¹ Midgley, James, ‘Imperialism, colonialism and social welfare, in James Midgley and David Piachaud, eds., Colonialism and welfare: social policy and the British imperial legacy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011, pp. 38–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Leibfried, Stephan, Lewis, Jane, and Pierson, Christopher, eds., The Oxford handbook of the welfare state, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010Google Scholar;

Cowen, Michael P. and Shenton, R. W., Doctrines of development, London: Routledge, 1996CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Neither work refers to colonial welfare.

³ Chaiken, Miriam S., ‘Primary health care initiatives in colonial Kenya’, World Development, 26, 1998, pp. 1701–1717CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Midgley and Piachaud, Colonialism.

⁴ Mair, Lucy, Welfare in the British colonies, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1944Google Scholar;

Patel, Leila, Restructuring social welfare, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1992Google Scholar.

⁵ On Tanganyika, see Iliffe, John, A modern history of Tanganyika, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979CrossRefGoogle Scholar; on Kenya, see

Berman, Bruce and Lonsdale, John, Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa, vol 1: state and class, London: James Currey, 1992Google Scholar; on Nigeria and the concept of indirect rule under governor Frederick Lugard, see

A. E. Afigbo, The warrant chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria 1891–1929, London: Longman 1972Google Scholar.

⁶ For Germany, see Fehlemann, Silke, Armutsrisiko Mutterschaft: Mütter- und Säuglingsfürsorge im rheinisch-westfälischen Industriegebiet 1890–1924, Essen: Klartext, 2009, pp. 25–28Google Scholar, 249–53; for Great Britain, see

Lewis, Jane, The politics of motherhood: child and maternal welfare in England, 1900–1939, London: Croom Helm, 1980, pp. 67–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ McClintock, Anne, Imperial leather: race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest, London and New York: Routledge, 1995Google Scholar;

Levine, Philippa, ‘Sexuality, gender, and empire’, in Philippa Levine, ed., Gender and empire: the Oxford history of the British empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 134–155Google Scholar.

⁸ Bruchhausen, Walter, Medizin zwischen den Welten: Geschichte und Gegenwart des medizinischen Pluralismus im südöstlichen Tansania, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006Google Scholar;

Kanogo, Tabitha, African womanhood in colonial Kenya, 1900–50, Oxford: Currey, 2005Google Scholar;

Jennings, Michael, ‘“A matter of vital importance”: the place of the medical mission in child healthcare in Tanzania 1919–1939’, in David Hardiman, ed., Healing bodies, saving souls: medical missions in Asia and Africa, Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006, pp. 227–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

Ityavyar, Dennis A., ‘Background to the development of health services in Nigeria’, Social Science & Medicine, 24, 1987, pp. 487–499CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

Tol, Deanne van, ‘Mothers, babies, and the colonial state: the introduction of maternal and infant welfare services in Nigeria 1925–1945’, Spontaneous Generations, 1, 1, 2007, pp. 110–131Google Scholar.

⁹ Feierman, Steven, ‘Struggles for control: the social roots of health and healing in modern Africa’, African Studies Review, 28, 1985, pp. 120–125CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a less critical analysis, see

Brown, Spencer H., ‘A tool of empire: the British medical establishment in Lagos, 1861–1905’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 37, 2, 2004, pp. 309–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ Arnold, David, Colonizing the body: state medicine and epidemic disease in nineteenth-century India, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993, pp. 8–10Google Scholar.

¹¹ Marks, Shula, ‘What is colonial about colonial medicine? And what has happened to imperialism and health?’, Social History of Medicine, 10, 1997, pp. 205–219CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹² Olumwullah, O. A., Dis-ease in the colonial state: medicine, society, and social change among the AbaNyole of western Kenya, Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 2002, p. 6Google Scholar.

