Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T15:15:37.469Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Control options for Neospora caninum – is there anything new or are we going backwards?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2014

MICHAEL P. REICHEL ,
MILTON M. McALLISTER ,
WILLIAM E. POMROY ,
CARLOS CAMPERO ,
LUIS M. ORTEGA-MORA  and
JOHN T. ELLIS
MICHAEL P. REICHEL*
Affiliation:
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy SA 5371, Australia School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
MILTON M. McALLISTER
Affiliation:
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy SA 5371, Australia
WILLIAM E. POMROY
Affiliation:
Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
CARLOS CAMPERO
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
LUIS M. ORTEGA-MORA
Affiliation:
SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040-Madrid, Spain
JOHN T. ELLIS
Affiliation:
School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy SA 5371, Australia. E-mail: michael.reichel@adelaide.edu.au.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Recent work has highlighted and enumerated the economic annual losses due to Neospora caninum abortions worldwide, which should provide strong motivation for the control of bovine neosporosis. However, with the recent withdrawal from sale of the only commercially available vaccine, control options for N. caninum have become more restricted. While researchers continue to work on developing alternative efficacious vaccines, what are the control options presently available for the cattle industries? At the practical level, recommendations for ‘Test-and-cull’, or ‘not breeding from seropositive dams’ stand diametrically opposed to alternative options put forward that suggest a primary producer is better advised to keep those cows in the herd that are already seropositive, i.e. assumed to be chronically infected, and indeed those that have already aborted once. Treatment with a coccidiostat has been recommended as the only economically viable option, yet no such treatment has gained official, regulatory approval. Dogs are central to the life cycle of N. caninum and have repeatedly been associated with infection and abortions in cattle by epidemiological studies. Knowledge and understanding of that pivotal role should be able to be put to use in control programmes. The present review canvasses the relevant literature for evidence for control options for N. caninum (some of them proven, many not) and assesses them in the light of the authors’ knowledge and experience with control of N. caninum.

Keywords

Neospora caninumcattlecontroleconomics
Type
Special Issue Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 141 , Special Issue 11: ApiCOWplexa 2013 – 2nd International Meeting on Apicomplexan Parasites in Farm Animals , September 2014 , pp. 1455 - 1470
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andreotti, R., Oliveira, J. M., Silva, E. A., Oshiro, L. M. and Matos Mde, F. (2006). Occurrence of Neospora caninum in dogs and its correlation with visceral leishmaniasis in the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 135, 375–379. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, R. A., Cook, R. W., Reddacliff, L. A., Rothwell, J., Broady, K. W., Harper, P. and Ellis, J. T. (2000). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection following an abortion outbreak in a dairy cattle herd. Australian Veterinary Journal 78, 262–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baillargeon, P., Fecteau, G., Paré, J., Lamothe, P. and Sauve, R. (2001). Evaluation of the embryo transfer procedure proposed by the International Embryo Transfer Society as a method of controlling vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218, 1803–1806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, D. G., Morishita, T. Y., Brooks, D. L., Shen, S. K., Lindsay, D. S. and Dubey, J. P. (1995). Experimental oral inoculations in birds to evaluate potential definitive hosts of Neospora caninum . Journal of Parasitology 81, 783–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banales, P., Fernandez, L., Repiso, M. V., Gil, A., Dargatz, D. A. and Osawa, T. (2006). A nationwide survey on seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in beef cattle in Uruguay. Veterinary Parasitology 139, 15–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, J. S. and Trees, A. J. (1996). Clinical aspects of 27 cases of neosporosis in dogs. Veterinary Record 139, 439–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, J. S., Gasser, R. B., Ellis, J., Reichel, M. P., McMillan, D. and Trees, A. J. (1997). Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in different canid populations. Journal of Parasitology 83, 1056–1058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barling, K. S., Sherman, M., Peterson, M. J., Thompson, J. A., McNeill, J. W., Craig, T. M. and Adams, L. G. (2000). Spatial associations among density of cattle, abundance of wild canids, and seroprevalence to Neospora caninum in a population of beef calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217, 1361–1365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barling, K. S., McNeill, J. W., Paschal, J. C., McCollum, F. T., Craig, T. M., Adams, L. G. and Thompson, J. A. (2001). Ranch-management factors associated with antibody seropositivity for Neospora caninum in consignments of beef calves in Texas, USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 52, 53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, T. S., Deplazes, P., Gottstein, B., Jenkins, D. J., Mathis, A., Siles-Lucas, M., Torgerson, P. R., Ziadinov, I. and Heath, D. D. (2012). Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease. Acta Tropica 123, 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.02.066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, B. C., Anderson, M. L., Woods, L. W., Dubey, J. P. and Conrad, P. A. (1992). Neospora-like protozoal infections associated with abortion in goats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4, 365–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, B. C., Conrad, P. A., Breitmeyer, R., Sverlow, K., Anderson, M. L., Reynolds, J., Chauvet, A. E., Dubey, J. P. and Ardans, A. A. (1993). Congenital Neospora infection in calves born from cows that had previously aborted Neospora-infected fetuses: four cases (1990–1992). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202, 113–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barratt, J., Al Qassab, S., Reichel, M. P. and Ellis, J. T. (2008). The development and evaluation of a nested PCR assay for detection of Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni in feral mouse tissues. Molecular and Cellular Probes 22, 228–233. doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.03.