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¹⁸ UNESCO Archives, Recommendation on International Principles Applicable to Archaeological Excavations, 5 December 1956, http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13062&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (consulted 19 February 2013).

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²³ UNESCO Archives, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Convention, CC-77/conf.001/8 Rev., 20 October 1977, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide77b.pdf (consulted 24 January 2013).

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³² UNESCO Archives, World Heritage Committee, Eighth Ordinary Session, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 29 October–2 November 1984, Report, SC/84/CONF.004/9, p. 7, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1984/sc-84-conf004-9e.pdf (consulted 9 January 2013).

³³ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Alain Megret (Direction de la Protection de la Nature, Ministère de l'Environnement), ‘Reconnaissance dans le cadre de la convention du Patrimoine Mondial de la notion de paysages ruraux et culturels’, 29 April 1992.

³⁴ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Statement made by P. H. C. Lucas to the expert group on cultural landscapes, La Petite Pierre, France, 23–26 October 1992.

³⁵ UNESCO Archives, Central Registry, 3rd series, 502.7 A 101 WHC Part V, letter from Adrian Phillips (Director of the British Countryside Commission) to James Thorsell (Executive Officer of IUCN's Commission on National Parks & Protected Areas), 16 August 1985.

³⁶ UNESCO Archives, Central Registry, 3rd series, 502.7 A 101 WHC Part V, John Foster, IUCN Commission on National Parks & Protected Areas, ‘The identification & evaluation of World Heritage mixed properties: discussion paper’, September 1985.

³⁷ UNESCO Archives, World Heritage Committee, Ninth Ordinary Session, ‘Item 8 of the provisional agenda: elaboration of guidelines for the identification and nomination of mixed cultural and natural properties and rural landscapes’, 19 November 1985, SC/85/CONF.008/3, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1985/sc-85-conf008-3e.pdf (consulted 9 January 2013).

³⁸ UNESCO Archives, Central Registry, 3rd series, 502.7 A 101 WHC Part V, Michel Parent, Meeting of 11 October 1985 for the Elaboration of Criteria Relative to the Mixed Natural and Cultural Properties of the World Heritage, introductory memo, undated [1985].

³⁹ The minutes of the meeting are very succinct: UNESCO Archives, World Heritage Committee, Ninth Ordinary Session, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 2–6 December 1985, Report, SC-85/CONF.008/9, p. 6, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1985/sc-85-conf008-9_e.pdf (consulted 9 January 2013).

⁴⁰ Denyer, Susan, ‘The Lake District landscape: cultural or natural?’, in Walton John K. and Jason Wood, eds., The making of a cultural landscape: the English Lake District as tourist destination, 1750–2010, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2013Google Scholar

⁴¹ David Jacques, written replies to questionnaire by the author, 1 May 2012.

⁴² Ibid.

⁴³ Bernd von Droste's private papers, Bernd von Droste, Conférence de presse, Le nouveau Centre du Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO, 8 July 1992.

⁴⁴ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Mechtild Rössler, memo to Bernd von Droste, 26 June 1992.

⁴⁵ Megret, ‘Reconnaissance’. The creation of the World Heritage Centre was officially announced on 30 April 1992 (UNESCO Archives, Group 6, English, box 3.71, UNESCO, The Director-General, DG/Note/92/13, Establishment of a ‘UNESCO World Heritage Centre’, 30 April 1992).

⁴⁶ Megret, ‘Reconnaissance’.

⁴⁷ Michel Rautenberg, comment to the author, Saint-Etienne, France, 20 November 2012.

⁴⁸ Rautenberg, Michel, Micoud, André, Bérard, Laurence, and Marchenay, Philippe, eds., Campagnes de tous nos désirs; patrimoines et nouveaux usages sociaux, Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁹ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, ICOMOS and IUCN, memorandum, 9 July 1992. Stovel was clearly the main author of this memorandum, which restated points made in his memorandum of 8 July 1992 (UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Herb Stovel, ‘ICOMOS meeting to assist the World Heritage Committee respond appropriately to nominations of cultural landscapes’, 8 July 1992).