¹³ Peiper, Otto, Der Bevölkerungsrückgang in den tropischen Kolonien Afrikas und der Südsee: seine Ursachen und seine Bekämpfung, Berlin: Schoetz, 1920Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Curtin, Philip D., ‘Disease and imperialism’, in David Arnold, ed., Warm climates and Western medicine: the emergence of tropical medicine, 1500–1900, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996, p. 100Google Scholar;

Feierman, ‘Struggles’, pp. 120–121Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Beck, Ann, ‘The role of medicine in German East Africa’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 45, 1971, p. 173Google Scholar;

Turrittin, Jane, ‘Colonial midwives and modernizing childbirth in French West Africa’, in Jean Allman, Susan Geiger, and Nakanyike Musisi, eds., Women in African colonial histories, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 75Google Scholar;

Eckart, Wolfgang U., Medizin und Kolonialimperialismus: Deutschland 1884–1945, Paderborn, 1997, pp. 299–300Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Feierman, ‘Struggles’, p. 120Google Scholar.

¹⁷ For German East Africa, see Eckart, Medizin, pp. 301–308Google Scholar, see also the health reports from the German colonies, where the chapters on combating tropical diseases took up most of the pages: Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1903/04, Berlin, 1905; Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1909/10, Berlin, 1911.

¹⁸ Arnold, David, ‘Introduction: tropical medicine before Manson’, in Arnold, Warm climates, p. 3Google Scholar; see also

Manson, Patrick, Tropical diseases: a manual of the diseases of warm climates, London: Cassell, 1898Google Scholar. For Germany, see

Eckart, Medizin, p. 73Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Feierman, ‘Struggles’, p. 123Google Scholar;

Bruchhausen, Walter, ‘“Practising hygiene and fighting the natives’ diseases”: public and child health in German East Africa and Tanganyika territory 1900–1960’, Dynamis, 23, 2003, p. 102Google Scholar.

²⁰ See, for example, Usambarabahn, Bahnbau der, ‘Nachweisung über die Krankenbewegung und Todersursachen über Farbige im Berichtsjahre 1911/12’, Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1911/ 12, Berlin, 1915, pp. 328–329Google Scholar; see generally,

Eckart, Medizin, pp. 352–353Google Scholar.

²¹ For German colonies, see Schweig, Nicole, Weltliche Krankenpflege in den deutschen Kolonien Afrikas 1884–1918, Frankfurt am Main: Mabuse, 2012, pp. 93–94Google Scholar; for British colonies, see

Vaughan, Megan, Curing their ills: colonial power and African illness, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991, pp. 29–30Google Scholar;

Khalid, Anna and Johnson, Ryan, ‘Introduction’, in Ryan Johnson and Anna Khalid, eds., Public health in the British empire: intermediaries, subordinates, and the practice of public health, 1850–1960, New York: Routledge, 2012, p. 7Google Scholar.

²² Good, Charles, ‘Pioneer medical missions in colonial Africa’, Social Science & Medicine, 32, 1, 1991, p. 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ Vaughan, Curing, pp. 58–59Google Scholar.

²⁴ Hardiman, David, ‘The mission hospital, 1880–1960’, in Mark Harrison, Margaret Jones, and Helen Sweet, eds., From Western medicine to global medicine: the hospital beyond the West, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2009, p. 200Google Scholar.

²⁵ Vaughan, Curing, p. 23Google Scholar;

Packard, Randall, ‘Visions of postwar health and development and their impact on public health interventions in the developing world’, in Frederick Cooper, ed., International development and the social sciences: essays on the history and politics of knowledge, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997, p. 95Google Scholar.

²⁶ Cox, Lloyd, ‘The Antipodean social laboratory, labour and the transformation of the welfare state’, Journal of Sociology, 42, 2, 2006, p. 107CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

Greenless, Madonna Grehan Janet and Bryder, Linda, eds., Western maternity and medicine, 1880–1990, London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013Google Scholar;

Allen, Ann Taylor, Feminism and motherhood in western Europe, 1890–1970: the maternal dilemma, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pp. 8–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁷ Dwork, Deborah, War is good for babies and other young children: a history of the infant and child welfare movement in England 1898–1918, London: Tavistock, 1986, pp. 3–22Google Scholar.

