Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T10:00:48.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of mycoplasmosis in game birds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2014

M. NADEEM ,
A. YOUSAF ,
Z. IQBAL ,
M.M. AWAIS  and
B.A. PERVEZ
M. NADEEM*
Affiliation:
Livestock & Dairy Development Department (L&DD), Govt. of Punjab, Pakistan
A. YOUSAF
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Z. IQBAL
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
M.M. AWAIS
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, sub campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
B.A. PERVEZ
Affiliation:
Livestock & Dairy Development Department (L&DD), Govt. of Punjab, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author: doctornadeem84@yahoo.com
Get access

Abstract

Pheasants and peafowl have been used as ornamental birds worldwide because of their beauty and use as game birds. They can be hampered by the disease mycoplasmosis in breeding pens, wildlife parks and zoos. This review paper describes the prevalence, diagnostic procedures and different combinations of treatments for mycoplasmosis in these birds. This paper also discusses the association of prevalence with management practices.

Keywords

mycoplasmosisprevalencegame birds
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 70 , Issue 1 , March 2014 , pp. 69 - 80
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AHMAD, I., KLEVEN, S.H., AVAKIAN, A.P. and GLISSON, J.R. (1988) Sensitivity and specificity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum agglutination antigens prepared from medium with artificial liposomes substituting for serum. Avian Diseases 32: 519-526.Google Scholar
AHMAD, I., KLEVEN, S.H., GLISSON, J.R. and AVAKIAN, A.P. (1989) Further studies of Mycoplasma gallisepticum serum plate agglutination antigen grown in medium with artificial liposomes substituting for serum. Avian Diseases 33: 140-149.Google Scholar
ALI, S. and RIPLEY, S.D. (1969) Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 2, pp. 122-124 (U.K., Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
AMORES, J., CORRALES, J.C., GOMEZ MARTI, A., SANCHEZ, A., CONTRERAS, A. and DE LA FE, C. (2010) Comparison of culture and PCR to detect Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in ear swabs taken from goats. Veterinary Microbiology 140: 105-108.Google Scholar
ANONYMOUS (1985) National Poultry Improvement Plan and Auxillary Provisions. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Publication APHIS 91-40. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hyattsville, Maryland.Google Scholar
ANONYMOUS (2007) Common (Indian) Peafowl. Available online at http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com /animals/p/peafowl/ (accessed 23 November, 2009).Google Scholar
AVAKIAN, A.P., KLEVEN, S.H. and GLISSON, J.R. (1988) Evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, the serum plate agglutination test and the hemagglutination inhibition test for antibodies formed in response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Diseases 32: 262-272.Google Scholar
BAYATZADEH, M.A., POURBAKHSH, S.A., HOMAYOUNIMEHR, A.R., ASHTARI, A. and ABTIN, A.R. (2011) Application of culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for isolation and identification of Mycoplasma synoviae on broiler chicken farms. Archives of Razi Institute 66 (2): 87-94.Google Scholar
BENCINA, D., MRZEL, I., TADINA, T. and DORRER, D. (1987a) Mycoplasma species in chicken flocks with different management systems. Avian Pathology 16: 599-608.Google Scholar
BENCINA, D., DORRER, D. and TADINA, T. (1987b) Mycoplasma species isolated from six avian species. Avian Pathology 16: 653-664.Google Scholar
BENCINA, D., TADINA, T. and DORRER, D. (1988a) Natural infection of ducks with Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma egg transmission. Avian Pathology 17: 441-449.Google Scholar
