Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-7qhmt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-19T02:20:03.850Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Consideration of Villages in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain and Ireland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2013

Stuart Rathbone*
Affiliation:
30, Foxon Barn Rd, Rugby, England, UK Email rathbone_stuart@hotmail.com

Abstract

Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements in Britain and Ireland have, on occasion, been referred to as being prehistoric villages but there is little agreement as to what a settlement from these periods should consist of for it to be confidently identified as such. A particular problem is that the development of villages in Britain and Ireland is commonly seen as being a medieval phenomenon and most discussions regarding the essential characteristics of villages are centred on medieval evidence. This paper examines which features of a prehistoric settlement can be used to determine if the use of the term ‘village’ is appropriate, ultimately finding the number of contemporary households to be the primary concern. Sites which have been identified specifically as being Neolithic or Bronze Age villages are critically reviewed, as are a selection of sites where the designation may be appropriate but where the term has so far been avoided. The number of sites from both periods that could justify being identified as being villages is found to be low, and in all cases it seems that moves toward larger nucleated settlements are geographically and chronologically restricted and are followed by a return to dispersed settlement patterns. This curious pattern of the rapid creation and decline of villages at a regional level is contrasted with different explanations for the development of nucleated settlements from other areas and during other time periods, which revolve around economic and agricultural intensification, the development of more hierarchical societies and the increase in structured trading networks. They do not fit well with either our current perceptions of Neolithic and Bronze Age societies, or with the strictly localised moves towards nucleation that were observed. New explanations with a more local focus are found to be required

Résumé

Considération des villages du néolithique et de l’âge du bronze en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande, de Stuart Rathbone

Nous avons, à l'occasion, fait référence aux occupations du néolithique et de l’âge du bronze en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande comme étant des villages préhistoriques mais il n'existe que peu de consensus quant à ce en quoi devrait consister une occupation de cette époque pour qu'elle soit identifée comme telle avec assurance. Un problème particulier est que le développement des villages en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande est souvent considéré comme étant un phénomène médiéval et la plupart des discussions des caractéristiques essentielles des villages se concentrent sur les témoignages médiévaux. Cet article examine quels aspects d'une occupation préhistorique nous pouvons utiliser pour déterminer si l'usage du mot ‘village’ est approprié, concluant finalement que le nombre de familles contemporaines doit être la première préoccupation. Nous examinons d'un oeil critique les sites qui ont été spécifiquement identifiés comme étant des villages néolithiques ou de l’âge du bronze, ainsi qu'une sélection de sites où la désignation serait peut-être appropriée mais où l'on a jusqu’à présent évité d'utiliser le terme. Le nombre de sites des deux périodes pour lesquels l'appellation de village pourrait se justifier s'est avéré petit, et dans tous les cas il semble que les mouvements vers des occupations plus grandes et nuclées sont restreints géographiquement et chronologiquement et sont suivis par un retour à des modèles d'habitat dispersé. Nous contrastons cet étrange phénomène de création et de déclin rapides des villages au niveau régional avec les diverses explications du développement d'occupations nuclées dans d'autres régions et à d'autres périodes de temps qui tournent autour d'une intensification de l’économie et de l'agriculture, de l'essor de sociétés plus hiérarchisées et de la croissance de réseaux commerciaux structurés. Elles ne s'intègrent pas bien ni avec notre perception actuelle des sociétés du néolithique et de l’âge du bronze, ni avec l’évolution vers la nucléation strictement localisée que nous avons observée. Nous avons trouvé que nous avions besoin de nouvelles explications avec un point central plus local

Zussamenfassung

Eine Betrachtung von Dörfern im neolithischen und bronzezeitlichen Großbritannien und Irland, von Stuart Rathbone