²⁸ Weindling, Paul, Health, race and German politics between national unification and Nazism, 1870–1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 188–189Google Scholar;

Dienel, Christiane, ‘Der Niedergang der Geburtenzahlen und der Aufstieg der Ärzte in Deutschland und Frankreich bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg’, Medizin, Gesellschaft und Geschichte, 12, 1993, pp. 147–176Google Scholar.

²⁹ Finck, Petra, ‘Der Geburtenrückgang und seine Folgen: Bevölkerungspolitik im Deutschen Kaiserreich’, in Petra Finck and Marlies Eckhof, eds., ‘Euer Körper gehört uns!’: Ärzte, Bevölkerungspolitik und Sexualmoral bis 1933, Hamburg: Ergebnisse Verlag, 1987, p. 25Google Scholar.

³⁰ Dickinson, Edward Ross, The politics of German child welfare from empire to the Federal Republic, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 50–56Google Scholar.

³¹ Schabel, Elmer, Soziale Hygiene zwischen sozialer Reform und sozialer Biologie: Fritz Rott und die Säuglingsfürsorge in Deutschland, Husum: Matthiesen, 1995, p. 37Google Scholar.

³² Ibid., pp. 500–1.

³³ McIntosh, Tania, A social history of maternity and childbirth: key themes in maternity care, London: Routledge, 2012, p. 26Google Scholar.

³⁴ Davin, Anna, ‘Imperialism and motherhood’, History Workshop, 5, 1978, pp. 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 28–31.

³⁵ Stöckel, Sigrid, Säuglingsfürsorge zwischen sozialer Hygiene und Eugenik, Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 1996, p. 261CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁶ Frevert, Ute, ‘Fürsorgliche Belagerung’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 11, 1985, p. 436Google Scholar.

³⁷ Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, London: HMSO, 1904, p. 95.

³⁸ Ibid., p. 89.

³⁹ Dingwall, Robert, Rafferty, Ann, and Webster, Charles, An introduction to the social history of nursing, London: Routledge, 1988, p. 185Google Scholar;

Oakley, Ann, The captured womb: a history of the medical care of pregnant women, Oxford: Blackwell, 1984, pp. 34–37Google Scholar;

Davin, ‘Imperialism’, pp. 10–11Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Peretz, Elizabeth, ‘A maternity service for England and Wales: local authority maternity care in the inter-war period in Oxfordshire and Tottenham’, in J. Garcia, R. Kilpatrick, and M. Richards, eds., The politics of maternity care: services for childbearing women in twentieth-century Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 41Google Scholar;

Loudon, Irvine, Death in childbirth: an international study of maternal care and maternal mortality 1800–1950, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, pp. 209CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 217–18.

⁴¹ Dwork, War, p. 211Google Scholar.

⁴² The National Archives, Kew (TNA), Public Record Office, MH 55/992, Ministry of Health, Reference Note 1, ‘Maternity and child welfare, England and Wales’, February 1958.

⁴³ Stöckel, Säuglingsfürsorge, pp. 211–222Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Fehlemann, Silke and Vögele, Jörg, ‘Frauen in der Gesundheitsfürsorge am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts: England und Deutschland im Vergleich’, in Ulrike Lindner and Merith Niehuss, eds., Ärztinnen – Patientinnen: Frauen im deutschen und britischen Gesundheitswesen des 20. Jahrhunderts, Cologne: Böhlau, 2002, pp. 33–34Google Scholar;

Weindling, Health, p. 354Google Scholar;

Usborne, Cornelie, Frauenkörper – Volkskörper: Geburtenkontrolle und Bevölkerungspolitik in der Weimarer Republik, Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1994, p. 83Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Sachsse, Chirstoph, Mütterlichkeit als Beruf, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1986, pp. 156–161Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Stöckel, Säuglingsfürsorge, pp. 265–266Google Scholar, 286.