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartels, C. J., Wouda, W. and Schukken, Y. H. (1999). Risk factors for Neospora caninum-associated abortion storms in dairy herds in the Netherlands (1995 to 1997). Theriogenology 52, 247–257. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00126-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartels, C. J., Arnaiz-Seco, J. I., Ruiz-Santa-Quitera, A., Björkman, C., Frössling, J., von Blumroder, D., Conraths, F. J., Schares, G., van Maanen, C., Wouda, W. and Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2006). Supranational comparison of Neospora caninum seroprevalences in cattle in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. Veterinary Parasitology 137, 17–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartels, C. J., Huinink, I., Beiboer, M. L., van Schaik, G., Wouda, W., Dijkstra, T. and Stegeman, A. (2007). Quantification of vertical and horizontal transmission of Neospora caninum infection in Dutch dairy herds. Veterinary Parasitology 148, 83–92. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basso, W., Venturini, L., Venturini, M. C., Moore, P., Rambeau, M., Unzaga, J. M., Campero, C., Bacigalupe, D. and Dubey, J. R. (2001). Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dogs from beef-cattle farms, dairy farms, and from urban areas of Argentina. Journal of Parasitology 87, 906–907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, P., Rawdon, T. and Watts, J. (2012). Animal Health Surveillance. Surveillance 39, 15–19.Google Scholar
Bishop, S., King, J., Windsor, P., Reichel, M. P., Ellis, J. and Slapeta, J. (2010). The first report of ovine cerebral neosporosis and evaluation of Neospora caninum prevalence in sheep in New South Wales. Veterinary Parasitology 170, 137–142. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjerkås, I., Mohn, S. F. and Presthus, J. (1984). Unidentified cyst-forming sporozoon causing encephalomyelitis and myositis in dogs. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 70, 271–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Björkman, C., McAllister, M. M., Frössling, J., Naslund, K., Leung, F. and Uggla, A. (2003). Application of the Neospora caninum IgG avidity ELISA in assessment of chronic reproductive losses after an outbreak of neosporosis in a herd of beef cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, 3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campero, C. M., Moore, D. P., Lagomarsino, H., Odeon, A. C., Castro, M. and Visca, H. (2003). Serological status and abortion rate in progeny obtained by natural service or embryo transfer from Neospora caninum-seropositive cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B: Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 50, 458–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantaloube, A. C. (2010). Las ADS en Europa. In Proceedings of Congreso Nacional de veterinarios de ADSG de ruminates. Asociación de Veterinarios de ADS de Vacuno de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.Google Scholar
Cavalcante, G. T., Monteiro, R. M., Soares, R. M., Nishi, S. M., Alves Neto, A. F., Esmerini Pde, O., Sercundes, M. K., Martins, J. and Gennari, S. M. (2011). Shedding of Neospora caninum oocysts by dogs fed different tissues from naturally infected cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 179, 220–223. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choromanski, L. and Block, W. (2000). Humoral immune responses and safety of experimental formulations of inactivated Neospora vaccines. Parasitology Research 86, 851–853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collantes-Fernandez, E., Gomez-Bautista, M., Miro, G., Alvarez-Garcia, G., Pereira-Bueno, J., Frisuelos, C. and Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2008). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Neospora caninum infection in different dog populations in Spain. Veterinary Parasitology 152, 148–151. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conraths, F. J. and Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2005). Options for control of protozoal abortion in ruminants: practical experience. Conclusions. In 20th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. WAAVP, Christchurch, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Corbellini, L. G., Smith, D. R., Pescador, C. A., Schmitz, M., Correa, A., Steffen, D. J. and Driemeier, D. (2006). Herd-level risk factors for Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy farms in southern Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 74, 130–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, K. S., Santos, S. L., Uzeda, R. S., Pinheiro, A. M., Almeida, M. A., Araujo, F. R., McAllister, M. M. and Gondim, L. F. (2008). Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum . International Journal for Parasitology 38, 157–159. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, B. T., Reichel, M. P. and Griffiths, L. M. (1998). Serology of a Neospora abortion outbreak on a dairy farm in New Zealand: a case study. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 28–31. doi: 10.1080/00480169.1998.36046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruz-Vazquez, C., Medina-Esparza, L., Marentes, A., Morales-Salinas, E. and Garcia-Vazquez, Z. (2008). Seroepidemiological study of Neospora caninum infection in dogs found in dairy farms and urban areas of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Veterinary Parasitology 157, 139–143. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, H. C., French, N. P. and Trees, A. J. (1999 a). Herd-specific and age-specific seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in 14 British dairy herds. Veterinary Record 144, 547–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, H. C., Otter, A. and Trees, A. J. (1999 b). Estimation of vertical and horizontal transmission parameters of Neospora caninum infections in dairy cattle. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1683–1689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, T., Barkema, H. W., Eysker, M. and Wouda, W. (2001 a). Evidence of post-natal transmission of Neospora caninum in Dutch dairy herds. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 209–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, T., Eysker, M., Schares, G., Conraths, F. J., Wouda, W. and Barkema, H. W. (2001 b). Dogs shed Neospora caninum oocysts after ingestion of naturally infected bovine placenta but not after ingestion of colostrum spiked with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 747–752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Barkema, H. W., Eysker, M., Hesselink, J. W. and Wouda, W. (2002 a). Natural transmission routes of Neospora caninum between farm dogs and cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 99–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, T., Barkema, H. W., Hesselink, J. W. and Wouda, W. (2002 b). Point source exposure of cattle to Neospora caninum consistent with periods of common housing and feeding and related to the introduction of a dog. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 89–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Bartels, C. J. M. and Wouda, W. (2005). Control of bovine neosporosis: experiences from the Netherlands. Session M. Diagnosis and control of protozoan-associated abortion in ruminants. In 20th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. WAAVP, Christchurch, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Dubey, J. P. (1999). Recent advances in Neospora and neosporosis. Veterinary Parasitology 84, 349–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P. and Schares, G. (2011). Neosporosis in animals – the last five years. Veterinary Parasitology 180, 90–108. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P., Hollis, K., Romand, S., Thulliez, P., Kwok, O. C., Hungerford, L., Anchor, C. and Etter, D. (1999). High prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1709–1711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P., Buxton, D. and Wouda, W. (2006). Pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 134, 267–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P., Schares, G. and Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2007). Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum . Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20, 323–367. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00031-06.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P., Stone, D., Kwok, O. C. and Sharma, R. N. (2008). Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs from Grenada, West Indies. Journal of Parasitology 94, 750–751. doi: 10.1645/GE-1496R.1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P., Jenkins, M. C., Rajendran, C., Miska, K., Ferreira, L. R., Martins, J., Kwok, O. C. and Choudhary, S. (2011). Gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a natural definitive host for Neospora caninum . Veterinary Parasitology 181, 382–387. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiras, C., Arnaiz, I., Alvarez-Garcia, G., Ortega-Mora, L. M., Sanjuanl, M. L., Yus, E. and Dieguez, F. J. (2011). Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy and beef cattle from the northwest region of Spain, Galicia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 98, 128–132. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.10.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferroglio, E., Pasino, M., Romano, A., Grande, D., Pregel, P. and Trisciuoglio, A. (2007). Evidence of Neospora caninum DNA in wild rodents. Veterinary Parasitology 148, 346–349. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figliuolo, L. P., Kasai, N., Ragozo, A. M., de Paula, V. S., Dias, R. A., Souza, S. L. and Gennari, S. M. (2004). Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in ovine from Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 123, 161–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, N. P., Clancy, D., Davison, H. C. and Trees, A. J. (1999). Mathematical models of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle: transmission and options for control. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1691–1704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frössling, J., Uggla, A. and Björkman, C. (2005). Prevalence and transmission of Neospora caninum within infected Swedish dairy herds. Veterinary Parasitology 128, 209–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gasser, R. B., Edwards, G. and Cole, R. A. (1993). Neosporosis in a dog. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 23, 190–193.Google Scholar
Gennari, S. M., Rodrigues, A. A., Viana, R. B. and Cardoso, E. C. (2005). Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from the Northern region of Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 134, 169–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondim, L. F. (2006). Neospora caninum in wildlife. Trends in Parasitology 22, 247–252. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.03.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondim, L. F., Gao, L. and McAllister, M. M. (2002). Improved production of Neospora caninum oocysts, cyclical oral transmission between dogs and cattle, and in vitro isolation from oocysts. Journal of Parasitology 88, 1159–1163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondim, L. F., McAllister, M. M., Anderson-Sprecher, R. C., Björkman, C., Lock, T. F., Firkins, L. D., Gao, L. and Fischer, W. R. (2004 a). Transplacental transmission and abortion in cows administered Neospora caninum oocysts. Journal of Parasitology 90, 1394–1400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondim, L. F., McAllister, M. M., Mateus-Pinilla, N. E., Pitt, W. C., Mech, L. D. and Nelson, M. E. (2004 b). Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals. Journal of Parasitology 90, 1361–1365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondim, L. F., McAllister, M. M., Pitt, W. C. and Zemlicka, D. E. (2004 c). Coyotes (Canis latrans) are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum . International Journal for Parasitology 34, 159–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondim, L. F., McAllister, M. M. and Gao, L. (2005). Effects of host maturity and prior exposure history on the production of Neospora caninum oocysts by dogs. Veterinary Parasitology 134, 33–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guarino, A., Fusco, G., Savini, G., Di Francesco, G. and Cringoli, G. (2000). Neosporosis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Southern Italy. Veterinary Parasitology 91, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, C. A., Reichel, M. P. and Ellis, J. T. (2005). Neospora abortions in dairy cattle: diagnosis, mode of transmission and control. Veterinary Parasitology 128, 231–241. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, C. A., Reichel, M. P. and Ellis, J. T. (2006). Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in Australian (NSW) dairy cattle estimated by a newly validated ELISA for milk. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 173–178. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häsler, B., Regula, G., Stärk, K. D., Sager, H., Gottstein, B. and Reist, M. (2006). Financial analysis of various strategies for the control of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Switzerland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 77, 230–253. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.07.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hecker, Y. P., Moore, D. P., Manazza, J. A., Unzaga, J. M., Spath, E. J., Pardini, L. L., Venturini, M. C., Roberi, J. L. and Campero, C. M. (2013 a). First report of seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dairy sheep from Humid Pampa, Argentina. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45, 1645–1647. doi: 10.1007/s11250-013-0396-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hecker, Y. P., Moore, D. P., Quattrocchi, V., Regidor-Cerrillo, J., Verna, A., Leunda, M. R., Morrell, E., Ortega-Mora, L. M., Zamorano, P., Venturini, M. C. and Campero, C. M. (2013 b). Immune response and protection provided by live tachyzoites and native antigens from the NC-6 Argentina strain of Neospora caninum in pregnant heifers. Veterinary Parasitology 197, 436–446. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemphill, A. and Gottstein, B. (2000). A European perspective on Neospora caninum . International Journal for Parasitology 30, 877–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemphill, A., Debache, K., Monney, T., Schorer, M., Guionaud, C., Alaeddine, F., Mueller, N. and Mueller, J. (2013). Proteins mediating the Neospora caninum-host cell interaction as targets for vaccination. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 5, 23–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hietala, S. K. and Thurmond, M. C. (1999). Postnatal Neospora caninum transmission and transient serologic responses in two dairies. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1669–1676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobson, J. C., Duffield, T. F., Kelton, D., Lissemore, K., Hietala, S. K., Leslie, K. E., McEwen, B. and Peregrine, A. S. (2005). Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum abortion in Ontario Holstein dairy herds. Veterinary Parasitology 127, 177–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornok, S., Edelhofer, R., Fok, E., Berta, K., Fejes, P., Repasi, A. and Farkas, R. (2006). Canine neosporosis in Hungary: screening for seroconversion of household, herding and stray dogs. Veterinary Parasitology 137, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, C. C., Yang, C. H., Watanabe, Y., Liao, Y. K. and Ooi, H. K. (2004). Finding of Neospora caninum in the wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Veterinary Research 35, 283–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Innes, E. A., Buxton, D., Maley, S., Wright, S., Marks, J., Esteban, I., Rae, A., Schock, A. and Wastling, J. (2000). Neosporosis. Aspects of epidemiology and host immune response. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916, 93–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Innes, E. A., Andrianarivo, A. G., Björkman, C., Williams, D. J. and Conrad, P. A. (2002). Immune responses to Neospora caninum and prospects for vaccination. Trends in Parasitology 18, 497–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, M. C., Caver, J. A., Björkman, C., Anderson, T. C., Romand, S., Vinyard, B., Uggla, A., Thulliez, P. and Dubey, J. P. (2000). Serological investigation of an outbreak of Neospora caninum-associated abortion in a dairy herd in southeastern United States. Veterinary Parasitology 94, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, M. C., Parker, C., Hill, D., Pinckney, R. D., Dyer, R. and Dubey, J. P. (2007). Neospora caninum detected in feral rodents. Veterinary Parasitology 143, 161–165. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. H., Kang, M. S., Lee, B. C., Hwang, W. S., Lee, C. W., So, B. J., Dubey, J. P. and Kim, D. Y. (2003). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in dogs and raccoon dogs in Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology 41, 243–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, J. S., Šlapeta, J., Jenkins, D. J., Al-Qassab, S. E., Ellis, J. T. and Windsor, P. A. (2010). Australian dingoes are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum . International Journal for Parasitology 40, 945–950. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.01.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, J. S., Jenkins, D. J., Ellis, J. T., Fleming, P., Windsor, P. A. and Šlapeta, J. (2011 a). Implications of wild dog ecology on the sylvatic and domestic life cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia. Veterinary Journal 188, 24–33. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, J. S., McAllan, B., Spielman, D. S., Lindsay, S. A., Hurkova-Hofmannova, L., Hartigan, A., Al-Qassab, S. E., Ellis, J. T. and Šlapeta, J. (2011 b). Extensive production of Neospora caninum tissue cysts in a carnivorous marsupial succumbing to experimental neosporosis. Veterinary Research 42, 75. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, J. S., Brown, G. K., Jenkins, D. J., Ellis, J. T., Fleming, P. J., Windsor, P. A. and Šlapeta, J. (2012). Oocysts and high seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs living in remote Aboriginal communities and wild dogs in Australia. Veterinary Parasitology 187, 85–92. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kritzner, S., Sager, H., Blum, J., Krebber, R., Greif, G. and Gottstein, B. (2002). An explorative study to assess the efficacy of Toltrazuril-sulfone (Ponazuril) in calves experimentally infected with Neospora caninum . Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 1, 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyaw, T., Virakul, P., Muangyai, M. and Suwimonteerabutr, J. (2004). Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy cattle in central Thailand. Veterinary Parasitology 121, 255–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landmann, J. K., Jillella, D., O'Donoghue, P. J. and McGowan, M. R. (2002). Confirmation of the prevention of vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in cattle by the use of embryo transfer. Australian Veterinary Journal 80, 502–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landmann, J. K., Gunn, A. A., O'Donoghue, P. J., Tranter, W. P. and McGowan, M. R. (2011). Epidemiology and impact of Neospora caninum infection in three Queensland tropical dairy herds. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 46, 734–737. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01712.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanyon, S. R., Hill, F. I., Reichel, M. P. and Brownlie, J. (2014). Bovine viral diarrhoea: pathogenesis and diagnosis. Veterinary Journal 199, 201–209. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddell, S., Jenkins, M. C., Collica, C. M. and Dubey, J. P. (1999). Prevention of vertical transfer of Neospora caninum in BALB/c mice by vaccination. Journal for Parasitology 85, 1072–1075.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, D. S. and Dubey, J. P. (1989). Evaluation of anti-coccidial drugs’ inhibition of Neospora caninum development in cell cultures. Journal of Parasitology 75, 990–992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, D. S. and Dubey, J. P. (1990). Effects of sulfadiazine and amprolium on Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) infections in mice. Journal of Parasitology 76, 177–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, D. S., Butler, J. M., Rippey, N. S. and Blagburn, B. L. (1996). Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells, and characterization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, 68–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, D. S., Butler, J. M. and Blagburn, B. L. (1997). Efficacy of decoquinate against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cell cultures. Veterinary Parasitology 68, 35–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, D. S., Little, S. E. and Davidson, W. R. (2002). Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from the southeastern United States. Journal of Parasitology 88, 415–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mainar-Jaime, R. C., Thurmond, M. C., Berzal-Herranz, B. and Hietala, S. K. (1999). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and abortion in dairy cows in northern Spain. Veterinary Record 145, 72–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansilla, F. C., Franco-Mahecha, O. L., Lavoria, M. A., Moore, D. P., Giraldez, A. N., Iglesias, M. E., Wilda, M. and Capozzo, A. V. (2012). The immune enhancement of a novel soy lecithin/beta-glucans based adjuvant on native Neospora caninum tachyzoite extract vaccine in mice. Vaccine 30, 1124–1131. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAllister, M. M., Huffman, E. M., Hietala, S. K., Conrad, P. A., Anderson, M. L. and Salman, M. D. (1996). Evidence suggesting a point source exposure in an outbreak of bovine abortion due to neosporosis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, 355–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, M. M., Dubey, J. P., Lindsay, D. S., Jolley, W. R., Wills, R. A. and McGuire, A. M. (1998). Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum . International Journal for Parasitology 28, 1473–1478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAllister, M. M., Björkman, C., Anderson-Sprecher, R. and Rogers, D. G. (2000). Evidence of point-source exposure to Neospora caninum and protective immunity in a herd of beef cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217, 881–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, C. M., McAllister, M. M., Gondim, L. F., Smith, R. F., Cripps, P. J., Kipar, A., Williams, D. J. and Trees, A. J. (2007). Neospora caninum in cattle: experimental infection with oocysts can result in exogenous transplacental infection, but not endogenous transplacental infection in the subsequent pregnancy. International Journal for Parasitology 37, 1631–1639. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.05.012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGarry, J. W., Stockton, C. M., Williams, D. J. and Trees, A. J. (2003). Protracted shedding of oocysts of Neospora caninum by a naturally infected foxhound. Journal of Parasitology 89, 628–630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, A. M., McAllister, M., Wills, R. A. and Tranas, J. D. (1999). Experimental inoculation of domestic pigeons (Columbia livia) and zebra finches (Poephila guttata) with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1525–1529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McInnes, L. M., Ryan, U. M., O'Handley, R., Sager, H., Forshaw, D. and Palmer, D. G. (2006). Diagnostic significance of Neospora caninum DNA detected by PCR in cattle serum. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 207–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meenakshi, , Sandhu, K. S., Ball, M. S., Kumar, H., Sharma, S., Sidhu, P. K., Sreekumar, C. and Dubey, J. P. (2007). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and water buffaloes in India. Journal of Parasitology 93, 1374–1377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mineo, T. W., Carrasco, A. O., Marciano, J. A., Werther, K., Pinto, A. A. and Machado, R. Z. (2008). Pigeons (Columba livia) are a suitable experimental model for Neospora caninum infection in birds. Veterinary Parasitology 159, 149–153. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moen, A. R., Wouda, W., Mul, M. F., Graat, E. A. and van Werven, T. (1998). Increased risk of abortion following Neospora caninum abortion outbreaks: a retrospective and prospective cohort study in four dairy herds. Theriogenology 49, 1301–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, D., Reichel, M., Spath, E. and Campero, C. (2013). Neospora caninum causes severe economic losses in cattle in the humid pampa region of Argentina. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45, 1237–1241. doi: 10.1007/s11250-013-0353-z.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, D. P., Campero, C. M., Odeon, A. C., Posso, M. A., Cano, D., Leunda, M. R., Basso, W., Venturini, M. C. and Späth, E. (2002). Seroepidemiology of beef and dairy herds and fetal study of Neospora caninum in Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology 107, 303–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, D. P., Perez, A., Agliano, S., Brace, M., Canton, G., Cano, D., Leunda, M. R., Odeon, A. C., Odriozola, E. and Campero, C. M. (2009). Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum infections in cattle in Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology 161, 122–125. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, D. P., Echaide, I., Verna, A. E., Leunda, M. R., Cano, A., Pereyra, S., Zamorano, P. I., Odeon, A. C. and Campero, C. M. (2011). Immune response to Neospora caninum native antigens formulated with immune stimulating complexes in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 175, 245–251. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moré, G., Bacigalupe, D., Basso, W., Rambeaud, M., Beltrame, F., Ramirez, B., Venturini, M. C. and Venturini, L. (2009). Frequency of horizontal and vertical transmission for Sarcocystis cruzi and Neospora caninum in dairy cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 160, 51–54. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno, B., Collantes-Fernandez, E., Villa, A., Navarro, A., Regidor-Cerrillo, J. and Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2012). Occurrence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in ovine and caprine abortions. Veterinary Parasitology 187, 312–318. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasir, A., Ashraf, M., Khan, M. S., Yaqub, T., Javeed, A., Avais, M. and Akhtar, F. (2011). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy buffaloes in Lahore District, Pakistan. Journal of Parasitology 97, 541–543. doi: 10.1645/GE-2687.1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasir, A., Ashraf, M., Khan, M. S., Javeed, A., Yaqub, T., Avais, M. and Reichel, M. P. (2012 a). Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep and goats in Pakistan. Journal of Parasitology 98, 213–215. doi: 10.1645/GE-2863.1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasir, A., Lanyon, S. R., Schares, G., Anderson, M. L. and Reichel, M. P. (2012 b). Sero-prevalence of Neospora caninum and Besnoitia besnoiti in South Australian beef and dairy cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 186, 480–485. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishikawa, Y., Ikeda, H., Fukumoto, S., Xuan, X., Nagasawa, H., Otsuka, H. and Mikami, T. (2000 a). Immunization of dogs with a canine herpesvirus vector expressing Neospora caninum surface protein, NcSRS2. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1167–1171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishikawa, Y., Kousaka, Y., Fukumoto, S., Xuan, X., Nagasawa, H., Igarashi, I., Fujisaki, K., Otsuka, H. and Mikami, T. (2000 b). Delivery of Neospora caninum surface protein, NcSRS2 (Nc-p43), to mouse using recombinant vaccinia virus. Parasitology Research 86, 934–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishikawa, Y., Mikami, T. and Nagasawa, H. (2002). Vaccine development against Neospora caninum infection. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niza Ribeiro, J., Pereira, A., Afonso, C. and Pacheco, J. (2011). Bovicontrol-Hacia el aseguramiento de la sanidad de las explotaciones de bovino lechero. In XVI Congreso Internacional ANEMBE de Medicina Bovina. Avila.Google Scholar
Obendorf, D. L., Murray, N., Veldhuis, G., Munday, B. L. and Dubey, J. P. (1995). Abortion caused by neosporosis in cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 72, 117–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortega-Mora, L. M., Gottstein, B., Conraths, F. J. and Buxton, B. (2007). Protozoal Abortion in Farm Ruminants. Guidelines for Diagnosis and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega-Mora, L. M., Aguado-Martínez, A., Rojo-Montejo, S. and Alvarez-García, G. (2010). Nuevos avances en el control de la neosporosis bovina. In Proceedings of Congreso Nacional de veterinarios de ADSG de ruminates. Asociación de Veterinarios de ADS de Vacuno de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.Google Scholar
Ortuño, A., Castella, J. and Almeria, S. (2002). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in dogs from Spain. Journal of Parasitology 88, 1263–1266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Toole, D. and Jeffrey, M. (1987). Congenital sporozoan encephalomyelitis in a calf. Veterinary Record 121, 563–566.Google Scholar
Otranto, D., Llazari, A., Testini, G., Traversa, D., Frangipane di Regalbono, A., Badan, M. and Capelli, G. (2003). Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of neosporosis in beef and dairy cattle in Italy. Veterinary Parasitology 118, 7–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ould-Amrouche, A., Klein, F., Osdoit, C., Mohammed, H. O., Touratier, A., Sanaa, M. and Mialot, J. P. (1999). Estimation of Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy cattle from Normandy, France. Veterinary Research 30, 531–538.Google ScholarPubMed
Paré, J., Thurmond, M. C. and Hietala, S. K. (1996). Congenital Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and associated calfhood mortality. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 60, 133–139.Google ScholarPubMed
Paré, J., Thurmond, M. C. and Hietala, S. K. (1997). Neospora caninum antibodies in cows during pregnancy as a predictor of congenital infection and abortion. Journal of Parasitology 83, 82–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paré, J., Fecteau, G., Fortin, M. and Marsolais, G. (1998). Seroepidemiologic study of Neospora caninum in dairy herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213, 1595–1598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parish, S. M., Maag-Miller, L., Besser, T. E., Weidner, J. P., McElwain, T., Knowles, D. P. and Leathers, C. W. (1987). Myelitis associated with protozoal infection in newborn calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 191, 1599–1600.Google ScholarPubMed
Pereira-Bueno, J., Quintanilla-Gozalo, A., Seijas-Carballedo, A., Costas, E. and Ortega Mora, L. M. (2000). Observational studies in Neospora caninum infected dairy cattle: pattern of transmission and age-related antibody fluctuations. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 906–909.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, D. U., Williamson, N. B., Reichel, M. P., Wichtel, J. J. and Teague, W. R. (2002). A longitudinal study of Neospora caninum infection on a dairy farm in New Zealand. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 54, 11–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ploneczka, K. and Mazurkiewicz, M. (2008). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs in south-western Poland. Veterinary Parasitology 153, 168–171. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Presi, P., Struchen, R., Knight-Jones, T., Scholl, S. and Heim, D. (2011). Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) eradication in Switzerland – experiences of the first two years. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 99, 112–121. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.01.012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintanilla-Gozalo, A., Pereira-Bueno, J., Seijas-Carballedo, A., Costas, E. and Ortega Mora, L. M. (2000). Observational studies in Neospora caninum infected dairy cattle: relationship-infection abortion and gestational antibody fluctuations. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 900–906.Google Scholar