Neolithische und bronzezeitliche Siedlungen in Großbritannien und Irland wurden gelegentlich als prähistorische Dörfer bezeichnet, jedoch gibt es keinen Konsens darüber, welche Merkmale eine Siedlung dieser Perioden aufweisen sollte um sicher als Dorf identifiziert werden zu können. Ein besonderes Problem ist, dass die Entstehung von Dörfern in Großbritannien und Irland üblicherweise als ein mittelalterliches Phänomen betrachtet wird, weshalb sich die meisten Auseinandersetzungen in Bezug auf die grundlegenden Charakteristiken auf Beobachtungen zum Mittelalter beziehen. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, welche Merkmale einer prähistorischen Siedlung herangezogen werden können um festzustellen, ob der Gebrauch des Begriffs ,,Dorf“ angemessen ist; dabei zeigt sich, dass die Anzahl gleichzeitig bestehender Haushalte die wichtigste Frage ist. Fundplätze, die ausdrücklich als neolithische oder bronzezeitliche Dörfer angesprochen werden, werden ebenso einer kritischen Prüfung unterzogen wie eine Auswahl an Fundplätzen, bei denen die Ansprache zutreffend sein mag, für die der Begriff aber bisher vermieden wurde. Die Zahl an Fundplätzen aus beiden Epochen, die eine Ansprache als Dorf rechtfertigen würden, ist tatsächlich klein, und in allen Fällen scheint es, dass Entwicklungen hin zu größeren und geschlosseneren Siedlungen geographisch und chronologisch beschränkt sind, und dass anschließend zu lockeren Siedlungsstrukturen zurückgekehrt wird. Dieses bemerkenswerte Muster einer schnellen Bildung und eines schnellen Niedergangs von Dörfern auf regionaler Ebene wird verglichen mit verschiedenen Interpretationen für die Entwicklung geschlossenerer Siedlungen in anderen Regionen und anderen Epochen, die sich auf Aspekte beziehen wie die ökonomische und landwirtschaftliche Intensivierung, die Entstehung stärker hierarchisch gegliederter Gesellschaften und die Zunahme strukturierter Handelsnetzwerke. Diese Interpretationsansätze passen weder zu unseren gegenwärtigen Vorstellungen der neolithischen und bronzezeitlichen Gesellschaften noch zu den festgestellten, deutlich lokal begrenzten Ausbildungen geschlossener Siedlungen. Neue Erklärungen mit einem stärker lokalen Fokus sind also notwendig

Resumen

Una reflexión sobre los poblados durante el Neolítico y la Edad del Bronce en Inglaterra e Irlanda, por Stuart Rathbone

Los asentamientos neolíticos y de la Edad del Bronce en Inglaterra e Irlanda han sido considerados, en ocasiones, como aldeas prehistóricas, pero no existe unanimidad sobre qué rasgos debe poseer un asentamiento de estos períodos para ser identificado con seguridad como tal. Un problema particular es que el desarrollo de las aldeas en Inglaterra e Irlanda se considera un fenómeno medieval y, por ello, la mayor parte de las discusiones relacionadas con las características fundamentales de los poblados se centran en los casos medievales.

Este artículo examina qué rasgos de los asentamientos prehistóricos se pueden utilizar para determinar si el uso del término “aldea” es apropiado, considerando como criterio principal el número de casas coetáneas. Se revisan de manera crítica los yacimientos identificados específicamente como poblados neolíticos o de la Edad del Bronce, así como los yacimientos en los que esta designación puede ser apropiada pero en los que se ha evitado el uso de tal término. El número de yacimientos de ambos períodos en los que estaría justificada su consideración como aldeas es bajo, y en todos los casos, parece que se trata de asentamientos nucleares de mayor tamaño que están geográfica y cronológicamente restringidos, seguido de un retorno a los patrones de asentamiento dispersos. Este curioso patrón de rápida creación y declive de los poblados a nivel regional se contrasta con las diferentes explicaciones que se han dado para el desarrollo de los asentamientos nucleares en otras áreas y en otros períodos de tiempo, que giran en torno a la intensificación económica y agrícola, al desarrollo de las sociedades jerárquicas y al incremento de las redes de intercambio estructuradas. Esto no encaja con nuestras percepciones actuales de las sociedades neolíticas y de la Edad del Bronce, ni con los contados casos en los que los procesos de nucleización se han observado. Esto requiere de nuevas explicaciones con un enfoque más local

