Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T07:38:58.567Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

MicroRNAs: a new piece in the paediatric cardiovascular disease puzzle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2013

Ahmed Omran ,
Dalia Elimam ,
Keith A. Webster ,
Lina A. Shehadeh  and
Fei Yin
Ahmed Omran
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Dalia Elimam
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Keith A. Webster
Affiliation:
Vascular Biology Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
Lina A. Shehadeh
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
Fei Yin*
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
*
Correspondence to: Dr F. Yin, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. Tel: +86-13517492323; Fax: +86-731-84327922; E-mail: Yf_2323@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases in children comprise a large public health problem. The major goals of paediatric cardiologists and paediatric cardiovascular researchers are to identify the cause(s) of these diseases to improve treatment and preventive protocols. Recent studies show the involvement of microRNAs (miRs) in different aspects of heart development, function, and disease. Therefore, miR-based research in paediatric cardiovascular disorders is crucial for a better understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of the disease, and unravelling novel, efficient, preventive, and therapeutic means. The ultimate goal of such research is to secure normal cardiac development and hence decrease disabilities, improve clinical outcomes, and decrease the morbidity and mortality among children. This review focuses on the role of miRs in different paediatric cardiovascular conditions in an effort to encourage miR-based research in paediatric cardiovascular disorders.

Keywords

MicroRNAspaediatric cardiovascular diseasesbiomarkertherapeutic targetcardiac stem cells
Type
Review Articles
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 23 , Issue 5 , October 2013 , pp. 642 - 655
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Heidenreich, PA, Trogdon, JG, Khavjou, OA, et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123: 933–944.Google Scholar
2. Flynt, AS, Lai, EC. Biological principles of microRNA-mediated regulation: shared themes amid diversity. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9: 831–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Rota, R, Ciarapica, R, Giordano, A, Miele, L, Locatelli, F. MicroRNAs in rhabdomyosarcoma: pathogenetic implications and translational potentiality. Mol Cancer 2011; 10: 120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Krol, J, Loedige, I, Filipowicz, W. The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11: 597–610.Google Scholar
5. Bartel, DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 2009; 136: 215–233.Google Scholar
6. Cai, B, Pan, Z, Lu, Y. The roles of microRNAs in heart diseases: a novel important regulator. Curr Med Chem 2010; 17: 407–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Trojnarska, O, Grajek, S, Katarzynski, S, Kramer, L. Predictors of mortality in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Cardiol J 2009; 16: 341–347.Google Scholar
8. Khairy, P, Ionescu-Ittu, R, Mackie, AS, Abrahamowicz, M, Pilote, L, Marelli, AJ. Changing mortality in congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 1149–1157.Google Scholar
9. Marelli, AJ, Mackie, AS, Ionescu-Ittu, R, Rahme, E, Pilote, L. Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution. Circulation 2007; 115: 163–172.Google Scholar
10. Bruneau, BG. The developmental genetics of congenital heart disease. Nature 2008; 451: 943–948.Google Scholar
11. Chen, J, Wang, DZ. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular development. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52: 949–957.Google Scholar
12. Ivey, KN, Muth, A, Arnold, J, et al. MicroRNA regulation of cell lineages in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Cell stem cell 2008; 2: 219–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Callis, TE, Chen, JF, Wang, DZ. MicroRNAs in skeletal and cardiac muscle development. DNA Cell Biol 2007; 26: 219–225.Google Scholar
14. Zhao, Y, Samal, E, Srivastava, D. Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature 2005; 436: 214–220.Google Scholar