BENCINA, D., TADINA, T. and DORRER, D. (1988b) Natural infection of geese with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae and egg transmission of the mycoplasmas. Avian Pathology 17: 925-928.Google Scholar
BENCINA, D. (2002) Haemagglutinins of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas. Avian Pathology 31: 535-547.Google Scholar
BENCINA, D., MRZEL, I., ROJS, O.Z., BIDOVEC, A. and DOVC, A. (2003) Characterisation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains involved in respiratory disease in pheasants and peafowl. Veterinary Record 152: 230-234.Google Scholar
BOETTGER, C.M. and DOHMSA, J.E. (2006) Separating Mycoplasma gallisepticum field strains from nonpathogenic avian mycoplasmas. Avian Diseases 50: 605-607.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M. and JORDAN, F.T.W. (1971) The adsorption of gamma globulins to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the possible role in nonspecific serological reactions. Veterinary Record 89: 318.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M. and JORDAN, F.T.W. (1972) Studies on the adsorption of certain medium proteins to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and their influence on agglutination and haemagglutination reactions. Journal of Hygiene (London) 70 (2): 267-278.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M. and JORDAN, F.T.W. (1973) Non-specific agglutination of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Veterinary Record 92: 591-592.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M. and MCLENAGHAN, M. (1982) Detection of mixed Mycoplasma species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 16: 314-318.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M., YAVARI, C.A. and GILES, C.J. (1994) In vitro evaluation of various antimicrobials against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by the micro-broth method and comparison with a commercially prepared test system. Avian Pathology 23: 105-115.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M., YAVARI, C.A. and DARE, C.M. (1996) Mycoplasma infections in game birds. International Organization for Mycoplasmology Letters 4: 41.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M. (2001) Avian mycoplasmosis, in: JORDAN, F., PATTISON, M. & ALEXANDER, D. (Eds) Poultry Diseases, 5th (Ed.), pp. 178-193 (Iowa, W.B. Saunders Company).Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M., YAVARI, C.A. and DARE, C.M. (2001a) Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae in clinically normal pheasants. Veterinary Record 148: 72-74.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.M., YAVARI, C.A. and DARE, C.M. (2001b) Mycoplasmas and respiratory disease in pheasants and partridges. Avian Pathology 30: 391-396.Google Scholar
CHARLESTON, B., GATE, J.J., AITKEN, A. and REEVE-JOHNSON, L. (1998) Assessment of the efficacy of tilmicosin as a treatment for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in chickens. Avian Pathology 27 (2): 190-195.Google Scholar
CHARLTON, K.G. (2000) Antibodies to selected diseases agents in translocated wild turkeys in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 161-164.Google Scholar
CHRISTENSEN, N.H., YAVARI, C.A., MCBAIN, A.J. and BRADBURY, J.M. (1994) Investigations into the survival of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma iowae on materials found in the poultry house environment. Avian Pathology 23: 127-143.Google Scholar
COOKSON, K.C. and SHIVAPRASAD, H.L. (1994) Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chukar partridges, pheasants and peafowl. Avian Diseases 38: 914-921.Google Scholar
CULLEN, G.A. and TIMMS, L.M. (1972) Diagnosis of Mycoplasma infection in poultry previously vaccinated with killed adjuvant vaccines. British Veterinary Journal 128: 94-100.Google Scholar
EWING, L., COOKSON, K.C., PHILLIPS, R.A., TURNER, K.R. and KLEVEN, S.H. (1998) Experimental infection and transmissibility of Mycoplasma synoviae with delayed serological response in chickens. Avian Diseases 42: 230-238.Google Scholar