Reichel, M. P. (1998). Prevalence of Neospora antibodies in New Zealand dairy cattle and dogs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 38. doi: 10.1080/00480169.1998.36049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P. (2000). Neospora caninum infections in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Veterinary Journal 78, 258–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P. and Ellis, J. T. (2002). Control options for Neospora caninum infections in cattle – current state of knowledge. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 50, 86–92. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2002.36288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P. and Ellis, J. T. (2006). If control of Neospora caninum infection is technically feasible does it make economic sense? Veterinary Parasitology 142, 23–34. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P. and Ellis, J. T. (2009). Neospora caninum – how close are we to development of an efficacious vaccine that prevents abortion in cattle? International Journal for Parasitology 39, 1173–1187. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.05.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P. and Pfeiffer, D. U. (2002). An analysis of the performance characteristics of serological tests for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 107, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P., Thornton, R. N., Morgan, P. L., Mills, R. J. and Schares, G. (1998). Neosporosis in a pup. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 106–110. doi: 10.1080/00480169.1998.36069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichel, M. P., Ellis, J. T. and Dubey, J. P. (2007). Neosporosis and hammondiosis in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 48, 308–312. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00236.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P., Ross, G. P. and McAllister, M. M. (2008). Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serological diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in sheep and determination of the apparent prevalence of infection in New Zealand. Veterinary Parasitology 151, 323–326. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. P., Alejandra Ayanegui-Alcerreca, M., Gondim, L. F. and Ellis, J. T. (2013). What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle – the billion dollar question. International Journal for Parasitology 43, 133–142. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rinaldi, L., Fusco, G., Musella, V., Veneziano, V., Guarino, A., Taddei, R. and Cringoli, G. (2005). Neospora caninum in pastured cattle: determination of climatic, environmental, farm management and individual animal risk factors using remote sensing and geographical information systems. Veterinary Parasitology 128, 219–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodrigues, A. A., Gennari, S. M., Aguiar, D. M., Sreekumar, C., Hill, D. E., Miska, K. B., Vianna, M. C. and Dubey, J. P. (2004). Shedding of Neospora caninum oocysts by dogs fed tissues from naturally infected water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 124, 139–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, I., Choromanski, L., Rodgers, S. J. and Weinstock, D. (2002). Survey of Neospora caninum antibodies in dairy and beef cattle from five regions of the United States. Veterinary Therapeutics 3, 396–401.Google ScholarPubMed
Rojo-Montejo, S., Collantes-Fernandez, E., Regidor-Cerrillo, J., Rodriguez-Bertos, A., Prenafeta, A., Gomez-Bautista, M. and Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2011). Influence of adjuvant and antigen dose on protection induced by an inactivated whole vaccine against Neospora caninum infection in mice. Veterinary Parasitology 175, 220–229. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rojo-Montejo, S., Collantes-Fernandez, E., Perez-Zaballos, F., Rodriguez-Marcos, S., Blanco-Murcia, J., Rodriguez-Bertos, A., Prenafeta, A. and Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2013). Effect of vaccination of cattle with the low virulence Nc-Spain 1H isolate of Neospora caninum against a heterologous challenge in early and mid-gestation. Veterinary Research 44, 106. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosypal, A. C. and Lindsay, D. S. (2005). The sylvatic cycle of Neospora caninum: where do we go from here? Trends in Parasitology 21, 439–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruehlmann, D., Podell, M., Oglesbee, M. and Dubey, J. P. (1995). Canine neosporosis: a case report and literature review. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 31, 174–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sager, H., Fischer, I., Furrer, K., Strasser, M., Waldvogel, A., Boerlin, P., Audige, L. and Gottstein, B. (2001). A Swiss case-control study to assess Neospora caninum-associated bovine abortions by PCR, histopathology and serology. Veterinary Parasitology 102, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, G. F., Morales, S. E., Martinez, M. J. and Trigo, J. F. (2003). Determination and correlation of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs and cattle from Mexico. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 142–145.Google ScholarPubMed
Sawada, M., Park, C. H., Kondo, H., Morita, T., Shimada, A., Yamane, I. and Umemura, T. (1998). Serological survey of antibody to Neospora caninum in Japanese dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 60, 853–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schares, G., Peters, M., Wurm, R., Barwald, A. and Conraths, F. J. (1998). The efficiency of vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle analysed by serological techniques. Veterinary Parasitology 80, 87–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schares, G., Conraths, F. J. and Reichel, M. P. (1999). Bovine neosporosis: comparison of serological methods using outbreak sera from a dairy herd in New Zealand. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1659–1667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schares, G., Barwald, A., Staubach, C., Ziller, M., Kloss, D., Wurm, R., Rauser, M., Labohm, R., Drager, K., Fasen, W., Hess, R. G. and Conraths, F. J. (2003). Regional distribution of bovine Neospora caninum infection in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate modelled by logistic regression. International Journal for Parasitology 33, 1631–1640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schares, G., Pantchev, N., Barutzki, D., Heydorn, A. O., Bauer, C. and Conraths, F. J. (2005). Oocysts of Neospora caninum, Hammondia heydorni, Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia hammondi in faeces collected from dogs in Germany. International Journal for Parasitology 35, 1525–1537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, S., Bal, M. S., Meenakshi, , Kaur, K., Sandhu, K. S. and Dubey, J. P. (2008). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs in India. Journal of Parasitology 94, 303–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stahl, K., Björkman, C., Emanuelson, U., Rivera, H., Zelada, A. and Moreno-Lopez, J. (2006). A prospective study of the effect of Neospora caninum and BVDV infections on bovine abortions in a dairy herd in Arequipa, Peru. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 75, 177–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennent-Brown, B. S., Pomroy, W. E., Reichel, M. P., Gray, P. L., Marshall, T. S., Moffat, P. A., Rogers, M., Driscoll, V. A., Reeve, O. F., Ridler, A. L. and Ritaven, S. (2000). Prevalence of Neospora antibodies in beef cattle in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 48, 149–150. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2000.36182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thilsted, J. P. and Dubey, J. P. (1989). Neosporosis-like abortions in a herd of dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, 205–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornton, R. N., Thompson, E. J. and Dubey, J. P. (1991). Neospora abortion in New Zealand cattle. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 39, 129–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornton, R. N., Gajadhar, A. and Evans, J. (1994). Neospora abortion epidemic in a dairy herd. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 42, 190–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurmond, M. and Hietala, S. (1995). Strategies to control neospora infection in cattle. Bovine Practitioner 29, 60–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurmond, M. C. and Hietala, S. K. (1997). Effect of congenitally acquired Neospora caninum infection on risk of abortion and subsequent abortions in dairy cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, 1381–1385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trees, A. J. and Williams, D. J. (2005). Endogenous and exogenous transplacental infection in Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii . Trends in Parasitology 21, 558–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uchida, M., Nagashima, K., Akatsuka, Y., Murakami, T., Ito, A., Imai, S. and Ike, K. (2013). Comparative study of protective activities of Neospora caninum bradyzoite antigens, NcBAG1, NcBSR4, NcMAG1, and NcSAG4, in a mouse model of acute parasitic infection. Parasitology Research 112, 655–663. doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3182-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uggla, A., Stenlund, S., Holmdahl, O. J., Jakubek, E. B., Thebo, P., Kindahl, H. and Björkman, C. (1998). Oral Neospora caninum inoculation of neonatal calves. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 1467–1472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanleeuwen, J. A., Haddad, J. P., Dohoo, I. R., Keefe, G. P., Tiwari, A. and Scott, H. M. (2010). Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum seropositivity in randomly sampled Canadian dairy cows and herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 93, 129–138. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.11.013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VanLeeuwen, J. A., Greenwood, S., Clark, F., Acorn, A., Markham, F., McCarron, J. and O'Handley, R. (2011). Monensin use against Neospora caninum challenge in dairy cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 175, 372–376. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wapenaar, W., Jenkins, M. C., O'Handley, R. M. and Barkema, H. W. (2006). Neospora caninum-like oocysts observed in feces of free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans). Journal of Parasitology 92, 1270–1274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, F. H., Jackson, J. A., Sobecki, B., Choromanski, L., Olsen, M., Meinert, T., Frank, R., Reichel, M. P. and Ellis, J. T. (2013). On the efficacy and safety of vaccination with live tachyzoites of Neospora caninum for prevention of neospora-associated fetal loss in cattle. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, 99–105. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00225-12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, D. M., Pomroy, W. E., Collett, M. G., Hill, F. I., Ridler, A. L., Kenyon, P. R., Morris, S. T. and Pattison, R. S. (2006). A possible role for Neospora caninum in ovine abortion in New Zealand. Small Ruminant Research 62, 135–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weston, J. F., Heuer, C. and Williamson, N. B. (2012). Efficacy of a Neospora caninum killed tachyzoite vaccine in preventing abortion and vertical transmission in dairy cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 103, 136–144. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.08.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. J., Guy, C. S., McGarry, J. W., Guy, F., Tasker, L., Smith, R. F., MacEachern, K., Cripps, P. J., Kelly, D. F. and Trees, A. J. (2000). Neospora caninum-associated abortion in cattle: the time of experimentally-induced parasitaemia during gestation determines foetal survival. Parasitology 121, 347–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. J., Guy, C. S., Smith, R. F., Ellis, J., Björkman, C., Reichel, M. P. and Trees, A. J. (2007). Immunization of cattle with live tachyzoites of Neospora caninum confers protection against fetal death. Infection and Immunity 75, 1343–1348. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00777-06.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wouda, W., Moen, A. R. and Schukken, Y. H. (1998). Abortion risk in progeny of cows after a Neospora caninum epidemic. Theriogenology 49, 1311–1316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wouda, W., Bartels, C. J. and Moen, A. R. (1999 a). Characteristics of Neospora caninum-associated abortion storms in diary herds in the Netherlands (1995 to 1997). Theriogenology 52, 233–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wouda, W., Dijkstra, T., Kramer, A. M., van Maanen, C. and Brinkhof, J. M. (1999 b). Seroepidemiological evidence for a relationship between Neospora caninum infections in dogs and cattle. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1677–1682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed