Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T06:19:53.203Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fracture transitions in iron: Strain rate and environmental effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2014

Eric Hintsala ,
Claire Teresi ,
Andrew J. Wagner ,
K. Andre Mkhoyan  and
William Gerberich
Eric Hintsala*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Claire Teresi
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Andrew J. Wagner
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
K. Andre Mkhoyan
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
William Gerberich
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: hints009@umn.edu
Get access

Abstract

A number of recent mechanical property studies have sought to validate atomistic and multiscale models with matching experimental volumes. One such property is the ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT). Currently no model exists that incorporates both external and internal variables in an analytical model to address both length scales and environment. Using thermally activated parameters for dislocation plasticity, the present study attempts a small piece of this. With activation energy and activation volumes previously determined for single and polycrystalline Fe–3% Si, predictions of DBTT both with and without atmospheric hydrogen are made. These are compared with standard fracture toughness measurements similarly for samples both with and without atmospheric hydrogen. In the hydrogen-free samples, average strain rate varied by four orders of magnitude. DBTT shifts are experimentally found and predicted to increase 100 K or more with either increasing strain rate or exposure to hydrogen.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 29 , Issue 14 , 28 July 2014 , pp. 1513 - 1521
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Kelly, A., Tyson, W.R., and Cottrell, A.H.: Ductile and brittle crystals. Philos. Mag. 15(135), 567–586 (1967).Google Scholar
Dugdale, D.S.: Yielding of steel sheets containing slits. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 8(2), 100–104 (1960).Google Scholar
Barenblatt, G.I.: The mathematical theory of equilibrium cracks in brittle fracture. Adv. Appl. Mech. 7(1), 55–129 (1962).Google Scholar
St. John, C.: The brittle-to-ductile transition in precleaved silicon single crystals. Philos. Mag. 32(6), 1193–1212 (1975).Google Scholar
Gumbsch, P.: Modelling brittle and semi-brittle fracture processes. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 319–321, 1–7 (2001).Google Scholar
Lin, I-H. and Thomson, R.: Cleavage, dislocation emission and shielding for cracks under load. Acta Metall. 34(2), 187–206 (1986).Google Scholar
Lii, M.J., Chen, X.F., Katz, Y., and Gerberich, W.W.: Dislocation modeling and acoustic emission observation of alternating ductile/brittle events in Fe-3 wt% Si crystals. Acta Mater. 38(12), 2435–2453 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, P.G. and Gerberich, W.W.: A microscopically shielded Griffith criterion for cleavage in grain-oriented silicon steel. Acta Metall. Mater. 42(3), 613–619 (1994).Google Scholar
Samuels, J., Roberts, S.G., and Hirsch, P.B.: The brittle-to-ductile transition in silicon. Mat. Sci. Eng., A 105, 39–46 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, J. and Roberts, S.G.: The brittle-ductile transition in silicon. I. Experiments. Proc. R. Soc. London, A 421(1860), 1–23 (1989).Google Scholar
Roberts, S.G. and Hirsch, P.B.: Modelling the upper yield point and the brittle-ductile transition of silicon wafers in three-point bend tests. Philos. Mag. A 86(25–56), 4099–4116 (2006).Google Scholar
Devincre, B. and Roberts, S.G.: Three-dimensional simulation of dislocation-crack interactions in BCC metals at the mesoscopic scale. Acta Mater. 44(6), 2891–2900 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiao, Y. and Argon, A.S.: Cleavage cracking resistance of high angle grain boundaries in Fe-3% Si alloy. Mech. Mater. 35(3), 313–331 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, H. and Gerberich, W.W.: Crack-tip dislocation emission arrangements for equilibrium – II. Comparisons to analytical and computer simulation models. Acta Metall. Mater. 40(11), 2873–2881 (1992).Google Scholar
Song, J. and Curtin, W.A.: Atomic mechanism and prediction of hydrogen embrittlement in iron. Nat. Mater. 12, 145–151 (2012).Google Scholar