FEBERWEE, A., MEKKES, D.R., DE WIT, J.J., HARTMAN, E.G. and PIJPERS, A. (2005) Comparison of culture, PCR, and different serologic tests for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infections. Avian Diseases 49: 260-268.Google Scholar
FEBERWEE, A., DE-VRIES, T.S. and LANDMAN, W.J.M. (2008) Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae in Dutch commercial poultry farms. Avian Pathology 37: 629-633.Google Scholar
FIORENTIN, L., SONCINI, R.A., DACOSTA, J.L.A., MORES, M.A.Z., TREVISOL, I.M., TODA, M. and VIEIRA, N.D. (2003) Apparent eradication of Mycoplasma synoviae in broiler breeders subjected to intensive antibiotic treatment directed to control Escherichia coli. Avian Pathology 32: 213-216.Google Scholar
FORRESTER, C.A., BRADBURY, J.M., DARE, C.M., DOMANGUE, R.J., WINDSOR, H., TASKER, J.B. and MOCKETT, A.P. (2011) Mycoplasma gallisepticum in pheasants and the efficacy of tylvalosin to treat the disease. Avian Pathology 40 (6): 581-596.Google Scholar
FRIEND, M. (1999) Mycoplasmosis, in: CIGANOVICH, E.A. (Ed.) Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases, General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds. Biological Resources Division. Information and Technology Report 1999-2001. pp. 115-119 (Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Washington, D.C., USA).Google Scholar
GAUTIER-BOUCHARDON, A.V., REINHART, A.K., KOBISCH, M. and KEMPF, I. (2002) In vitro development of resistance to enrofloxacia, erythromycin, tylosin, tiamulin and oytetracycline in Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma iowae and Mycoplasma synoviae. Veterinary Microbiology 88: 47-58.Google Scholar
GLISSON, J.R., DAWE, J.F. and KLEVEN, S.H. (1984) The effect of oil-emulsion vaccines on the occurrence of nonspecific plate agglutination reactions for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae. Avian Diseases 28: 397-405.Google Scholar
GLISSON, J.R., CHENG, I.H.N., BROWN, J. and STEWARD, R.G. (1989) The effect of oxytetracycline on the severity of airsacculitis in chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Diseases 33: 750-752.Google Scholar
HAMDY, A.H., SAIF, Y.M. and KASSON, C.W. (1982) Efficacy of lincomycin-spectinomycin water medication on Mycoplasma melegridis airsacculitis in commercially reared turkey poults. Avian Diseases 26: 227-233.Google Scholar
HANNAN, P.C.T. (2000) Guidelines and recommendations for antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against veterinary Mycoplasma species. Veterinary Research 31: 373-395.Google Scholar
HARADA, K., KIJIMA-TANAKA, M., UCHIYAMA, M., YAMAMOTO, T., OISHI, K., ARAO, M. and TAKAHASHI, T. (2009) Molecular typing of Japanese field isolates and live commercial vaccine strain of Mycoplasma synoviae using improved pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and vlhA gene sequencing. Avian Diseases 53 (4): 538-543.Google Scholar
HOLLAMBY, S., SIKARSKIE, J.G. and STUHT, J. (2003) Survey of peafowl (Pavo cristatus) for potential pathogens at three Michigan zoos. Journal of Zoo & Wildlife Medicine 34: 375-379.Google Scholar
HONG, Y., GARCÍA, M., LEITING, V., BENČINA, D., DUFOUR-ZAVALA, L., ZAVALA, G. and KLEVEN, S.H. (2004) Specific detection and typing of Mycoplasma synoviae strains in poultry with PCR and DNA sequence analysis targeting the hemagglutinin encoding gene vlhA. Avian Diseases 48 (3): 606-616.Google Scholar
KEMPF, I., BLANCHARD, A., GESBERT, A.F., GUITTET, M. and BENNEJEAN, G. (1993) The polymerase chain reaction for Mycoplasma gallisepticum detection. Avian Pathology 22: 739-750.Google Scholar
KEMPF, I. (1998) DNA amplification methods for diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of avian mycoplasmosis. Avian Pathology 27: 7-14.Google Scholar
KEYMER, I.F. (1958) A survey and review of the causes of mortality in British birds and the significance of wild birds as disseminators of disease. Veterinary Record 70: 713-720.Google Scholar
KEYMER, I.F. (1961) Infectious sinusitis of pheasants and partridges. Veterinary Record 73: 1034-1038.Google Scholar