15. Chen, JF, Mandel, EM, Thomson, JM, et al. The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 228–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Zhao, Y, Ransom, JF, Li, A, et al. Dysregulation of cardiogenesis, cardiac conduction, and cell cycle in mice lacking miR-1-2. Cell 2007; 129: 303–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Chen, JF, Murchison, EP, Tang, R, et al. Targeted deletion of dicer in the heart leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 2111–2116.Google Scholar
18. Roberts, A, Allanson, J, Jadico, SK, et al. The cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. J Med Genet 2006; 43: 833–842.Google Scholar
19. Perez, E, Sullivan, KE. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes). Curr Opin Pediatr 2002; 14: 678–683.Google Scholar
20. Huang, ZP, Chen, JF, Regan, JN, et al. Loss of microRNAs in neural crest leads to cardiovascular syndromes resembling human congenital heart defects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30: 2575–2586.Google Scholar
21. Liu, N, Williams, AH, Kim, Y, et al. An intragenic mef2-dependent enhancer directs muscle-specific expression of microRNAs 1 and 133. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 20844–20849.Google Scholar
22. Liu, N, Bezprozvannaya, S, Williams, AH, et al. MicroRNA-133a regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and suppresses smooth muscle gene expression in the heart. Genes Dev 2008; 22: 3242–3254.Google Scholar
23. Ventura, A, Young, AG, Winslow, MM, et al. Targeted deletion reveals essential and overlapping functions of the miR-17 through 92 family of miR clusters. Cell 2008; 132: 875–886.Google Scholar
24. Thum, T, Galuppo, P, Wolf, C, et al. MicroRNAs in the human heart: a clue to fetal gene reprogramming in heart failure. Circulation 2007; 116: 258–267.Google Scholar
25. Goddeeris, MM, Rho, S, Petiet, A, et al. Intracardiac septation requires hedgehog-dependent cellular contributions from outside the heart. Development 2008; 135: 1887–1895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. O'Brien, JE Jr, Kibiryeva, N, Zhou, XG, et al. Noncoding RNA expression in myocardium from infants with tetralogy of fallot. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2012; 5: 279–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. Yu, ZB, Han, SP, Bai, YF, Zhu, C, Pan, Y, Guo, XR. MicroRNA expression profiling in fetal single ventricle malformation identified by deep sequencing. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29: 53–60.Google ScholarPubMed
28. Kuhn, DE, Nuovo, GJ, Martin, MM, et al. Human chromosome 21-derived miRs are overexpressed in down syndrome brains and hearts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370: 473–477.Google Scholar
29. Latronico, MV, Catalucci, D, Condorelli, G. MicroRNA and cardiac pathologies. Physiol Genomics 2008; 34: 239–242.Google Scholar
30. Han, J, Lee, Y, Yeom, KH, Kim, YK, Jin, H, Kim, VN. The drosha-dgcr8 complex in primary microRNA processing. Genes Dev 2004; 18: 3016–3027.Google Scholar
31. de Onis, M, Blossner, M, Borghi, E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 1257–1264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Ferreira, AP, Oliveira, CE, Franca, NM. Metabolic syndrome and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in obese children: the relationship with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). J Pediatr (Rio J) 2007; 83: 21–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33. Lloyd-Jones, D, Adams, R, Carnethon, M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2009 update: heart disease and stroke statistics–2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2009; 119: 480–486.Google Scholar
34. Bibbins-Domingo, K, Coxson, P, Pletcher, MJ, Lightwood, J, Goldman, L. Adolescent overweight and future adult coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2371–2379.Google Scholar
35. Akgun, C, Dogan, M, Akbayram, S, et al. The incidence of asymptomatic hypertension in school children. J Nihon Med Sch 2010; 77: 160–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Li, Y, Yang, X, Zhai, F, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents. Br J Nutr 2008; 99: 565–570.Google Scholar
37. Perichart-Perera, O, Balas-Nakash, M, Schiffman-Selechnik, E, Barbato-Dosal, A, Vadillo-Ortega, F. Obesity increases metabolic syndrome risk factors in school-aged children from an urban school in Mexico city. J Am Diet Assoc 2007; 107: 81–91.Google Scholar
