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Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent renal toxicity in human subjects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Soisungwan Satarug ,
Melissa R. Haswell-Elkins  and
Michael R. Moore
Soisungwan Satarug*
Affiliation:
National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane 4108, Queensland, Australia
Melissa R. Haswell-Elkins
Affiliation:
Indigenous Primary Health Program, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane 4108, Queensland, Australia
Michael R. Moore
Affiliation:
National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane 4108, Queensland, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Soisungwan Satarug, fax +61 7 3274 9003, email s.satarug@mailbox.uq.edu.au
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Abstract

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The present review attempts to provide an update of the scientific knowledge on the renal toxicity which occurs in human subjects as a result of chronic ingestion of low-level dietary Cd. It highlights important features of Cd toxicology and sources of uncertainty in the assessment of health risk due to dietary Cd. It also discusses potential mechanisms for increased susceptibility to Cd toxicity in individuals with diabetes. Exposure assessment on the basis of Cd levels in foodstuffs reveals that vegetables and cereals are the main sources of dietary Cd, although Cd is also found in meat, albeit to a lesser extent. Cd accumulates particularly in the kidney and liver, and hence offal contains relatively high amounts. Fish contains only small quantities of Cd, while crustaceans and molluscs may accumulate larger amounts from the aquatic environment. Data on Cd accumulation in human kidney and liver obtained from autopsy studies are presented, along with results of epidemiological studies showing the relationship between renal tubular dysfunction and kidney Cd burden. These findings suggest that a kidney Cd level of 50 μg/g wet weight is a maximum tolerable level in order to avoid abnormal kidney function. This renal Cd burden corresponds to a urinary Cd excretion of 2 μg/d. Accordingly, safe daily levels of Cd intake should be kept below 30 μg per person. Individual variations in Cd absorption and sensitivity to toxicity predicts that a dietary Cd intake of 30 μg/d may result in a slight renal dysfunction in about 1 % of the adult population. The previous guideline for a maximum recommended Cd intake of 1 μg/kg body weight per d is thus shown to be too high to ensure that renal dysfunction does not occur as a result of dietary Cd intake.

Keywords

Dietary cadmiumCadmium body burdenKidney toxicityZinc homeostasisDiabetic renal complications
Type
Review article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 84 , Issue 6 , December 2000 , pp. 791 - 802
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2000

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