Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T16:51:18.757Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Real Asset Illiquidity and the Cost of Capital

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2014

Hernán Ortiz-Molina
Affiliation:
ortizmolina@sauder.ubc.ca, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, 2053 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
Gordon M. Phillips
Affiliation:
gordon.phillips@marshall.usc.edu, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, 3670 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA 90089 and National Bureau of Economic Research.

Abstract

We show that firms with more illiquid real assets have a higher cost of capital. This effect is stronger when real illiquidity arises from lower within-industry acquisition activity. Real asset illiquidity increases the cost of capital more for firms that face more competition, have less access to external capital, or are closer to default, and for those facing negative demand shocks. The effect of real asset illiquidity is distinct from that of firms’ stock illiquidity or systematic liquidity risk. These results suggest that real asset illiquidity reduces firms’ operating flexibility and through this channel their cost of capital.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almeida, H.; Campello, M.; and Hackbarth, D.. “Liquidity Mergers.” Journal of Financial Economics, 102 (2011), 526558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amihud, Y. “Illiquidity and Stock Returns: Cross-Section and Time-Series Effects.” Journal of Financial Markets, 5 (2002), 3156.Google Scholar
Amihud, Y., and Mendelson, H.. “Asset Pricing and the Bid-Ask Spread.” Journal of Financial Economics, 17 (1986), 223249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benmelech, E., and Bergman, N. K.. “Liquidation Values and the Credibility of Financial Contract Renegotiation: Evidence from U.S. Airlines.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123 (2008), 16351677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benmelech, E., and Bergman, N. K.. “Collateral Pricing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 91 (2009), 339360.Google Scholar
Berger, A., and Bouwman, C.. “Bank Liquidity Creation.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 37793837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berk, J. B. “A Critique of Size-Related Anomalies.” Review of Financial Studies, 8 (1995), 275286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bharath, S. T., and Shumway, T.. “Forecasting Default with the Merton Distance to Default Model.” Review of Financial Studies, 21 (2008), 13391369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, L. “The Influence of Production Technology on Risk and the Cost of Capital.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 26 (1991), 109127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campello, M. “Debt Financing: Does It Boost or Hurt Firm Performance in Product Markets?Journal of Financial Economics, 82 (2006), 135172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campello, M.; Graham, J. R.; and Harvey, C.. “The Real Effects of Financial Constraints: Evidence from a Financial Crisis.” Journal of Financial Economics, 97 (2010), 470487.Google Scholar
Carlson, M.; Fisher, A.; and Giammarino, R.. “Corporate Investment and Asset Price Dynamics: Implications for the Cross-Section of Returns.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 25772603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. C., and Chen, N.-F.. “Structural and Return Characteristics of Small and Large Firms.” Journal of Finance, 46 (1991), 14671484.Google Scholar
Chava, S., and Purnanandam, A. K.. “Is Default Risk Negatively Related to Stock Returns?Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 25232559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H.; Kacperczyk, M.; and Ortiz-Molina, H.. “Labor Unions, Operating Flexibility, and the Cost of Equity.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 46 (2011), 2558.Google Scholar
Chen, K. C. W.; Chen, Z.; and Wei, K. C. J.. “Legal Protection of Investors, Corporate Governance, and the Cost of Equity Capital.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 15 (2009), 273289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, K. C. W.; Chen, Z.; and Wei, K. C. J.. “Agency Costs of Free Cash Flows and the Effect of Shareholder Rights on the Implied Cost of Capital.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 46 (2011), 171207.Google Scholar
Cooper, I. “Asset Pricing Implications of Nonconvex Adjustment Costs and Irreversibility of Investment.” Journal of Finance, 61 (2006), 139170.Google Scholar
DeAngelo, H.; DeAngelo, L.; and Wruck, K. H.. “Asset Liquidity, Debt Covenants, and Managerial Discretion in Financial Distress: The Collapse of L. A. Gear.” Journal of Financial Economics, 64 (2002), 334.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, D.; Heitzman, S.; and Li, O. Z.. “Taxes, Leverage, and the Cost of Equity Capital.” Journal of Accounting Research, 44 (2006), 691723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easton, P. D., and Monahan, S. J.. “An Evaluation of Accounting-Based Measures of Expected Returns.” Accounting Review, 80 (2005), 501538.Google Scholar
Elton, E. J. “Expected Return, Realized Return, and Asset Pricing Tests.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 11991220.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics, 33 (1993), 356.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Industry Costs of Equity.” Journal of Financial Economics, 43 (1997), 153193.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and MacBeth, J. D.. “Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests.” Journal of Political Economy, 81 (1973), 607636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkender, M., and Petersen, M. A.. “Does the Source of Capital Affect Capital Structure?Review of Financial Studies, 19 (2006), 4579.Google Scholar