38. Hayman, LL, Meininger, JC, Daniels, SR, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in nursing practice: focus on children and youth: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in youth of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2007; 116: 344–357.Google Scholar
39. Baker, JL, Olsen, LW, Sorensen, TI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2329–2337.Google Scholar
40. Heneghan, HM, Miller, N, Kerin, MJ. Role of microRNAs in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 354–361.Google Scholar
41. Xie, H, Sun, L, Lodish, HF. Targeting microRNAs in obesity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13: 1227–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42. Qin, L, Chen, Y, Niu, Y, et al. A deep investigation into the adipogenesis mechanism: profile of microRNAs regulating adipogenesis by modulating the canonical wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. BMC genomics 2010; 11: 320.Google Scholar
43. Martinelli, R, Nardelli, C, Pilone, V, et al. Mir-519d overexpression is associated with human obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18: 2170–2176.Google Scholar
44. Kim, SY, Kim, AY, Lee, HW, et al. Mir-27a is a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation via suppressing ppargamma expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 392: 323–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45. Kim, YJ, Hwang, SJ, Bae, YC, Jung, JS. MiR-21 regulates adipogenic differentiation through the modulation of TGF-beta signaling in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue. Stem Cells 2009; 27: 3093–3102.Google Scholar
46. Esau, C, Kang, X, Peralta, E, et al. MicroRNA-143 regulates adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 52361–52365.Google Scholar
47. Karbiener, M, Fischer, C, Nowitsch, S, et al. MicroRNA miR-27b impairs human adipocyte differentiation and targets PPARgamma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390: 247–251.Google Scholar
48. Andersen, DC, Jensen, CH, Schneider, M, et al. MicroRNA-15a fine-tunes the level of delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) in proliferating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316: 1681–1691.Google Scholar
49. Trajkovski, M, Hausser, J, Soutschek, J, et al. MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity. Nature 2011; 474: 649–653.Google Scholar
50. Wilfred, BR, Wang, WX, Nelson, PT. Energizing miRNA research: a review of the role of miRNAs in lipid metabolism, with a prediction that miR-103/107 regulates human metabolic pathways. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91: 209–217.Google Scholar
51. Lin, Q, Gao, Z, Alarcon, RM, Ye, J, Yun, Z. A role of miR-27 in the regulation of adipogenesis. FEBS J 2009; 276: 2348–2358.Google Scholar
52. Wang, T, Li, M, Guan, J, et al. MicroRNAs miR-27a and miR-143 regulate porcine adipocyte lipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12: 7950–7959.Google Scholar
53. Kinoshita, M, Ono, K, Horie, T, et al. Regulation of adipocyte differentiation by activation of serotonin (5-ht) receptors 5-ht2ar and 5-ht2cr and involvement of microrna-448-mediated repression of klf5. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24: 1978–1987.Google Scholar
54. Natarajan, R, Putta, S, Kato, M. MicroRNAs and diabetic complications. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5: 413–422.Google Scholar
55. Poy, MN, Spranger, M, Stoffel, M. MicroRNAs and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 12: 67–73.Google Scholar
56. Tang, X, Muniappan, L, Tang, G, Ozcan, S. Identification of glucose-regulated miRs from pancreatic {beta} cells reveals a role for miR-30d in insulin transcription. RNA 2009; 15: 287–293.Google Scholar
57. Terán-García, M, Bouchard, C. Genetics of the metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32: 89–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58. Boucek, MM, Edwards, LB, Keck, BM, Trulock, EP, Taylor, DO, Hertz, MI. Registry for the international society for heart and lung transplantation: seventh official pediatric report–2004. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23: 933–947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59. Kay, JD, Colan, SD, Graham, TP Jr. Congestive heart failure in pediatric patients. Am Heart J 2001; 142: 923–928.Google Scholar
60. Tijsen, AJ, Pinto, YM, Creemers, EE. Non-cardiomyocyte microRNAs in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 93: 573–582.Google Scholar
61. Martinez, J, Patkaniowska, A, Urlaub, H, Luhrmann, R, Tuschl, T. Single-stranded antisense siRNAs guide target RNA cleavage in RNAi. Cell 2002; 110: 563–574.Google Scholar
62. Mathonnet, G, Fabian, MR, Svitkin, YV, et al. MicroRNA inhibition of translation initiation in vitro by targeting the cap-binding complex eIF4F. Science 2007; 317: 1764–1767.Google Scholar
63. Matkovich, SJ, Van Booven, DJ, Youker, KA, et al. Reciprocal regulation of myocardial microRNAs and messenger RNA in human cardiomyopathy and reversal of the microRNA signature by biomechanical support. Circulation 2009; 119: 1263–1271.Google Scholar
64. Topkara, VK, Mann, DL. Clinical applications of miRNAs in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Per Med 2010; 7: 531–548.Google Scholar
65. Ernst, A, Campos, B, Meier, J, et al. De-repression of CTGF via the miR-17-92 cluster upon differentiation of human glioblastoma spheroid cultures. Oncogene 2010; 29: 3411–3422.Google Scholar
66. Schellings, MW, Vanhoutte, D, van Almen, GC, et al. Syndecan-1 amplifies angiotensin ii-induced cardiac fibrosis. Hypertension 2010; 55: 249–256.Google Scholar
67. van de Vrie, M, Heymans, S, Schroen, B. MicroRNA involvement in immune activation during heart failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 25: 161–170.Google Scholar
68. Satoh, M, Minami, Y, Takahashi, Y, Tabuchi, T, Nakamura, M. A cellular microRNA, let-7i, is a novel biomarker for clinical outcome in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2011; 17: 923–929.Google Scholar
69. Gurha, P, Abreu-Goodger, C, Wang, T, et al. Targeted deletion of microRNA-22 promotes stress-induced cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction. Circulation 2012; 125: 2751–2761.Google Scholar
70. Reddy, S, Zhao, M, Hu, DQ, et al. Dynamic microRNA expression during the transition from right ventricular hypertrophy to failure. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44: 562–575.Google Scholar
71. Kumarswamy, R, Lyon, AR, Volkmann, I, et al. SERCA2a gene therapy restores microRNA-1 expression in heart failure via an Akt/FoxO3A-dependent pathway. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 1067–1075.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72. Ikeda, S, He, A, Kong, SW, et al. MicroRNA-1 negatively regulates expression of the hypertrophy-associated calmodulin and Mef2a genes. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29: 2193–2204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73. Luo, X, Lin, H, Pan, Z, et al. Down-regulation of miR-1/miR-133 contributes to re-expression of pacemaker channel genes HCN2 and HCN4 in hypertrophic heart. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 20045–20052.Google Scholar
74. Care, A, Catalucci, D, Felicetti, F, et al. MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 2007; 13: 613–618.Google Scholar
75. Saji, T, Matsuura, H, Hasegawa, K, et al. Comparison of the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of fulminant and acute myocarditis in children. Circ J 2012; 76: 1222–1228.Google Scholar
76. Feldman, AM, McNamara, D. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1388–1398.Google Scholar
77. Xu, HF, Ding, YJ, Shen, YW, et al. MicroRNA-1 represses Cx43 expression in viral myocarditis. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 362: 141–148.Google Scholar
78. Ye, X, Liu, Z, Hemida, MG, Yang, D. Targeted delivery of mutant tolerant anti-coxsackievirus artificial microRNAs using folate conjugated bacteriophage Phi29 pRNA. PLoS One 2011; 6: e21215.Google Scholar
79. Corsten, MF, Papageorgiou, A, Verhesen, W, et al. MicroRNA profiling identifies microRNA-155 as an adverse mediator of cardiac injury and dysfunction during acute viral myocarditis. Circ Res 2012; 111: 415–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80. Jansen, JA, van Veen, TA, de Bakker, JM, van Rijen, HV. Cardiac connexins and impulse propagation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48: 76–82.Google Scholar
81. Kindel, SJ, Miller, EM, Gupta, R, et al. Pediatric cardiomyopathy: importance of genetic and metabolic evaluation. J Card Fail 2012; 18: 396–403.Google Scholar
82. Rao, PK, Toyama, Y, Chiang, HR, et al. Loss of cardiac microRNA-mediated regulation leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Circ Res 2009; 105: 585–594.Google Scholar