⁵⁰ Stovel, Herb, ‘Considerations in framing the authenticity question for conservation’, in Knut Einar Larsen, ed., Nara conference on authenticity in relation to the World Heritage Convention, Nara, Japan, 1–6 November 1994: proceedings, Paris and Tokyo: UNESCO World Heritage Centre and Agency for Cultural Affairs, 1995, p. 394Google Scholar

⁵¹ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, ICOMOS and IUCN, memorandum, 9 July 1992.

⁵² Stovel, ‘ICOMOS meeting’, emphasis in original.

⁵³ Darwina Neal's private papers, memorandum from Lauren Meier (US National Park Service) to Blaine Cliver and Ward Jandl, 1 October 1991.

⁵⁴ Hildebrandt, Walter, ‘Historical analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995’, Banff, Alberta: Banff–Bow Valley Study, 1995Google Scholar

⁵⁵ This point was made by a Canadian landscape expert (Susan Buggey, phone interview with the author, Ottawa, 10 May 2012).

⁵⁶ David Jacques, email to the author, 12 March 2012.

⁵⁷ David Jacques, email to the author, 15 March 2012.

⁵⁸ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Herb Stovel, fax letter with enclosures to Mechtild Rössler, 17 July 1992; Herb Stovel, fax letter with enclosures to Mechtild Rössler, 19 July 1992.

⁵⁹ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, ICOMOS and IUCN, memorandum, 9 July 1992.

⁶⁰ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Mechtild Rössler, handwritten note to Bernd von Droste, undated.

⁶¹ UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Mechtild Rössler, Summary of a telephone conversation with Alain Megret, 17 July 1992; UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Mechtild Rössler, fax letter to Herb Stovel, 17 July 1992.

⁶² UNESCO Archives, CLT WHC EUR 56, Herb Stovel, fax letter to Mechtild Rössler, 17 July 1992.

⁶³ UNESCO Archives, Central Registry, 3rd series, 502.7 A 101 WHC Part V, Jane Robertson (UNESCO Secretariat), memorandum SC/ECO/5865/8.17, ‘Report of my mission to Florence 10–11 May 1989’.

⁶⁴ Ibid.

⁶⁵ Statement by P. H. C. Lucas to the expert group on cultural landscapes, 1992.

⁶⁶ David Jacques, written replies, 1 May 2012; David Jacques's private papers, Edward Fawcett, ‘The United Kingdom’, ICOMOS Landscapes Working Group, newsletter, March 1992.

⁶⁷ The American Nora Mitchell in particular was an advocate of ‘more dialogue between professionals in cultural heritage and natural heritage’ (Nora Mitchell, written replies to questionnaire by the author, 31 August 2012).

⁶⁸ Darwina Neal's private papers, Lauren Meier to Blaine Cliver and Ward Jandl, 1 October 1991.

⁶⁹ Statement by P. H. C. Lucas to the expert group on cultural landscapes, 1992.

⁷⁰ This is the interpretation of the Canadian landscape expert Susan Buggey (Susan Buggey, phone interview, 10 May 2012).

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⁷² Statement by P. H. C. Lucas to the expert group on cultural landscapes, 1992.

⁷³ Susan Buggey, phone interview, 10 May 2012.

⁷⁴ Henry Cleere, written replies to questionnaire by the author, 8 December 2011; Henry Cleere, interview with the author, London, 15 December 2011; David Jacques, email, 12 March 2012.

⁷⁵ Bandarin, Francesco, ‘Preface’, in Nora J. Mitchell, Mechtild Rössler, and Pierre-Marie Tricaud, eds., World Heritage cultural landscapes: a handbook for conservation and management, World Heritage Paper 26, Paris: UNESCO, 2009, p. 3Google Scholar

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⁸⁰ David Jacques, written replies, 1 May 2012.

⁸¹ David Jacques's private papers, ‘National perspectives: Canada by Susan Buggey’, ICOMOS Landscapes Working Group, newsletter, March 1992, p. 6; ‘National perspectives: the United States of America by Nora Mitchell’, ICOMOS Landscapes Working Group, newsletter, March 1992, p. 11.

⁸² Mechtild Rössler, email to the author, 4 July 2013.

⁸³ UNESCO Archives, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, WHC/2/Revised, February 1994, p. 14, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide94.pdf (consulted 17 January 2013).

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⁸⁹ Sullivan, Sharon, ‘Out of the box: Isabel McBryde's radical contribution to the shaping of Australian archaeological practice’, in Ingereth Macfarlane, Mary-Jane Mountain, and Robert Paton, eds., Many exchanges: archaeology, history, community and the work of Isabel McBryde, Canberra: Aboriginal History Incorporated, 2005, p. 90Google Scholar

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⁹⁴ Ibid.

⁹⁵ Ibid., p. 14.

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⁹⁹ McBryde, ‘Travellers’, p. 171Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ ‘I think that most of us had not really considered such landscapes before in any detail’ (David Jacques, written replies, 1 May 2012).

¹⁰¹ David Jacques, written replies, 1 May 2012.

¹⁰² Susan Buggey, phone interview, 10 May 2012.

¹⁰³ UNESCO Archives, ‘Report of the Expert Group on Cultural Landscapes’.

¹⁰⁴ Private communication from Vosges meeting participant to the author, 2012.

¹⁰⁵ UNESCO Archives, UNESCO and indigenous peoples: partnership to promote cultural diversity, May 2006, p. 51Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁸ Marielle Richon, interview with the author, Dijon, 16 November 2012; UNESCO Archives, UNESCO General Conference, Twenty-sixth Session, Paris, 1991, Item 3.5 of the provisional agenda, Implementation of 25 C/Resolution 3.9, 26 C/96, 10 October 1991, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000892/089230eo.pdf (consulted 19 January 2013); Ella Shohat, ‘Notes on the “post-colonial”’, Social Text, 31–2, 1992, pp. 99–113.

¹⁰⁹ Sarah Titchen, phone interview with the author, Canberra, 23 September 2012.

¹¹⁰ Australian Archaeological Association, ‘Rhys Jones Medal’.

¹¹¹ Sarah Titchen, phone interview, 23 September 2012.

¹¹² Baird, Melissa F., ‘ “The breath of the mountain is my heart”: indigenous cultural landscapes and the politics of heritage’, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 19, 4, 2013, pp. 327–340CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹¹⁴ UNESCO Archives, World Heritage Committee, Sixteenth Session, Santa Fe, United States of America, 7–14 December 1992, Report, WHC-92/CONF.002/12, p. 45, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1992/whc-92-conf002-12e.pdf (consulted 1 November 2012).

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¹¹⁶ UNESCO Archives, ICOMOS, World Heritage List, Tongariro, no. 421rev, October 1993, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/421rev.pdf (consulted 19 January 2013).

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¹²⁰ This claim was made by a member of the IUCN (UNESCO Archives, Bureau of the World Heritage Committee, Fifteenth Session, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 17–21 June 1991, Report, SC-91/CONF.002./2, p. 27, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1991/sc-91-conf002-2e.pdf (consulted 24 January 2013)).

¹²¹ Prof. Senake Bandaranayake, http://www.kln.ac.lk/social/arch/senake.php (consulted 24 January 2013); David Jacques's private papers, ICOMOS Landscapes Working Group, newsletters, 12 June 1991 and March 1992.

¹²² UNESCO Archives, ‘Expert meeting on the “global strategy” and thematic studies for a representative World Heritage List’, UNESCO Headquarters, 20–22 June 1994, WHC-94/CONF.003/INF.6, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/global94.htm#debut (consulted 26 January 2013).

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¹²⁴ Gamini Wijesuriya, interview with the author, Rome, 20 December 2011.

¹²⁵ See in particular the records of the General Assembly of States Parties held in 1987, 1989, and 1991: UNESCO Archives, http://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/ (consulted 10 May 2013).

¹²⁶ UNESCO Archives, World Heritage Committee, Thirteenth Session, Paris, 11–15 December 1989, Report, SC-89/CONF.004/12, p. 3, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1989/sc-89-conf004-12e.pdf (consulted 10 May 2013).

¹²⁷ I owe this explanation to a long-time insider, Christina Cameron (interview with the author, Ottawa, 15 April 2013).

¹²⁸ UNESCO Archives, World Heritage Committee, Fourteenth Session, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 7–12 December 1990, list of participants, 11 December 1990, CLT-90/CONF.004/INF.2, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1990/cc-90-conf004-inf2e.pdf (consulted 10 May 2013).

¹²⁹ Ibid.

¹³⁰ Christina Cameron, email to the author, 5 July 2013.