Giannattasio, A. and Roberts, S.G.: Strain-rate dependence of the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature in tungsten. Philos. Mag. 87(17), 2589–2598 (2007).Google Scholar
Gerberich, W.W., Stauffer, D.D., Beaber, A.R., and Tymiak, N.I.: A brittleness transition in silicon due to scale. J. Mater. Res. 27(3), 552–561 (2012).Google Scholar
Gerberich, W.W., Tymiak, N.I., Grunlan, J.C., Horstemeyer, M.F., and Baskes, M.I.: Interpretations of indentation size effects. J. Appl. Mech. 69(4), 433–442 (2002).Google Scholar
Gerberich, W.W., Michler, J., Mook, W.M., Ghisleni, R., Östlund, F., Stauffer, D.D., and Ballarini, R.: Scale effects for strength, ductility and toughness in brittle materials. J. Mater. Res. 24(3), 898–906 (2009).Google Scholar
Mook, W.M., Nowak, J.D., Perrey, C.R., Carter, C.B., Mukherjee, R., Girshick, S.L., McMurry, P., and Gerberich, W.W.: Compressive stress effects on nanoparticle modulus and fracture. Phys. Rev. B 75(21), 214112 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottrell, A.H. and Bilby, B.A.: Dislocation theory of yielding and strain ageing in iron. Proc. Phys. Soc. A 62(1), 49 (1949).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garofalo, F.: The dependence of the lower yield strength in iron and steel on grain size and temperature. Metall. Trans. 3(12), 3115–3119 (1972).Google Scholar
Chen, Y.T., Atteridge, D.G., and Gerberich, W.W.: Plastic flow of Fe-binary alloys—I. A description at low temperatures. Acta Metall. 29(6), 1171–1185 (1981).Google Scholar
Ersland, C.H.: Atomistic modeling of failure in iron. Ph.D. thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2012.Google Scholar
Barnoush, A., Bies, C., and Vehoff, H.: In situ electrochemical nanoindentation of FeAl (100) single crystal: Hydrogen effect on dislocation nucleation. J. Mater. Res. 24(3), 1105–1113 (2009).Google Scholar
Gao, X.: Displacement burst and hydrogen effect during loading and holding in nanoindentation of an iron single crystal. Scr. Mater. 53(11), 1315–1320 (2005).Google Scholar
Marsh, P.G.: Prediction of fracture toughness, stress-corrosion cracking thresholds and corrosion fatigue thresholds in iron-base materials. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota, 1994.Google Scholar
Gerberich, W.W., Marsh, P.G., and Huang, H.: The effect of local dislocation arrangements on hydrogen-induced cleavage. In Fundamental Aspects of Stress Corrosion Cracking, TMS/ASM Parkins Symposium, TMS, Warrendale, PA, Vol. 191–204 (1992).Google Scholar
Barnoush, A. and Vehoff, H.: In situ electrochemical nanoindentation: A nanomechanics approach to rank hydrogen embrittlement in extremely small volumes. In Proceedings of the 2008 International Hydrogen Conference (ASM International), 187–194 (2009).Google Scholar
Kircheim, R.: Solid solution softening and hardening by mobile solute atoms with special focus on hydrogen. Scr. Mater. 67, 767–770 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, I.M. and Birnbaum, H.K.: An HVEM study of hydrogen effects on the deformation and fracture of nickel. Acta Metall. 34(3), 353–386 (1986).Google Scholar
Sofronis, P. and Birnbaum, H.K.: Mechanics of the hydrogen-impurity-interactions: Part I – Increasing shear modulus. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 43(1), 49–90 (1995).Google Scholar
Tanaka, M., Tarleton, E., and Roberts, S.: The ductile-brittle transition in single-crystal iron. Acta Mater. 56(18), 5123–5129 (2008).Google Scholar
Xin, Y-B. and Hsia, K.J.: Simulation of the brittle-ductile transition in silicon single crystals using dislocation mechanics. Acta Mater. 45(4), 1747–1759 (1997).Google Scholar
Hartmaier, A. and Gumbsch, P.: Thermal activation of crack-tip plasticity: The brittle or ductile response of a stationary crack loaded to failure. Phys. Rev. B 71(2), 024108 (2005).Google Scholar
Nibur, K., Bahr, D., and Somerday, B.: Hydrogen effects on dislocation activity in austenitic stainless steel. Acta Mater. 5(10), 2677–2684 (2006).Google Scholar
Itakura, M., Kaburaki, H., Yamaguchi, M., and Okita, T.: The effect of hydrogen atom on the screw dislocation mobility in BCC iron: A first principles study. Cond. Mat. Mater. Sci. April, 2013, arxiv: 1304.0602v2.Google Scholar
McClintock, F.A. and Irwin, G.R.: Plasticity aspects of fracture mechanics. ASTM STP 381, 84–113 (1964).Google Scholar