Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:43:43.346Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Surface Charge and Carbon Contamination on an Electron-Beam-Irradiated Hydroxyapatite Thin Film Investigated by Photoluminescence and Phase Imaging in Atomic Force Microscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 April 2014

Radu Hristu ,
Denis E. Tranca ,
Stefan G. Stanciu ,
Maros Gregor ,
Tomas Plecenik ,
Martin Truchly ,
Tomas Roch ,
Syed A. M. Tofail  and
George A. Stanciu Open the ORCID record for George A. Stanciu [Opens in a new window]
Radu Hristu
Affiliation:
Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Denis E. Tranca
Affiliation:
Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Stefan G. Stanciu
Affiliation:
Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Maros Gregor
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
Tomas Plecenik
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
Martin Truchly
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
Tomas Roch
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
Syed A. M. Tofail
Affiliation:
Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
George A. Stanciu*
Affiliation:
Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
*
*Corresponding author: stanciu@physics.pub.ro
Get access

Abstract

The surface properties of hydroxyapatite, including electric charge, can influence the biological response, tissue compatibility, and adhesion of biological cells and biomolecules. Results reported here help in understanding this influence by creating charged domains on hydroxyapatite thin films deposited on silicon using electron beam irradiation and investigating their shape, properties, and carbon contamination for different doses of incident injected charge by two methods. Photoluminescence laser scanning microscopy was used to image electrostatic charge trapped at pre-existing and irradiation-induced defects within these domains, while phase imaging in atomic force microscopy was used to image the carbon contamination. Scanning Auger electron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy were used as a reference for the atomic force microscopy phase contrast and photoluminescence laser scanning microscopy measurements. Our experiment shows that by combining the two imaging techniques the effects of trapped charge and carbon contamination can be separated. Such separation yields new possibilities for advancing the current understanding of how surface charge influences mediation of cellular and protein interactions in biomaterials.