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armit, I. 1996. The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressGoogle Scholar
Armit, A., Murphy, E., Nelis, E., Simpson, D. (eds). 2003. Neolithic Settlement in Ireland and Western Britain. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Ashmore, P.J. 1996. Neolithic and Bronze Age Scotland. London: BatsfordGoogle Scholar
Aston, M. 1985. Interpreting the Landscape: landscape, archaeology and local history. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Balaam, N.D., Smith, K., Wainwright, G.J. 1982. The Shaugh Moor project: fourth report – environment, context and conclusion. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48, 203278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, G.J. 1996. Neolithic buildings in Scotland. In Darvill & Thomas (eds) 1996, 61–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, G.J. 2003. Neolithic settlements in the lowlands of Scotland: a preliminary survey. In Armit et al. (eds) 2003, 71–83Google Scholar
Barnatt, J. 1987. Bronze Age settlement on the East Moors of Peak District of Derbyshire and South Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, 393418CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, T. 1988. ‘The people of the country…dwell scattered’. The pattern of rural settlement in Ireland in the later middle ages’. In J. Bradley (ed.), Settlement and Society in Medieval Ireland, 345360. Kilkenny: Boethius PressGoogle Scholar
Bergh, S. 2002. Knockarea: the ultimate monument; megaliths and mountains in Neolithic Cúil Irra, north-west Ireland. In C. Scarre (eds), Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe, 139151. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Bergh, S. 2008. Surveying Turlough Hill. In Burren Landscape and Settlement. An INSTAR project, 2130. Dublin: Heritage CouncilGoogle Scholar
British Archaeology. 2008. No. 102, September–October News, 7Google Scholar
Brück, J. 1999. Houses, lifestyles and deposition on the Middle Bronze Age settlements in southern England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65, 145166CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brossler, A., Early, R., Allen, C. 2004. Green Park (Reading Business Park) Phase 2 Excavations 1995 – Neolithic and Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxford University School of ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Brown, I. 2009. Beacons in the Landscape: the hillforts of England and Wales. Oxford: Windgather PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burstow, G.P., Holleyman, G.A. 1957. Late Bronze Age settlement on Itford Hill, Sussex. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 7, 167212Google Scholar
Calder, C.S.T. 1956. Report on the discovery of numerous stone age houses in Shetland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 89, 340397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Card, N. 2010. Neolithic temples of the Northern Isles: stunning new discoveries in Orkney. Current Archaeology 241, 1219Google Scholar
Caulfield, S., Warren, G., Rathbone, S., McIlreavy, D., Walsh, P. 2009a. Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo 2009, summary report. Dublin: Heritage CouncilGoogle Scholar
Caulfield, S., Warren, G., Rathbone, S., McIlreavy, D., Walsh, P. 2009b. Archaeological Excavations at the Glenulra Enclosure (E24): Stratigraphic Report. Dublin: Heritage CouncilGoogle Scholar
Childe, V.G. 1931. Skara Brae: A Pictish Village in Orkney. London: Kegan PaulGoogle Scholar
Clarke, D.V. 1976. Excavations at Skara Brae: a summary account. In C. Burgess & R. Miket (eds), Settlement and Economy in the Third and Second Millennia bc, 233250. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 33Google Scholar
Cobb, R. 1945. Village Story. London: John CrowtherGoogle Scholar
Cooney, G. 1997. Images of settlement and the landscape in the Neolithic. In P. Topping (ed.), Neolithic Landscapes, 2331. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Cooney, G. 2003. Rooted or routed? Landscapes of Neolithic settlement in Ireland. In Armit et al. (eds) 2003, 47–55Google Scholar
Cooney, G., Grogan, E. 1994. Irish Prehistory: a social perspective. Dublin: WordwellGoogle Scholar
Conway, M., Gahn, A., Rathbone, S. 2004. A Middle Bronze Age Village at Corrstown, Portrush. Current Archaeology 188, 120123Google Scholar