KLEVEN, S.H. (1975) Antibody response to avian mycoplasmas. American Journal of Veterinary Research 36: 563-564.Google Scholar
KLEVEN, S.H. (1990) Insensitivity of agglutination in detecting antibodies against Mycoplasma synoviae in turkeys. Proceedings of 127th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 108-109.Google Scholar
KLEVEN, S.H. (1998) Mycoplasmosis, in: SWAYNE, D.E., GLISSON, J.R., JACKWOOD, M.W., PEARSON, J.E. & REED, W.M. (Eds) A Laboratory Manual for Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens. 4th (Ed.), pp. 74-80 (Kennett Square, American Association of Avian Pathologists).Google Scholar
LAUERMAN, L.H., HOERR, F.J., SHARPTON, A.R., SHAH, S.M. and SANTEN, V.L. (1993) Development and application of a polymerase chain reaction assay for Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Diseases 37: 829-834.Google Scholar
LEY, D.H., BERKHOFF, E. and MCLAREN, J.M. (1996) Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) with conjunctivitis. Avian Diseases 40: 480-483.Google Scholar
LEY, D.H. and YODER, H.W. Jr. (1997) Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. in: CALNEK, B.W., BARNES, H.J., BEARD, C.W., MCDOUGALD, L.R. & SAIF, Y.M. (Eds) Diseases of Poultry. 10th (Ed.), pp. 194-207 (The Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA).Google Scholar
LEY, D.H. (2003) Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. in: SAIF, Y.M., BARNES, H.J., FADLY, A.M., GLISSON, J.R., MCDOUGALD, L.R. & SWANE, D.E. (Eds) Diseases of Poultry. 11th (Ed.), pp. 122-144 (The Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA).Google Scholar
MARCO, M.A. DE., DELOGU, M., CATELLI, E., TERREGINO, C. and GUBERTI, V. (2002) Seroprevalences against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae detected in free-living and reared pheasants in Emilia Romagna region. Large Animals Review 8 (6): 105-106.Google Scholar
MAROIS, C., OUFOUR-GEBERT, F. and KEMPF, I. (2000) Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry environment samples by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Microbiology 73: 311-318.Google Scholar
MASON, S.J. and MAIERS, J.D. (1984) An epornitic of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys. Avian Diseases 28: 751-757.Google Scholar
MCMARTIN, D.A., DAMASSA, A.J., MCKEEN, W.D., READ, D., DAFT, B. and LAM, K.M. (1996) Experimental reproduction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum disease in chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca). Avian Diseases 40: 408-416.Google Scholar
MILOSEVIC-BERLIC, T., BENCINA, D. and DOVC, P. (2000) Sequence polymorphisms within the PMGA genes and PMGA antigenic variants in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. FEMS Microbiology Letters 184: 133-139.Google Scholar
NADEEM, M. (2010) Prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity profiles and treatment trial of mycoplasmosis in captive peafowl maintained at selected government wildlife parks of Punjab. M.Phil. Thesis, Dept. of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Univ. Agri., Faisalabad, Pakistan.Google Scholar
ORTIZ, A. and KLEVEN, S.H. (1992) Serological detection of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in turkeys. Avian Diseases 36: 749-752.Google Scholar
PAKPINYO, S. and SASIPREEYAJAN, J. (2007) Molecular characterization and determination of antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from chickens. Veterinary Microbiology 125: 59-65.Google Scholar
PASCUCCI, S., MAESTRINI, N., GOVONI, S. and PRATI, A. (1976) Mycoplasma synoviae in the guinea fowl. Avian Pathology 5: 291-297.Google Scholar
POURBAKHSH, S.A., SHOKRI, G.R., BANANI, M., ELHAMNIA, F. and ASHTARI, A. (2010) Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in broiler breeder farms of Tehran province using PCR and culture methods. Archives of Razi Institute 65 (2): 75-81.Google Scholar
POVEDA, J.B., FERNANDEZ, A., CARRANZA, J., HERMOSO, M. and PEREDA, J.A. (1986) Isolation of Mycoplasma synoviae from the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa). Avian Pathology 15: 797-802.Google Scholar