Keywords

hydroxyapatitesurface chargecarbon contaminationlaser scanning microscopyphotoluminescenceatomic force microscopy
Type
Materials Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 586 - 595
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andre, R.S., Paris, E.C., Gurgel, M.F.C., Rosa, I.L.V., Paiva-Santos, C.O., Li, M.S., Varela, J.A. & Longo, E. (2012). Structural evolution of Eu-doped hydroxyapatite nanorods monitored by photoluminescence emission. J Alloys Compd 531, 50–54.Google Scholar
Aronov, D., Karlov, A. & Rosenman, G. (2007). Hydroxyapatite nanoceramics: Basic physical properties and biointerface modification. J Eur Ceram Soc 27, 4181–4186.Google Scholar
Aronov, D., Rosen, R., Ron, E.Z. & Rosenman, G. (2006 a). Tunable hydroxyapatite wettability: Effect on adhesion of biological molecules. Process Biochem 41, 2367–2372.Google Scholar
Aronov, D., Rosen, R., Ron, E.Z. & Rosenman, G. (2008). Electron-induced surface modification of hydroxyapatite-coated implant. Surf Coat Technol 202, 2093–2102.Google Scholar
Aronov, D. & Rosenman, G. (2007). Trap state spectroscopy studies and wettability modification of hydroxyapatite nanobioceramics. J Appl Phys 101, 034701.Google Scholar
Aronov, D., Rosenman, G., Karlov, A. & Shashkin, A. (2006 b). Wettability patterning of hydroxyapatite nanobioceramics induced by surface potential modification. Appl Phys Lett 88, 163902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attard, C. & Ganachaud, J.P. (1997). Study of the space charge induced by an electron beam in an insulating target. 2. Presentation of the results. Phys Status Solidi B 199, 455–465.Google Scholar
Bigarre, J., Attard, C. Hourquebie, P. & Matallana, J. (2001). SEM-mirror methods and application to insulator characterization. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 8, 942–952.Google Scholar
Cazaux, J. (2004). Scenario for time evolution of insulator charging under various focused electron irradiations. J Appl Phys 95, 731–742.Google Scholar
Deligianni, D.D., Katsala, N.D., Koutsoukos, P.G. & Missirlis, Y.F. (2001). Effect of surface roughness of hydroxyapatite on human bone marrow cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and detachment strength. Biomaterials 22, 87–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djenizian, T., Santinacci, L., Hildebrand, H. & Schmuki, P. (2003). Electron beam induced carbon deposition used as a negative resist for selective porous silicon formation. Surf Sci 524, 40–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djenizian, T., Santinacci, L. & Schmuki, P. (2001). Electron beam-induced carbon masking for electrodeposition on semiconductor surfaces. Appl Phys Lett 78, 2940–2942.Google Scholar
Drouin, D., Couture, A.R., Joly, D., Tastet, X., Aimez, V. & Gauvin, R. (2007). CASINO V2.42—A fast and easy-to-use modeling tool for scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis users. Scanning 29, 92–101.Google Scholar
El Gomati, M.M. & Prutton, M. (2006). Concluding remarks. In Scanning Auger Electron Microscopy, El Gomati, M.M. & Prutton, M. (Eds.), pp. 341–349. England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Google Scholar
Fitting, H.J., Hingst, T., Franz, R. & Schreiber, E. (1994). Electronic trap microscopy—A new mode for scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). Scanning Microsc 8, 165–174.Google Scholar
Fitting, H.J. & Touzin, M. (2011). Secondary electron emission and self-consistent charge transport in semi-insulating samples. J Appl Phys 110, 044111.Google Scholar
Ganachaud, J.P., Attard, C. & Renoud, R. (1997). Study of the space charge induced by an electron beam in an insulating target. 1. Monte Carlo simulation model. Phys Status Solidi B 199, 175–184.Google Scholar
Ganachaud, J.P. & Mokrani, A. (1995). Theoretical-study of the secondary-electron emission of insulating targets. Surf Sci 334, 329–341.Google Scholar
Gu, Y.W., Loh, N.H., Khor, K.A., Tor, S.B. & Cheang, P. (2002). Spark plasma sintering of hydroxyapatite powders. Biomaterials 23, 37–43.Google Scholar
Huang, Y., Qu, Y., Yang, B.C., Li, W., Zhang, B. & Zhang, X.D. (2009). In vivo biological responses of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings with an electric polarized treatment in alkaline solution. Mater Sci Eng C 29, 2411–2416.Google Scholar
Itoh, S., Nakamura, T., Kobayashi, K., Shinomiya, K., Yamashita, S. & Itoh, S. (2006). Effect of electrical polarization of hydroxyapatite ceramics on new bone formation. Calcif Tissue Int 78, 133–142.Google Scholar
Kato, R., Nakamura, S., Katayama, K. & Yamashita, K. (2005). Electrical polarization of plasma-spray-hydroxyapatite coatings for improvement of osteoconduction of implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 74A, 652–658.Google Scholar
Kim, H., Camata, R.P., Vohra, Y.K. & Lacefield, W.R. (2005). Control of phase composition in hydroxyapatite/tetracalcium phosphate biphasic thin coatings for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16, 961–966.Google Scholar
Lau, D., Hughes, A.E., Muster, T.H., Davis, T.J. & Glenn, A.M. (2010). Electron-beam-induced carbon contamination on silicon: Characterization using Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Microsc Microanal 16, 13–20.Google Scholar
Nakamura, S., Takeda, H. & Yamashita, K. (2001). Proton transport polarization and depolarization of hydroxyapatite ceramics. J Appl Phys 89, 5386–5392.Google Scholar
Pashkuleva, I., Marques, A.P., Vaz, F. & Reis, R.L. (2010). Surface modification of starch based biomaterials by oxygen plasma or UV-irradiation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 21, 21–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plecenik, T., Robin, S., Gregor, M., Truchly, M., Lang, S., Gandhi, A., Zahoran, M., Laffir, F., Soulimane, T., Vargova, M., Plesch, G., Kus, P., Plecenik, A. & Tofail, S.A.M. (2012). Directly created electrostatic micro-domains on hydroxyapatite: Probing with a Kelvin force probe and a protein. J Mater Sci Mater Med 23, 47–50.Google Scholar
Plecenik, T., Tofail, S.A.M., Gregor, M., Zahoran, M., Truchly, M., Laffir, F., Roch, T., Durina, P., Vargova, M., Plesch, G., Kus, P. & Plecenik, A. (2011). Direct creation of microdomains with positive and negative surface potential on hydroxyapatite coatings. Appl Phys Lett 98, 113701.Google Scholar
Renoud, R., Mady, F., Attard, C., Bigarre, J. & Ganachaud, J.P. (2004). Secondary electron emission of an insulating target induced by a well-focused electron beam—Monte Carlo simulation study. Phys Status Solidi A 201, 2119–2133.Google Scholar
Renoud, R., Mady, F. & Ganachaud, J.P. (2002). Monte Carlo simulation of the charge distribution induced by a high-energy electron beam in an insulating target. J Phys Condens Matter 14, 231–247.Google Scholar
Robin, S., Gandhi, A.A., Gregor, M., Laffir, F.R., Pecenik, T., Pecenik, A., Soulimane, T. & Tofail, S.A.M. (2011). Charge specific protein placement at submicrometer and nanometer scale by direct modification of surface potential by electron beam. Langmuir 27, 14968–14974.Google Scholar
Rosenman, G., Aronov, D., Oster, L., Haddad, J., Mezinskis, G., Pavlovska, I., Chaikina, M. & Karlov, A. (2007). Photoluminescence and surface photovoltage spectroscopy studies of hydroxyapatite nano-bio-ceramics. J Lumin 122, 936–938.Google Scholar
Rykaczewski, K., Marshall, A., White, W.B. & Fedorov, A.G. (2008). Dynamic growth of carbon nanopillars and microrings in electron beam induced dissociation of residual hydrocarbons. Ultramicroscopy 108, 989–992.Google Scholar
Silvis-Cividjian, N. & Hagen, C.W. (2006). Electron-beam-induced nanometer-scale deposition. Adv Imag Elect Phys 143, 3–5.Google Scholar
Stevens Kalceff, M.A. (2004). Kelvin probe microscopy of localized electric potentials induced in insulating materials by electron irradiation. Microsc Microanal 10, 797–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens Kalceff, M.A. & Levick, K.J. (2007). The assessment of microscopic charging effects induced by focused electron and ion beam irradiation of dielectrics. Microsc Res Tech 70, 195–204.Google Scholar
Suganthi, R.V., Parthiban, S.P., Elayaraja, K., Girija, E.K., Kulariya, P., Katharria, Y.S., Singh, F., Asokan, K., Kanjilal, D. & Kalkura, S.N. (2009). Investigations on the in vitro bioactivity of swift heavy oxygen ion irradiated hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20, 271–275.Google Scholar
Thomas, C., Joachimsthaler, I., Heiderhoff, R. & Balk, L.J. (2004). Electron-beam-induced potentials in semiconductors: Calculation and measurement with an SEM/SPM hybrid system. J Phys D Appl Phys 37, 2785–2794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ying, M.H. & Thong, J.T.L. (1994). Insulator charging under irradiation with a stationary electron-probe. Meas Sci Technol 5, 1089–1095.Google Scholar