleotide and S-adenosylmethionine biosyntheses. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277: 38381-38389.Google Scholar
KATZ, R.S. and BAKER, D.H. (1975a) Methionine toxicity in the chick: Nutritional and metabolic implications. Journal of Nutrition 105: 1168-1175.Google Scholar
KATZ, R.S. and BAKER, D.H. (1975b) Toxicity of various organic sulfur compounds for chicks fed crystalline amino acid diets containing threonine and glycine at their minimal dietary requirements for maximal growth. Journal of Animal Science 41: 1355-1361.Google Scholar
KIDD, M.T., BARBER, S.J., VIRDEN, W.S., DOZIER, W.A., CHAMBLEE, D.W. and WIERNUSZ, C. (2003) Threonine responses of cobb male finishing broilers in differing environmental conditions. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12: 115-123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KROGDAHL, A. (1985) Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. Journal of Nutrition 115: 675-685.Google Scholar
LAMBERT, B.D., TITGEMEYER, E.C. and LOEST, C.A. (2001) Impact of glycine supply on utilisation of methionine and cysteine by cattle. Journal of Animal Science 79 (Supplement 2): 107.Google Scholar
LE FLOC'H, N., MELCHIOR, D. and OBLED, C. (2004) Modifications of protein and amino acid metabolism during inflammation and immune system activation. Livestock Production Science 87: 37-45.Google Scholar
LIEN, K.A., SAUER, W.C. and FENTON, M. (1997) Mucin output of ileal digesta of pigs fed a protein-free diet. Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft 36: 182-190.Google Scholar
MELÉNDEZ-HEVIA, E., DE PAZ-LUGO, P., CORNISH-BOWDEN, A. and CÁRDENAS, M.L. (2009) A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis. Journal of Biosciences 34: 853-872.Google Scholar
MORAN, E. (2010) Absorptive surface, mucin and phytin. Proceedings of the 1st International Phytase Summit 2010, Washington DC, pp. 91-99.Google Scholar
MOUGHAN, P.J. and FULLER, M.F. (2003) Modelling amino acid metabolism and the estimation of amino acid requirements. In: D'MELLO, J.P.F. (Ed.) Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2 ed., pp. 187-202 (CAB international, Oxon, UK).Google Scholar
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (1984) Nutrient requirements of poultry, 8 ed., National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
NGO, A., COON, C.N. and BEECHER, G.R. (1977) Dietary glycine requirements for growth and cellular development in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 107: 1800-1808.Google Scholar
OHTA, Y. and ISHIBASHI, T. (1995) Effect of dietary glycine on reduced performance by deficient and excessive methionine in broilers. Japanese Poultry Science 32: 81-89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARR, J.F. and SUMMERS, J.D. (1991) The effect of minimizing amino acid excesses in broiler diets. Poultry Science 70: 1540-1549.Google Scholar
PILLAI, P.B., FANATICO, A.C., BLAIR, M.E. and EMMERT, J.L. (2006a) Homocysteine remethylation in young broilers fed varying levels of methionine, choline, and betaine. Poultry Science 85: 90-95.Google Scholar
PILLAI, P.B., FANATICO, A.C., BLAIR, M.E. and EMMERT, J.L. (2006b) Homocysteine remethylation in broilers fed surfeit choline or betaine and varying levels and sources of methionine from eight to twenty-two days of age. Poultry Science 85: 1729-1736.Google Scholar
POWELL, S., BIDNER, T.D. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2009) The interactive effects of glycine, total sulfur amino acids, and lysine supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance and Serum uric acid and urea concentrations in broilers. Poultry Science 88: 1407-1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
POWELL, S., BIDNER, T.D. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2011) Effects of glycine supplementation at varying levels of methionine and cystine on the growth performance of broilers fed reduced crude protein diets. Poultry Science 90: 1023-1027.Google Scholar
RAFELSON, M.E. Jr, BINKLEY, S.B. and HAYASHI, J.A. (1968) Basic biochemistry. 3. ed., The Machmillan company, New York.Google Scholar
RANGEL-LUGO, M., SU, C.L. and AUSTIC, R.E. (1994) Threonine requirement and threonine imbalance in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 73: 670-681.Google Scholar
SAVAGE, J.E. and O'DELL, B.L. (1960) Arginine requirement of the chick and the arginine-sparing value of related compounds. Journal of Nutrition 70: 129-134.Google Scholar
SCHUTTE, J.B., SMINK, W. and PACK, M. (1997) Requirement of young broiler chicks for glycine and serine. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 61: 43-47.Google Scholar
SNETSINGER, D.C. and SCOTT, H.M. (1961) Efficacy of glycine and arginine in alleviating the stress induced by dietary excesses of single amino acids. Poultry Science 40: 1675-1681.Google Scholar
SOHAIL, S.S., BRYANT, M.M. and ROLAND, D.A. Sr (2003) The Effect of Glycine Supplementation on Performance of Broilers Fed Sub-marginal Protein with Adequate Synthetic Methionine and Lysine. International Journal of Poultry Science 2: 394-397.Google Scholar
STAR, L., ROVERS, M., CORRENT, E. and VAN DER KLIS, J.D. (2012) Threonine requirement of broiler chickens during subclinical intestinal Clostridium infection. Poultry Science 91: 643-652.Google Scholar
STILBORN, H.L. MORAN, E.T. Jr, GOUS, R.M. and HARRISON, M.D. (1997) Effect of age on feather amino acid contents from two broiler strain crosses and sexes. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6: 205-209.Google Scholar
TAKAHASHI, K., AOKI, A., TAKIMOTO, T. and AKIBA, Y. (2008) Dietary supplementation of glycine modulates inflammatory response indicators in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 100: 1019-1028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TEN DOESCHATE, R.A.H.M., SCHEELE, C.W., SCHREURS, V.V.A.M., BOEKHOLT, H.A. and BRANDSMA, M. (1995) Dietary nitrogen excess might increase threonine requirement. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Protein Metabolism mid Nutrition, Vale de Santarem, Portugal, pp. 385.Google Scholar
WAGUESPACK, A.M., POWELL, S., BIDNER, T.D., PAYNE, R.L. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2009a) Effect of incremental levels of L-lysine and determination of the limiting amino acids in low crude protein corn-soybean meal diets for broilers. Poultry Science 88: 1216-1226.Google Scholar
WAGUESPACK, A.M., POWELL, S., BIDNER, T.D. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2009b) The glycine plus serine requirement of broiler chicks fed low-crude protein, corn-soybean meal diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 761-765.Google Scholar
WATERHOUSE, H.N. and SCOTT, H.M. (1961a) Glycine need of the chick fed casein diets and the glycine, arginine, methionine and creatine interrelationships. Journal of Nutrition 73: 266-272.Google Scholar
WATERHOUSE, H.N. and SCOTT, H.M. (1961b) Effect of different proteins and protein levels on the glycine need of the chick fed purified diets. Poultry Science 40: 1160-1165.Google Scholar
WATERLAND, R.A. (2006) Assessing the effects of high methionine intake on DNA methylation. Journal of Nutrition 136: 1706-1710.Google Scholar
XIE, M., HOU, S.S., HUANG, W. and FAN, H.P. (2007) Effect of Excess Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue on Growth Performance and Plasma Homocysteine of Growing Pekin Ducks. Poultry Science 86: 1995-1999.Google Scholar
YUAN, J.H. and AUSTIC, R.E. (2001) The effect of dietary protein level on threonine dehydrogenase activity in chickens. Poultry Science 80: 1353-1356.Google Scholar
YUAN, J., KARIMI, A., ZORNES, S., GOODGAME, S., MUSSINI, F., LU, C. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2012) Evaluation of the role of glycine in low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21: 726-737.Google Scholar