RACNIK, J., KRAPEZ, U., DOVC, A., VOLK, M., EMERSIC, I. and ROJA, O.Z. (2005) Health status of backyard flocks in Slovenia. VI Symposium on Poultry Days with International Participation, Croatia, Proceedings, May 11-14, pp. 119-122.Google Scholar
RAZIN, S. (1978) The mycoplasmas. Microbiological Reviews 42: 414-470.Google Scholar
RAZIN, S. and FREUNDT, E.A. (1984) The mycoplasmas, in: KREIG, N.R. & HOLT, J.G. (Eds) Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology, 15th (Vol.), pp. 740-748 (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, USA).Google Scholar
REECE, R.L., IRELAND, L. and SCOTT, P.C. (1986a) Mycoplasmosis in racing pigeons. Australian Veterinary Journal 63: 166-167.Google Scholar
REECE, R.L., IRELAND, L. and BARR, D.A. (1986b) Infectious sinusitis associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in game birds. Australian Veterinary Journal 63: 167-168.Google Scholar
ROUSSAN, D.A., EHAB, A., BASHA, A. and HADDAD, R.R. (2006) Control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in commercial broiler breeder chicken flocks using tilmicosin (Provitil Powder®) oral formulation. International Journal of Poultry Science 5 (10): 949-954.Google Scholar
SALISCH, H., HINZ, K.H. and GRAACK, H.D. (1998) A comparison of commercial PCR-based test to culture methods for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in concurrently infected chickens. Avian Pathology 27: 142-147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SHIMIZU, T., ERNO, H. and NAGATOMO, H. (1978) Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma columbium and Mycoplasma columborale, two new species from pigeons. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology 28: 538-546.Google Scholar
SHIMIZU, T., NUMANO, K. and UCHIDA, K. (1979) Isolation and identification of Mycoplasmas from various birds: an ecological study. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 41: 273-282.Google Scholar
TRIPATHY, S.B., ACHARJYO, L.N., SINGH, U., RAY, S.K. and MISRA, S.K. (1972) Studies on an outbreak of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection among peafowls (Pavo cristatus). British Veterinary Journal 128: 428-431.Google Scholar
WELCHMAN, D.D.E.B., BARDBURY, J.M., CAVANAGH, D. and AEBISCHER, N.J. (2002) Infectious agents associated with respiratory disease in pheasants. Veterinary Record 150: 658-664.Google Scholar
WHISTLER, H. (1986) Handbook of Indian Birds. pp. 313-314. (New Delhi, India, Cosmo Publications).Google Scholar
WIELICZKO, A., TOMANEK, B. and KUCZKOWSKI, M. (2003) Prevalence of infectious diseases in ring-necked pheasant flocks in Poland. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 6 (3): 177-182.Google Scholar
WILLS, F.K. (1955) Isolation of pleuropneumonia like organism from a peacock. Southwest Veterinary 8: 258-259.Google Scholar
WINDSOR, G.D. and THORNTON, G.A. (1973) Avoidance of nonspecific agglutination of Mycoplasma gallisepticum by the use of a globulin free antigen. Veterinary Record 92: 147-148.Google Scholar
WISSMAN, M.A. and PARSONS, B. (1996) Mycoplasmosis in the common rhea (Rhea americana). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 10 (1): 28-30.Google Scholar
YAMAMOTO, R. and ORTIZ. A. (1974) Microtiter agglutination test for Mycoplasma meleagridis. Proceedings of 15th World's Poultry Congress, New Orleans, pp. 171-172.Google Scholar
YODER, H.W. Jr. (1982) Microagglutination test for the detection of antibodies of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in avian sera. Avian Diseases 26: 606-611.Google Scholar
YOGEV, D., LEVISOHN, S. and RAZIN, S. (1989) Genetic and antigenic relatedness between Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae. Veterinary Microbiology 19: 75-84.Google Scholar
ZAIN, Z.M. and BRADBURY, J.M. (1995) The influence of type of swab and laboratory method on the recovery of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in broth medium. Avian Pathology 24: 707-716.Google Scholar