83. van Rooij, E, Sutherland, LB, Liu, N, et al. A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103: 18255–18260.Google Scholar
84. Sharma, S, Liu, J, Wei, J, Yuan, H, Zhang, T, Bishopric, NH. Repression of miR-142 by p300 and mapk is required for survival signalling via gp130 during adaptive hypertrophy. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4: 617–632.Google Scholar
85. Satoh, M, Minami, Y, Takahashi, Y, Tabuchi, T, Nakamura, M. Expression of microRNA-208 is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in human dilated cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2010; 16: 404–410.Google Scholar
86. Palacin, M, Reguero, JR, Martin, M, et al. Profile of microRNAs differentially produced in hearts from patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sarcomeric mutations. Clin Chem 2011; 57: 1614–1616.Google Scholar
87. Kelly, M, Bagnall, RD, Peverill, RE, et al. A polymorphic miR-155 binding site in AGTR1 is associated with cardiac hypertrophy in Friedreich ataxia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51: 848–854.Google Scholar
88. Wang, Z. The role of microRNA in cardiac excitability. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56: 460–470.Google Scholar
89. Massin, MM, Benatar, A, Rondia, G. Epidemiology and outcome of tachyarrhythmias in tertiary pediatric cardiac centers. Cardiology 2008; 111: 191–196.Google Scholar
90. Girmatsion, Z, Biliczki, P, Bonauer, A, et al. Changes in microRNA-1 expression and IK1 up-regulation in human atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 1802–1809.Google Scholar
91. Lu, Y, Zhang, Y, Wang, N, et al. MicroRNA-328 contributes to adverse electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2010; 122: 2378–2387.Google Scholar
92. Xiao, J, Liang, D, Zhang, Y, et al. MicroRNA expression signature in atrial fibrillation with mitral stenosis. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43: 655–664.Google Scholar
93. Serwer, G. Ventricular arrhythmia in children: diagnosis and management. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2008; 10: 442–4427.Google Scholar
94. Amin, AS, Giudicessi, JR, Tijsen, AJ, et al. Variants in the 3′ untranslated region of the KCNQ1-encoded Kv7.1 potassium channel modify disease severity in patients with type 1 long QT syndrome in an allele-specific manner. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 714–723.Google Scholar
95. Jongsma, HJ, Wilders, R. Gap junctions in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2000; 86: 1193–1197.Google Scholar
96. Yang, B, Lin, H, Xiao, J, et al. The muscle-specific microRNA miR-1 regulates cardiac arrhythmogenic potential by targeting GJA1 and KCNJ2. Nat Med 2007; 13: 486–491.Google Scholar
97. Terentyev, D, Belevych, AE, Terentyeva, R, et al. miR-1 overexpression enhances Ca(2+) release and promotes cardiac arrhythmogenesis by targeting PP2A regulatory subunit B56alpha and causing CaMKII-dependent hyperphosphorylation of RyR2. Circ Res 2009; 104: 514–521.Google Scholar
98. Yu, Z, Han, S, Hu, P, et al. Potential role of maternal serum microRNAs as a biomarker for fetal congenital heart defects. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76: 424–426.Google Scholar
99. Kotlabova, K, Doucha, J, Hromadnikova, I. Placental-specific microRNA in maternal circulation – identification of appropriate pregnancy-associated microRNAs with diagnostic potential. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 89: 185–191.Google Scholar
100. Xu, J, Hu, Z, Xu, Z, et al. Functional variant in microRNA-196a2 contributes to the susceptibility of congenital heart disease in a Chinese population. Hum Mutat 2009; 30: 1231–1236.Google Scholar
101. Tijsen, AJ, Creemers, EE, Moerland, PD, et al. MiR423-5p as a circulating biomarker for heart failure. Circ Res 2010; 106: 1035–1039.Google Scholar
102. Cheng, Y, Tan, N, Yang, J, et al. A translational study of circulating cell-free microRNA-1 in acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119: 87–95.Google Scholar
103. McGregor, RA, Choi, MS. MicroRNAs in the regulation of adipogenesis and obesity. Curr Mol Med 2011; 11: 304–316.Google Scholar
104. Hoekstra, M, van der Lans, CA, Halvorsen, B, et al. The peripheral blood mononuclear cell microRNA signature of coronary artery disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394: 792–797.Google Scholar