⁴⁷ Lindner, Ulrike, Gesundheitspolitik in der Nachkriegszeit: Großbritannien und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Vergleich, Munich: Oldenbourg, 2004, pp. 60–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁸ Schweig, Weltliche Krankenpflege, p. 95Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Burgt, Johannes Michael, ‘Zur Entvölkerungsfrage Unjamwenzis und Ussumbwas’, Koloniale Rundschau, 1, 1914, pp. 24–27Google Scholar;

Külz, L., ‘Die seuchenhaften Krankheiten des Kindesalters der Eingeborenen und ihre Bedeutung für die koloniale Bevölkerungsfrage’, Koloniale Rundschau, 6, 1914, pp. 821–830Google Scholar; anon., ‘Bevölkerungsverschiebung oder Bevölkerungsabnahme in Deutsch-Ostafrika?’, Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung, 6 June 1914.

⁵⁰ ‘Eingabe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Eingebornenschutz an den Reichstag und das Reichskolonialamt’, Koloniale Rundschau, 7, 1914, p. 129.

⁵¹ Karstedt, Oskar, ‘Betrachtungen zur Sozialpolitik in Ostafrika’, Koloniale Rundschau, 7, 1914, pp. 133–141Google Scholar.

⁵² Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1911/12, pp. 157–74, 180–4; Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1907/08, Berlin, 1909; Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1908/09, Berlin, 1910; Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1909/10.

⁵³ Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1911/12, p. 184.

⁵⁴ Peiper, Otto, ‘Über Säuglingssterblichkeit und Säuglingsernährung im Bezirke Kilwa Deutsch-Ostafrika’, Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenygiene, 14, 1910, pp. 233–259Google Scholar;

Peiper, Otto, ‘Schwangerschaft, Geburt und Wochenbett bei den Suaheli von Kilwa’, Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene, 14, 1910, pp. 461–469Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ Peiper, ‘Über Säuglingssterblichkeit’, pp. 10–11Google Scholar; see also

Külz, ‘Seuchenhaften Krankheiten’, pp. 323–324Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Meixner, Hugo, ‘Säuglings- und Kinderernährung in Deutsch-Ostafrika’, Deutsches Kolonialblatt: Amtsblatt für die Schutzgebiete in Afrika und in der Südsee, 15 April 1914, pp. 354–356Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Brantlinger, Patrick, ‘The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent’, Critical Inquiry, 12, 1985, p. 181CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁸ ‘Eingabe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Eingebornenschutz’, p. 129.

⁵⁹ Lindner, Gesundheitspolitik, p. 285Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Wimmelbucker, Ludger, ‘Verbrannte Erde: zu den Bevölkerungsverlusten als Folge des Maji-Maji-Krieges’, in Felicitas Becker and Jigal Beez, eds., Der Maji-Maji-Krieg in Deutsch-Ostafrika 1905–1907, Berlin: Ch. Links, 2005Google Scholar, 87–99.

⁶¹ Peiper, ‘Säuglingssterblichkeit’, pp. 44–45Google Scholar.

⁶² Ford, John, The role of the trypanosomiases in African ecology: a study of the tsetse fly problem, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 143–144Google Scholar.

⁶³ Isobe, Hiroyuki, Medizin und Kolonialgesellschaft: die Bekämpfung der Schlafkrankheit in den deutschen ‘Schutzgebieten’ vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, Berlin and Münster: LIT, 2009, p. 17Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ ‘Eingabe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Eingebornenschutz’, p. 131.

⁶⁵ Ibid., p. 132; Peiper, ‘Säuglingssterblichkeit’, p. 48.

⁶⁶ Peiper, ‘Säuglingssterblichkeit’, p. 50Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1908/09, p. 169; Medizinalberichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete 1909/10, p. 233.

⁶⁸ Schweig, Weltliche Krankenpflege, p. 96Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Beck, Ann, ‘Medicine and society in Tanganyika, 1890–1930: a historical inquiry’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 67, 1977, pp. 39–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁰ Bald, Detlef and Bald, Gerhild, Das Forschungsinstitut AMANI: Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft in der deutschen Kolonialpolitik in Ostafrika 1900–1918, Munich: Weltforum-Verlag, 1972Google Scholar;

Eckart, Medizin, pp. 303Google Scholar, 340–3.

⁷¹ See, e.g., Wright, C. T. Hagbert, ‘German methods of development in Africa’, Journal of African Studies, 1, 1901–02, p. 36Google Scholar;

Ulrike Lindner, Koloniale Begegnungen: Deutschland und Großbritannien als Imperialmächte in Afrika 1880–1914 Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2011, pp. 83–84Google Scholar;

Lindner, Ulrike, ‘Colonialism as a European project in Africa before 1914? British and German concepts of colonial rule in sub-Saharan Africa’, Comparativ, 19, 2009, pp. 88–106Google Scholar.

⁷² Yussoff, Wan Faizah Wan, Malay responses to the promotion of Western medicine, with particular reference to women and child healthcare in the Federated Malay States 1920–1939, PhD thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2010Google Scholar;

Tang, Kwong-Leung, Colonial state and social policy: social welfare development in Hong Kong 1842–1997, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998Google Scholar.

⁷³ Manderson, Lenore, Sickness and the state: health and illness in colonial Malaya, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 203Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Jones, Margaret, Health policy in Britain's model colony: Sri Lanka 1900–1948, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2004Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Klausen, Susanne M., Race, maternity and the policy of birth control in South Africa, 1910–39, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, pp. 6–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁶ Lewis, Joanna, Empire state-building: war and welfare in Kenya 1925–52, Oxford: James Currey, 2000, pp. 25–26Google Scholar;

Hewitt, Vernon Marston, ‘Empire, international development and the concept of good government’, in Mark R. Duffield and Vernon Marston Hewitt, eds., Empire, development and colonialism: the past in the present, Woodbridge: Currey, 2009, pp. 30–44Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Tilley, Helen, Africa as a living laboratory: empire, development, and the problem of scientific knowledge 1870–1950, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011, pp. 177–181CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁸ Hunt, Nancy Rose, ‘“Le bébé en brousse”: European women, African birth spacing and colonial intervention in breast feeding in the Belgian Congo’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 21, 1988, p. 404CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁹ Worboys, Michael, ‘The discovery of malnutrition between the wars’, in David Arnold, ed., Imperial medicine and indigenous societies, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988, pp. 210–211Google Scholar. See also

Blacklock, Mary, ‘Co-operation in health education’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 4, 2, 1931, p. 205CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

Hailey, William Malcolm, An African survey: a study of problems arising in Africa south of the Sahara, London: Oxford University Press, 1938, p. 1114Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ Hodge, Joseph Morgan, Triumph of the expert: agrarian doctrines of development and the legacies of British colonialism, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007, p. 8Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Tilley, Africa, p. 71Google Scholar; see also

Cell, John W., Hailey: a study in British imperialism, 1872–1969, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002Google Scholar.

⁸² Cell, John W., ‘Colonial rule’, in Judith M. Brown and William Roger Louis, eds., The Oxford history of the British empire, vol. IV: the twentieth century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 240Google Scholar, 247.

⁸³ Hailey, Survey, p. 1193Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ For the substitution of race for class in the imperialists’ arguments, see generally Brantlinger, ‘Genealogy’, p. 181.

⁸⁵ Blacklock, ‘Co-operation’, p. 206Google Scholar; see also

Blacklock, Mary, ‘Certain aspects of the welfare of women and children in the colonies’, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 30, 1936, pp. 221–264CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁶ Isobe, Medizin, p. 17Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ ‘National Baby Week: preparations in all parts of London’, The Times, 28 June 1917, p. 9.

⁸⁸ ‘Baby Week competition’, The Times, 11 July 1936, p. 11.

⁸⁹ Dorey, Annette K. Vance, Better baby contests: the scientific quest for perfect childhood health in the early twentieth century, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ ‘Baby Week: imperial challenge shield’, Daily News, Perth, 9 April 1932.

⁹¹ Jennings, ‘Matter’.

⁹² Smyth, Rosaleen, ‘The development of British colonial film policy, 1927–1939, with special reference to East and Central Africa’, Journal of African History, 20, 3, 1979, pp. 437–450CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹³ Anti-plague operations Lagos 1937, directed by William Sellers, 1937, http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/node/1526 (consulted 17 March 2014), minutes 11:50–13:10 on the baby health week in Lagos.

⁹⁴ Beinart, Jennifer, ‘Darkly through a lens: changing perceptions of the African child in sickness and health, 1900–1945’, in Roger Cooter, ed., In the name of the child: health and welfare, 1880–1940, London: Routledge 1992, p. 226Google Scholar.

⁹⁵ Borowy, Iris, Coming to terms with world health: the League of Nations Health Organisation 1921–1946, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009, p. 109Google Scholar;

Mair, Welfare, p. 75Google Scholar;

Palmer, Steven Paul, Launching global health: the Caribbean odyssey of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2010, p. 57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁶ Amutabi, Maurice Nyamanga, The NGO factor in Africa: the case of arrested development in Kenya, London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 109–111Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Marshall, Dominique, ‘Children's rights in imperial political cultures: missionary and humanitarian contributions to the Conference on the African Child of 1931’, International Journal of Children's Rights, 12, 2004, pp. 273–318CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

Bruchhausen, ‘Practising’, p. 105Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Havinden, Michael and Meredith, David, Colonialism and development: Britain and its tropical colonies, 1850–1960, London: Routledge, 1993, p. 147Google Scholar;

Hailey, Survey, p. 1164Google Scholar.

⁹⁹ Havinden and Meredith, Colonialism, p. 218Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ Lewis, Empire, p. 6Google Scholar;

Lewis, Joanna, ‘“Tropical East Ends” and the Second World War: some contradictions in Colonial Office welfare initiatives’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 28, 2, 2000, p. 62CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Webster, Charles, The National Health Service: a political history, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 6–24Google Scholar.

¹⁰² Seeley, Janet, ‘Social welfare in a Kenyan town: policy and practice 1902–1955’, African Affairs, 86, 345, 1987, p. 545CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

Bruchhausen, Medizin, p. 468Google Scholar.

¹⁰³ Lewis, Empire, p. 51Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ Crozier, Anna, Practising colonial medicine: the colonial medical service in British East Africa, London: I.B. Tauris, 2007, p. 21Google Scholar;

Mair, Welfare, pp. 75–77Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Anshu Malhotra, ‘Of dais and midwives: “middle-class” interventions in the management of women's reproductive health: a study from colonial Punjab’, in Sarah Hodges, ed., Reproductive health in India: history, politics, controversies, New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2006, pp. 199–226.

¹⁰⁶ Iliffe, Tanganyika, pp. 318–334Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Beck, ‘Medicine and society’, pp. 41–42Google Scholar;

Eckert, Andreas, ‘“Disziplin und Tränen”: Erziehung, Verwaltung und koloniale Ordnung in British-Tanganyika’, in Albert Wirz, Andreas Eckert, and Katrin Bromber, eds., Alles unter Kontrolle: Disziplinierungsprozesse im kolonialen Tansania 1850–1960, Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2003, p. 187Google Scholar;

Iliffe, Tanganyika, pp. 318–334Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁸ Jennings, ‘Matter’, p. 226Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ Bruchhausen, Medizin, pp. 463–464Google Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Bruchhausen, ‘Practising’, p. 104Google Scholar.

¹¹¹ Thurnwald, Richard C. and Hilde, Thurnwald, Black and white in East Africa: the fabric of a new civilization: a study in social contact and adaptation of life in East Africa, London: Routledge, 1935, p. 242Google Scholar.

¹¹² Bruchhausen, Medizin, p. 467Google Scholar.

¹¹³ Jennings, ‘Matter’, pp. 235–237Google Scholar.

¹¹⁴ Tilley, Africa, p. 175Google Scholar.

¹¹⁵ Eckert, ‘Disziplin’, pp. 190Google Scholar, 199.

¹¹⁶ Bruchhausen, ‘Practising’, pp. 106–107Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Feierman, ‘Struggle’, p. 86Google Scholar;

Kahangi, Gordon Kamugunda, A history of East Africa: from ancient to modern times, Kampala, Uganda: Wavah Books, 2006, p. 285Google Scholar.

¹¹⁸ Chaiken, ‘Primary health care’, p. 1704Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ Kahangi, History, p. 280Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Hailey, Survey, p. 1165Google Scholar.

¹²¹ Kanogo, African womanhood, p. 166Google Scholar.

¹²² Hailey, Survey, p. 115Google Scholar.

¹²³ Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, Report for 1930, London: HMSO, 1932, pp. 44–5.

¹²⁴ Chaiken, ‘Primary health care’, p. 1705Google Scholar.

¹²⁵ Crozier, Practising, pp. 95, 147Google Scholar.

¹²⁶ Mair, Welfare, p. 34Google Scholar, see also

Chaiken, ‘Primary health care’, p. 1707Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ Lewis, Empire, pp. 226–227Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Kanogo, African womanhood, p. 172Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ For problems in women's education in African colonies, see Lewis, ‘Tropical East Ends’, pp. 44–45Google Scholar.

¹³⁰ Kanogo, African womanhood, p. 191Google Scholar.

¹³¹ Lewis, Empire, p. 250Google Scholar.

¹³² Feierman, ‘Struggle’, p. 89Google Scholar.

¹³³ Gale, Thomas S., ‘Lord F. D. Lugard: an assessment of his contribution to medical policy in Nigeria’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 9, 4, 1976, pp. 634–635CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁴ Crozier, Practising, p. 4Google Scholar.

¹³⁵ Tol, Van, ‘Mothers’, pp. 112–113Google Scholar.

¹³⁶ Annual Colonial Report for 1911, Northern Nigeria, London: HMSO, 1912, Cd 6007-38; Annual Colonial Report for 1916, Nigeria, London: HMSO, 1918, Cd. 8434-33; in these reports public health services are not mentioned. From 1930 the infant welfare services are listed: Annual Colonial Report for 1930, Nigeria, London: HMSO 1931, p. 32. For the mortality statistics see van Tol, ‘Mothers’, p. 126.

¹³⁷ Ochonu, Moses, ‘“Native habits are difficult to change”: British medics and the dilemmas of biomedical discourses and practice in early colonial northern Nigeria’, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 5, 1, 2004, p. 42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁸ Ityavyar, ‘Background’, p. 490Google Scholar.

¹³⁹ Callaway, Helen, Gender, culture and empire: European women in colonial Nigeria, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987, p. 95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ Annual Colonial Report for 1932, Nigeria, London: HMSO, 1933, p. 19.

¹⁴¹ Callaway, Gender, p. 95Google Scholar.

¹⁴² Feierman, ‘Struggle’, p. 123Google Scholar.

¹⁴³ Blacklock, ‘Certain aspects’, p. 244Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁴ Tol, Van, ‘Mothers’, p. 118Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁵ Lang, Sean, ‘Obstetrics and obstruction: maternity provision in Madras 1840–1852’, in Harrison, Jones, and Sweet, From Western medicine, p. 139Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁶ ‘Public health work in the colony and protectorate of Nigeria during 1937’, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 42, 1939, p. 383.

¹⁴⁷ Hailey, Survey, p. 1168Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁸ Ibid., p. 118.

¹⁴⁹ Callaway, Gender, p. 101Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁰ Mair, Welfare, pp. 91–92Google Scholar.

¹⁵¹ Bruchhausen, ‘Practising’, pp. 111–113Google Scholar.

¹⁵² Ranger, Terence O., ‘Godly medicine: the ambiguities of medical mission in southeastern Tanzania’, in Steven Feierman and John M. Janzen, eds., The social basis of health and healing in Africa, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992, p. 270Google Scholar.