Francis, J.; LaFond, R.; Olsson, P. M.; and Schipper, K.. “Costs of Equity and Earnings Attributes.” Accounting Review, 79 (2004), 9761010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavazza, A. “The Role of Trading Frictions in Real Asset Markets.” American Economic Review, 101 (2011), 11061143.Google Scholar
Gebhardt, W. R.; Lee, C. M. C.; and Swaminathan, B.. “Toward an Implied Cost of Capital.” Journal of Accounting Research, 39 (2001), 135176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomes, J.; Kogan, L.; and Zhang, L.. “Equilibrium Cross-Section of Returns.” Journal of Political Economy, 111 (2003), 693732.Google Scholar
Gopalan, R.; Kadan, O.; and Pevzner, M.. “Asset Liquidity and Stock Liquidity.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 47 (2012), 333364.Google Scholar
Guay, W.; Kothari, S. P.; and Shu, S.. “Properties of Implied Cost of Capital Using Analysts’ Forecasts.” Australian Journal of Management, 36 (2011), 125149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hail, L., and Leuz, C.. “International Differences in the Cost of Equity Capital: Do Legal Institutions and Securities Regulation Matter?Journal of Accounting Research, 44 (2006), 485531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hail, L., and Leuz, C.. “Cost of Capital Effects and Changes in Growth Expectations Around U.S. Cross-Listings.” Journal of Financial Economics, 93 (2009), 428454.Google Scholar
Hoberg, G., and Phillips, G.. “Real and Financial Industry Booms and Busts.” Journal of Finance, 65 (2010), 4586.Google Scholar
Hou, K., and Robinson, D. T.. “Industry Concentration and Average Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance, 61 (2006), 19271956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogan, L. “An Equilibrium Model of Irreversible Investment.” Journal of Financial Economics, 62 (2001), 201245.Google Scholar
Kogan, L. “Asset Prices and Real Investment.” Journal of Financial Economics, 73 (2004), 411431.Google Scholar
Lakonishok, J.; Shleifer, A.; and Vishny, R. W.. “Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation, and Risk.” Journal of Finance, 49 (1994), 15411578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, L.; Poulsen, A.; and Stulz, R. M.. “Asset Sales, Firm Performance, and the Agency Costs of Managerial Discretion.” Journal of Financial Economics, 37 (1995), 337.Google Scholar
Lee, C. M. C.; Ng, D.; and Swaminathan, B.. “Testing International Asset Pricing Models UsingImplied Cost of Capital.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 44 (2009), 307–305.Google Scholar
Lev, B. “On the Association Between Operating Leverage and Risk.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 9 (1974), 627641.Google Scholar
Lundblad, C. “The Risk Return Tradeoff in the Long Run: 1836–2003.” Journal of Financial Economics, 85 (2007), 123150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maksimovic, V., and Phillips, G.. “Asset Efficiency and the Reallocation Decisions of Bankrupt Firms.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 14951532.Google Scholar
Maksimovic, V., and Phillips, G.. “The Market for Corporate Assets: Who Engages in Mergers and Asset Sales and Are There Efficiency Gains?Journal of Finance, 61 (2001), 20192065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandelker, G. N., and Rhee, S. G.. “The Impact of the Degrees of Operating and Financial Leverage on Systematic Risk of Common Stock.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 19 (1984), 4557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newey, W. K., and West, K. D.. “A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix.” Econometrica, 55 (1987), 703708.Google Scholar
Opler, T. C., and Titman, S.. “Financial Distress and Corporate Performance.” Journal of Finance, 49 (1994), 10151040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pástor, L.; Sinha, M.; and Swaminathan, B.. “Estimating the Intertemporal Risk-Return Tradeoff Using the Implied Cost of Capital.” Journal of Finance, 63 (2008), 28592897.Google Scholar
Pástor, L., and Stambaugh, R. F.. “Costs of Equity Capital and Model Mispricing.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 67121.Google Scholar
Pástor, L., and Stambaugh, R. F.. “Stock Liquidity Risk and Expected Stock Returns.” Journal of Political Economy, 111 (2003), 642685.Google Scholar
Pástor, L., and Veronesi, P.. “Stock Valuation and Learning About Profitability.” Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 17491789.Google Scholar
Pulvino, T. C. “Do Asset Fire Sales Exist? An Empirical Investigation of Commercial Aircraft Transactions.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 939975.Google Scholar
Ramey, V. A., and Shapiro, M. D.. “Displaced Capital: A Study of Aerospace Plant Closings.” Journal of Political Economy, 109 (2001), 958992.Google Scholar
Rubinstein, M. E. “A Mean-Variance Synthesis of Corporate Financial Theory.” Journal of Finance, 28 (1973), 167181.Google Scholar
Schlingemann, F. P.; Stulz, R. M.; and Walkling, R. A.. “Divestitures and the Liquidity of the Market for Corporate Assets.” Journal of Financial Economics, 64 (2002), 117144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, A. “Qwest’s Long-Distance Arm Draws Bids Below Targets.” The Wall Street Journal (June 5, 2009).Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. W.. “Liquidation Values and Debt Capacity: A Market Equilibrium Approach.” Journal of Finance, 47 (1992), 13431366.Google Scholar
Sibilkov, V. “Asset Liquidity and Capital Structure.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 44 (2009), 11731196.Google Scholar
Williams, J. T. “Financial and Industry Structure with Agency.” Review of Financial Studies, 8 (1995), 431474.Google Scholar
Zhang, L. “The Value Premium.” Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 67103.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Ortiz-Molina Supplementary Material

Appendix

Download Ortiz-Molina Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 44.3 KB