Cotter, E. 2005. Bronze Age Ballybrowney, County Cork. In J. O'Sullivan & M. Stanley (eds), Recent Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes 2004, 3744. Dublin: National Roads AuthorityGoogle Scholar
Cowie, T., MacSween, A. 1999. Grooved Ware from Scotland: a review. In R. Cleal & A. Macsween (eds), Grooved Ware in Britain and Ireland, 4856. Oxford: Oxbow Books/Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 3Google Scholar
Cribb, R. 1991. Nomads in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, S. 2003. Irish Neolithic settlement architecture – a reappraisal. In Armit et al. (eds) 2003, 47–55Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2001. Facing the Ocean: the Atlantic and its peoples. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2004. Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest (4 edn). Abingdon: RoutledgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Current Archaeology. 2007. Before Stonehenge: village of wild parties. Current Archaeology 208, 1721Google Scholar
Davies, S.R. 2010. The Early Neolithic Tor Enclosures of South West Britain. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Birmingham UniversityGoogle Scholar
Darvill, T. 1996. Neolithic buildings in England, Wales and the Isle of Man. In Darvill & Thomas (eds) 1996, 77–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darvill, T., Thomas, J. (eds). 1996. Neolithic Houses in North-west Europe and Beyond. Oxford: Oxbow Books/Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 1Google Scholar
Downes, J., Lamb, R. 2000. Prehistoric Houses at Sumburgh in Shetland. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Drewett, P. 1982. Later Bronze Age downland economy and excavations at Black Patch, East Sussex. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48, 321400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earle, T., Kristiansen, K. 2010a. Introduction: theory and practice in the late prehistory of Europe. In T. Earle & K. Kristiansen (eds), Organising Bronze Age Societies: the Mediterranean, central Europe and Scandinavia compared, 133. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earle, T., Kristiansen, K. 2010b. Organising Bronze Age societies: concluding thoughts. In T. Earle & K. Kristiansen, K. (eds), Organising Bronze Age Societies: the Mediterranean, central Europe and Scandinavia compared, 218256. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, A. 1987. The Bronze Age settlement at Thorny Down. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, 385392CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feachem, R.W. 1961. Unenclosed platform settlements. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 94, 7985CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feachem, R.W. 1973. Ancient agriculture in the highlands of Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 39, 332353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flatrés, P. 1971. Hamlet and village. In R.H. Buchanan, E. Jones & D. McCourt (eds), Man and his Environment: essays presented to Emyr Estyn Evans, 165185. London: Routledge & Keegan PaulGoogle Scholar
Flemming, A. 1996. The Reaves Reviewed. Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings 52, 6374Google Scholar
Fokkens, H., Arnoldussen, S. 2008. Towards new models. In S. Arnoldussen & H. Fokkens (eds), Bronze Age Settlement in the Low Countries, 116. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Fredengren, C. 2002. Crannogs. Bray: WordwellGoogle Scholar
Garnham, T. 2004. Lines in the landscape, circles from the sky: Monuments of Neolithic Orkney. Stroud: TempusGoogle Scholar
Ghey, E., Edwards, N., Johnston, R., Pope, R. 2007. Characterising the Welsh roundhouse: Chronology, inhabitation and landscape. Internet Archaeology 23Google Scholar
Ginn, V., Rathbone, S. 2012. Corrstown, a Coastal Community: excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northern Ireland. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Grogan, E. 1996. Neolithic house in Ireland. In Darvill & Thomas (eds) 1996, 41–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grogan, E. 2005a. The North Munster project. Volume 2: the prehistoric landscape of North Munster. Bray: WordwellGoogle Scholar
Grogan, E. 2005b. The North Munster project. Volume 1: the later prehistoric landscape of south-east Clare. Bray: WordwellGoogle Scholar
Halsted, J. 2007. Bronze Age settlement in Shropshire: research potential and frameworks for settlement studies in the West Midlands. In P. Garwood (ed.), The Undiscovered Country: he earlier prehistory of the West Midlands, 166181. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, J.R.C. 1956. Jarlshof, a prehistoric and Viking settlement site in Shetland. In R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford (ed.), Recent Archaeological excavations in Britain, 197222. London: Routledge & Kegan PaulGoogle Scholar
Hennessey, R. 2008. The technology of the Burren INSTAR project. In Burren Landscape and Settlement. An Instar Project, 1120. Dublin: Heritage CouncilGoogle Scholar
Jobey, G. 1980. Green Knowe unenclosed platform settlement and Harehope cairn. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 110, 72113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A. M. 2009. Archaeological Recording at Carn Galva and Bosporthennis 2009. http://www.cornisharchaeology.org.uk/excavations2009.htm (accessed 26/05/2012)Google Scholar
Jones, C. 2003. Neolithic beginnings on Roughan and the Burren. In Armit et al. (eds), 2003, 188–194Google Scholar
Jones, C. 2007. Temples of stone: Exploring the megalithic tombs of Ireland. Cork: The Collins PressGoogle Scholar
Jones, S., Richards, C. 2005a. The villagers of Barnhouse. In Richards (ed.) 2005, 195–204Google Scholar
Jones, A., Richards, C. 2005b. Living in Barnhouse. In Richards (ed.) 2005, 23–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logue, P. 2003. Excavations at Thornhill, Co. Londonderry. In Armit et al. (eds) 2003, 149–55Google Scholar
Loveday, R. 2006. Inscribed Across the landscape: The cursus monuments of Great Britain. Stroud: TempusGoogle Scholar
Lynn, C. 2003. Navan Fort: archaeology and myth. Bray: WordwellGoogle Scholar
Macdonald, P. 2008. Knoch Dhu, Ballyhackett, Co Antrim. http://excavations.ie/Pages/Details.php?Year=&County=Antrim&id=20409Google Scholar
Malim, T. 2001. Place and space in the Cambridgeshire Bronze Age. In J. Brück (ed.), Bronze Age Landscapes: transition and transformation, 921. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Malone, C. 2001. Neolithic Britain and Ireland. Stroud, TempusGoogle Scholar
McManus, C. 2004. Mullaghbuoy. In I. Bennett (ed.), Excavations 2002: summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Ireland, 78. Bray: WordwellGoogle Scholar
McSparron, C. 2008. Have you no homes to go to? Neolithic housing. Archaeology Ireland 22(3), 1821Google Scholar
McSparron, C. 2012. Appendix I. An analysis of the radiocarbon dates from Corrstown, Co Londonderry. In Ginn & Rathbone (eds) 2012, 274–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercer, R.J. 2001. Neolithic enclosed settlements in Cornwall: the past, the present and the future. In T. Darvill & J. Thomas (eds), Neolithic Enclosures in Atlantic North-west Europe, 4349. Oxford: Oxbow Books/Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 6Google Scholar
Mercer, R.J. 2003. The early farming settlements of south western England in the Neolithic. In Armit et al. (eds) 2003, 56–70Google Scholar
Middleton, R. 2005. The Barnhouse lithic assemblage. In Richards (ed.) 2005, 293–321Google Scholar
Moore, J., Jennings, D. 1992. Reading Business Park: a Bronze Age Landscape. Oxford: Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 1: the Kennet ValleyGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, W. 2004. Ross Island: Mining, metal and society in early Ireland. Galway: National University of Ireland, GalwayGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, W. 2009. Local Worlds. Early Settlement Landscapes and Upland Farming in South West Ireland. Cork: Collins PressGoogle Scholar
Ó Drisceoil, C. 2003. Archaeological excavation of a Neolithic settlement at Coolfore, Co. Louth. In Armit et al. (eds) 2003, 176–81Google Scholar
Ó'Néil, J. 2009. Inventory of Bronze Age Structures. Unpublished report prepared for the Heritage Council, DublinGoogle Scholar
O’Sullivan, J. 2007. The quiet landscape: archaeological discoveries on a road scheme in east Galway. In J. O'Sullivan & M. Stanley (eds), New Routes to the Past, 81100. Dublin: Archaeology and the National Roads Authority Monograph Series 4Google Scholar