105. Fichtlscherer, S, De Rosa, S, Fox, H, et al. Circulating microRNAs in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Res 2010; 107: 677–684.Google Scholar
106. Omran, A, Elimam, D, He, F, Peng, J, Yin, F. Potential role of blood microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of asymptomatic coronary atherosclerosis in obese children with metabolic syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79: 889–893.Google Scholar
107. Fang, J, Song, XW, Tian, J, et al. Overexpression of microRNA-378 attenuates ischemia-induced apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 expression in cardiac myocytes. Apoptosis 2012; 17: 410–423.Google Scholar
108. Davalos, A, Goedeke, L, Smibert, P, et al. miR-33a/b contribute to the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and insulin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108: 9232–9237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109. Esau, C, Davis, S, Murray, SF, et al. miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting. Cell Metab 2006; 3: 87–98.Google Scholar
110. Rosen, ED, MacDougald, OA. Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7: 885–896.Google Scholar
111. Zhou, B, Rao, L, Peng, Y, et al. Common genetic polymorphisms in pre-microRNAs were associated with increased risk of dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411: 1287–1290.Google Scholar
112. Rupp, S, Zeiher, AM, Dimmeler, S, et al. A regenerative strategy for heart failure in hypoplastic left heart syndrome: intracoronary administration of autologous bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29: 574–577.Google Scholar
113. Mishra, R, Vijayan, K, Colletti, EJ, et al. Characterization and functionality of cardiac progenitor cells in congenital heart patients. Circulation 2011; 123: 364–373.Google Scholar
114. Mallanna, SK, Rizzino, A. Emerging roles of micrornas in the control of embryonic stem cells and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Dev Biol 2010; 344: 16–25.Google Scholar
115. Gan, L, Schwengberg, S, Denecke, B. MicroRNA profiling during cardiomyocyte-specific differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells based on two different miR array platforms. PLoS One 2011; 6: e25809.Google Scholar
116. Shekar, PC, Naim, A, Sarathi, DP, Kumar, S. Argonaute-2-null embryonic stem cells are retarded in self-renewal and differentiation. J Biosci 2011; 36: 649–657.Google Scholar
117. Laurent, LC, Chen, J, Ulitsky, I, et al. Comprehensive microRNA profiling reveals a unique human embryonic stem cell signature dominated by a single seed sequence. Stem Cells 2008; 26: 1506–1516.Google Scholar
118. Lakshmipathy, U, Davila, J, Hart, RP. miRNA in pluripotent stem cells. Regen Med 2010; 5: 545–555.Google Scholar
119. Wei, L, Wang, M, Qu, X, et al. Differential expression of microRNAs during allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2012; 12: 1113–1123.Google Scholar
120. Ritner, C, Wong, SS, King, FW, et al. An engineered cardiac reporter cell line identifies human embryonic stem cell-derived myocardial precursors. PLoS One 2011; 6: e16004.Google Scholar
121. Small, EM, Olson, EN. Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology. Nature 2011; 469: 336–342.Google Scholar
122. Evans, SM, Moretti, A, Laugwitz, KL. MicroRNAs in a cardiac loop: progenitor or myocyte? Dev Cell 2010; 19: 787–788.Google Scholar
123. Kane, NM, Howard, L, Descamps, B, et al. Role of microRNAs 99b, 181a, and 181b in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to vascular endothelial cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30: 643–654.Google Scholar
124. Wong, SS, Ritner, C, Ramachandran, S, et al. miR-125b promotes early germ layer specification through lin28/let-7d and preferential differentiation of mesoderm in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7: e36121.Google Scholar
125. Fu, JD, Rushing, SN, Lieu, DK, et al. Distinct roles of microRNA-1 and -499 in ventricular specification and functional maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6: e27417.Google Scholar
126. Hosoda, T, Zheng, H, Cabral-da-Silva, M, et al. Human cardiac stem cell differentiation is regulated by a mircrine mechanism. Circulation 2011; 123: 1287–1296.Google Scholar
127. Hu, S, Huang, M, Nguyen, PK, et al. Novel microRNA prosurvival cocktail for improving engraftment and function of cardiac progenitor cell transplantation. Circulation 2011; 124: S27–S34.Google Scholar