Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T22:02:32.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Story of Sāvitrī in the Mahābhārata: a Lineal Interpretation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 September 2013

SIMON BRODBECK*
Affiliation:
University of Cardiff, brodbecksp@cardiff.ac.uk

Abstract

This paper presents a new interpretation of the story of Sāvitrī as presented in the Mahābhārata. Sāvitrī is viewed as an intended putrikā, or lineal daughter, for her father, and the death of her husband and the misfortunes of her father-in-law are explained as corollaries of this circumstance; but at the last minute Sāvitrī switches her allegiance to her husband and his line, becoming a pativratā rather than a putrikā. Following a prompt in the Mahābhārata text, the paper concludes with an exploration, on the Sāvitrī model, of Draupadī's relationship to the Pāṇḍava line. The death of the Draupadeyas and the resuscitation of Parikṣit are viewed in terms of a symbolic switch from the putrikā to the pativratā mode of operation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra, see Olivelle 2000, pp. 191–345.Google Scholar
Gautama Dharmasūtra, see Olivelle 2000, pp. 116–189.Google Scholar
Mahābhārata, Sukthankar, V. S., Belvalkar, S. K., Vaidya, P. L., et al. (eds), The Mahābhārata for the First Time Critically Edited (Poona, 1933–1966).Google Scholar
Manusmṛti, see Olivelle 2006.Google Scholar
Rāmāyaṇa, Bhatt, G. H., Shah, U. P., et al. (eds), The Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa Critically Edited for the First Time (Baroda, 1958–1975).Google Scholar
Ṛgveda, van Nooten, Barend A. and Holland, Gary B. (eds), Rig Veda: a Metrically Restored Text with an Introduction and Notes (Cambridge, MA, 1994).Google Scholar
Vāsiṣṭha Dharmasūtra, see Olivelle 2000, pp. 346–463.Google Scholar
Aklujkar, Vidyut, ‘Sāvitrī: old and new’, in Sharma, Arvind (ed.), Essays on the Mahābhārata (Leiden, 1991), pp. 324333.Google Scholar
Alphonso-Karkala, John B., ‘Woman as man's resurrection in Kalevala and Mahabharata’, Indian Literature XVI.1–2 (1973), pp. 7083.Google Scholar
Anand, Subhash, ‘Sāvitrī and Satyavat: a contemporary reading’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute LXIX (1988), pp. 128.Google Scholar
Aurobindo, Sri, Savitri: a Legend and a Symbol (Twin Lakes, 1995). First published Pondicherry, 1950–1951.Google Scholar
Black, Brian, ‘Eavesdropping on the epic: female listeners in the Mahābhārata ’, in Brodbeck, Simon and Black, Brian (eds), Gender and Narrative in the Mahābhārata (London, 2007), pp. 5378.Google Scholar
Brockington, John L., ‘Epic svayaṁvaras’, in Panda, Raghunath and Mishra, Madhusudan (eds), Voice of the Orient: a Tribute to Prof. Upendranath Dhal (Delhi, 2006), pp. 3542.Google Scholar
Brodbeck, Simon, ‘Ekalavya and Mahābhārata 1.121–28’, International Journal of Hindu Studies X.1 (2006), pp. 134.Google Scholar
Brodbeck, Simon (2009a), The Mahābhārata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary (Farnham, 2009).Google Scholar
Brodbeck, Simon (2009b), ‘Janamejaya's big brother: new light on the Mahābhārata's frame story’, Religions of South Asia II.2 (2009), pp. 161176.Google Scholar
Brodbeck, Simon (2009c), ‘The Bhāradvāja pattern in the Mahābhārata ’, in Koskikallio, Petteri (ed.), Parallels and Comparisons: Proceedings of the Fourth Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Purāṇas (Zagreb, 2009), pp. 137179.Google Scholar
Brodbeck, Simon, ‘ Putrikā interpretation of the Mahābhārata ’, Saṃskṛtavimarśaḥ: Journal of Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan VI (2012), pp. 143159.Google Scholar
Brown, W. Norman, ‘Duty as truth in ancient India’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society CXVI (1972), pp. 252268. Reprint in Rocher, Rosane (ed.), India and Indology: Selected Articles (Delhi, 1978), pp. 102–119.Google Scholar