Overland, A., O'Connell, M. 2009. Palaeoecological investigations in the Barrees Valley. O'Brien (ed.) 2009, 285–322Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. 2007. Stonehenge Riverside Project: 2007 Excavation II. http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/archaeology/research/stonehenge/stonehenge07-02.htmlGoogle Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., Sharples, N., Symonds, J. 2004. South Uist: archaeology and history of a Hebridean island. Stroud: TempusGoogle Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., Pollard, J., Richards, C., Thomas, J., Tilley, C., Welham, K. 2006. The Stonehenge Riverside Project: Summary interim report on the 2006 season. http://www.shef.ac.uk/content/1/c6/02/21/27/summary-interim-report-2006.pdfGoogle Scholar
Patterson, P., Fletcher, M. 1996. Grimspound, one hundred years on. Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings 52, 120Google Scholar
Pitts, M. 2008. Stonehenge. British Archaeology 102, 1317Google Scholar
Pollard, J., Reynolds, A. 2002. Avebury: the biography of a landscape. Stroud: TempusGoogle Scholar
Quinnell, H. 1994. Becoming marginal? Dartmoor in later prehistory. Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings 52, 7583Google Scholar
Ray, K. 2007. The Neolithic in the West Midlands: an overview. In P. Garwood (ed.), The Undiscovered Country: the earlier prehistory of the West Midlands, 5178. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Rathbone, S. 2010. Booley Houses, Hafods and Sheilings: a comparative study of transhumant settlements in and around the Northern Basin of the Irish Sea. In A. Horning & N. Brannon (eds), Ireland and Britain in the Atlantic World, 111130. Bray: IPMAG Monograph 2Google Scholar
Richards, C. (ed.) 2005. Dwelling Among the Monuments: the Neolithic village of Barnhouse, Maeshowe, passage grave and surrounding monuments at Stenness, Orkney. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar
Rideout, J.S. 1995. Carn Dubh, Moulin, Perthshire: survey and excavation of an archaeological landscape 1987–90. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 125, 139195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B.K. 1996. Landscapes of Settlement: prehistory to the present. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Rowley, T. 1978. Villages in the Landscape. London: DentGoogle Scholar
Rowley, T., Wood, J. 2000. Deserted Villages (3rd edn). Aylesbury: ShireGoogle Scholar
Russell, M. 1996. Problems of phasing: a reconsideration of the Black Patch Middle Bronze Age ‘nucleated village’. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15(1), 3338CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheridan, A. 1999. Grooved Ware from the Links of Notland, Westray, Orkney. In R. Cleal & A. Macsween (eds), Grooved Ware in Britain and Ireland, 112124. Oxford: Oxbow Books/Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 3Google Scholar
Simmons, I.G. 1970. Environment and early man on Dartmoor. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 35, 203219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, M.L.S. 2010. Households. In T. Earle & K. Kristiansen (eds), Organising Bronze Age Societies: the Mediterranean, central Europe and Scandinavia compared, 122154. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Stone, J.F.S. 1941. The Deverel-Rimbury settlement on Thorny Down, Winterbourne Gunner, S. Wilts. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 7, 114133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. 1979. Roads and Trackways of Britain. London: OrionGoogle Scholar
Terry, J. 1995. Excavation at Lintshie Gutter unenclosed platform settlement, Crawford, Lanarkshire, 1991. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 125, 369427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vyner, B. 2001. Clegyr Boia: a potential Neolithic enclosure and associated monuments on the St David's peninsula, southwest Wales. in T. Darvill & J. Thomas (eds), Neolithic Enclosures in Atlantic Northwest Europe, 7890. Oxford: Oxbow Books/Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 6Google Scholar
Waddell, J. 1998. The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland. Dublin: Galway University PressGoogle Scholar
Worth, R.H. 1943. The prehistoric pounds of Dartmoor. Transactions of the Devonshire Association 75, 273302Google Scholar
Yates, D.T. 1999. Bronze Age field systems in the Thames Valley. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18(2), 157170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, D. 2001. Bronze Age agricultural intensification in the Thames Valley and Estuary. In J. Brück (ed.), Bronze Age Landscapes: transition and transformation, 6582. Oxford: Oxbow BooksGoogle Scholar