Bühler, Georg (tr.), The Laws of Manu: Translated with Extracts from Seven Commentaries (Delhi, 1979). First published Oxford, 1886.Google Scholar
van Buitenen, J. A. B. (tr.), The Mahābhārata. 2. The Book of the Assembly Hall; 3. The Book of the Forest (Chicago, 1975).Google Scholar
van Buitenen, J. A. B. (tr.), The Mahābhārata. 4. The Book of Virāṭa; 5. The Book of the Effort (Chicago, 1978).Google Scholar
Burlingame, E. W.,‘The act of truth (saccakiriya): a Hindu spell and its employment as a psychic motif in Hindu fiction’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society XLIX n.s. (1917), pp. 429467.Google Scholar
Chakravarti, Uma, Of Meta-Narratives and ‘Master’ Paradigms: Sexuality and the Reification of Women in Early India (Delhi, 2009).Google Scholar
Chakravarty, Uma, ‘Vedic daughter’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute LXXXI (2000), pp. 179189.Google Scholar
Chapple, Christopher Key, ‘Yoga and the Mahābhārata: engaged renouncers’, Journal of Vaishnava Studies XIV.2 (2006), pp. 103114.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Heramba, ‘Svayaṃvara, the ninth form of marriage’, Adyar Library Bulletin XXV (1961), pp. 603615.Google Scholar
Dange, Sadashiv A., ‘Sāvitrī and the banyan’, Purāṇa V.2 (1963), pp. 258266.Google Scholar
Doniger, Wendy, with Smith, Brian K. (trs), The Laws of Manu (London, 1991).Google Scholar
Dumont, Louis, ‘The debt to ancestors and the category of sapiṇḍa ’, tr. Manson, David, in Malamoud, Charles (ed.), Debts and Debtors (Delhi, 1983), pp. 120.Google Scholar
Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (tr.), The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Translated into English Prose from the Original Sanskrit Text (Delhi, 1970). First published Calcutta, 1883–1896). Also available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Google Scholar
Gehrts, Heino, Mahābhārata: Das Geschehen und seine Bedeutung (Bonn, 1975).Google Scholar
Hiltebeitel, Alf, ‘The Mahābhārata and Hindu eschatology’, History of Religions XII.2 (1972), pp. 95135.Google Scholar
Hiltebeitel, Alf, The Ritual of Battle: Krishna in the Mahābhārata (Ithaca, 1976). Reprint (New York, 1990).Google Scholar
Hiltebeitel, Alf, ‘Draupadī's garments’, Indo-Iranian Journal XXII.2 (1980), pp. 97112.Google Scholar
Hiltebeitel, Alf, ‘Two Kṛṣṇas, three Kṛṣṇas, four Kṛṣṇas, more Kṛṣṇas: dark interactions in the Mahābhārata ’, in Sharma, Arvind (ed.), Essays on the Mahābhārata (Leiden, 1991), pp. 101109.Google Scholar
Hiltebeitel, Alf, ‘Not without subtales: telling laws and truths in the Sanskrit epics’, Journal of Indian Philosophy XXXIII.4 2005, pp. 455511.Google Scholar
Hiltebeitel, Alf, ‘Epic aśvamedhas ’, in Adluri, Vishwa and Bagchee, Joydeep (eds), Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata. Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel, Volume 1 (Leiden, 2011), pp. 259278.Google Scholar
Hudson, Emily T., ‘Listen but do not grieve: grief, paternity, and time in the laments of Dhṛtarāṣṭra’, in Brodbeck, Simon and Black, Brian (eds), Gender and Narrative in the Mahābhārata (London, 2007), pp. 3552.Google Scholar
Jamison, Stephanie W., Sacrificed Wife / Sacrificer's Wife: Women, Ritual, and Hospitality in Ancient India (New York, 1996).Google Scholar
Jha, Ganganath (ed.), Manu-smṛti with the ‘Manubhāṣya’ of Medhātithi (Delhi, 1992).Google Scholar
Johnson, W. J. (tr.), Mahābhārata Book Three: the Forest, Volume Four (New York, 2005).Google Scholar
Kane, Pandurang Vaman, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law, 2nd edn (Poona, 1968–1977).Google Scholar
Katz, Ruth, ‘The Sauptika episode in the structure of the Mahābhārata ’, in Sharma, Arvind (ed.), Essays on the Mahābhārata (Leiden, 1991), pp. 130149.Google Scholar
Leslie, Julia, The Perfect Wife: the Orthodox Hindu Woman According to the Strīdharmapaddhati of Tryambakayajvan (Delhi, 1989).Google Scholar
Lommel, Herman, ‘Die aufopferungsvolle Gattin im alten Indien’, Paideuma VI (1955–1958), pp. 95109. Reprint in Janert, Klaus L. (ed.), Kleine Schriften (Wiesbaden, 1978), pp. 374–388. English summary available at http://www.indologie.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/read/bin/webconnector.pl Google Scholar
Majmudar, M. R., ‘A rare panel of Sāvitrī-Upākhyāna’, Bhāratīya Vidyā XVI.2 (1956), pp. 7378.Google Scholar
McGrath, Kevin, Strī: Women in Epic Mahābhārata (Boston and Washington, DC, 2009).Google Scholar
Meisig, Konrad, ‘Sāvitrī or: Why man is superior to the gods. On the interpretation of a legend from the Mahābhārata’, Mitteilungen für Anthropologie und Religionsgeschichte VIII (1994), pp. 6581.Google Scholar
Meyer, Johann Jakob, Sexual Life in Ancient India: a Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture (London, 1930). First published as Das Weib im altindischen Epos (Leipzig, 1915).Google Scholar
Olivelle, Patrick (ed., tr.), Dharmasūtras: the Law Codes of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and Vasiṣṭha (Delhi, 2000).Google Scholar
Olivelle, Patrick (ed., tr.), with the editorial assistance of Suman Olivelle, Manu's Code of Law: a Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra (Delhi, 2006).Google Scholar
Parpola, Asko, ‘Sāvitrī and resurrection: the ideal of devoted wife, her forehead mark, satī, and human sacrifice in epic-Purāṇic, Vedic, Harappan-Dravidian and Near Eastern perspectives’, Studia Orientalia LXXXIV (1998), pp. 167312.Google Scholar
Parpola, Asko, ‘The religious background of the Sāvitrī legend’, in Tsuchida, Ryutaro and Wezler, Albrecht (eds), Harānandalaharī: Volume in Honour of Professor Minoru Hara on his Seventieth Birthday (Reinbek, 2000), pp. 193216.Google Scholar
Patil, Narendranath B., The Folklore in the Mahābhārata (Delhi, 1983).Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon, ‘Rāma's madness’, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens XXIX (1985), pp. 4356.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon (tr.), The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: an Epic of Ancient India. Volume II: Ayodhyākāṇḍa (Princeton, 1986).Google Scholar
Ray, Anita C., An Analysis of the Sāvitrī Legend in Ancient Indian Literature and Culture, PhD thesis (La Trobe University, Melbourne, 1998).Google Scholar
Ray, Anita C., ‘Sāvitrī and narrative representations of the feminine’, revised version of a paper presented at the 13th World Sanskrit Conference (Edinburgh, July 2006). Manuscript supplied by the author.Google Scholar
Rocher, Ludo, ‘Inheritance and śrāddha: the principle of “spiritual benefit”’, in van den Hoek, A. W., Kolff, D. H. A. and Oort, M. S. (eds), Ritual, State and History in South Asia: Essays in Honour of J. C. Heesterman (Leiden, 1992), pp. 637649.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Hanns-Peter, Some Women's Rites and Rights in the Veda (Poona, 1987).Google Scholar
Smith, John D. (tr.), The Mahābhārata: an Abridged Translation (London, 2009).Google Scholar
Söhnen-Thieme, Renate, ‘On the concept and function of satya (“truth”) in ancient Indian literature’, in Galewicz, Cezary et al. (eds), International Conference on Sanskrit and Related Studies: Proceedings (Cracow Indological Studies 1) (Cracow, 1995), pp. 235244.Google Scholar
Sukthankar, Vishnu Sitaram (ed.), The Āraṇyakaparvan, being the Third Book of the Mahābhārata, the Great Epic of India, for the First Time Critically Edited (Poona, 1942). Largely also available at http://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html Google Scholar
Thompson, George, ‘On truth-acts in Vedic’, Indo-Iranian Journal XLI.2 (1998), pp. 125153.Google Scholar
Trend, J. B., ‘Savitri, an opera from the Sanskrit’, Music and Letters II.4 (1921), pp. 345350.Google Scholar
Weiss, Brad, ‘Meditations on the myth of Sāvitrī’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion LIII.2 (1985), pp. 259270.Google Scholar