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Parasitism and phenotypic change in colonial hosts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2013

HANNA HARTIKAINEN ,
INÊS FONTES  and
BETH OKAMURA
HANNA HARTIKAINEN*
Affiliation:
Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
INÊS FONTES
Affiliation:
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
BETH OKAMURA
Affiliation:
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK. E-mail: h.hartikainen@nhm.ac.uk
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Summary

Changes in host phenotype are often attributed to manipulation that enables parasites to complete trophic transmission cycles. We characterized changes in host phenotype in a colonial host–endoparasite system that lacks trophic transmission (the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana and myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae). We show that parasitism exerts opposing phenotypic effects at the colony and module levels. Thus, overt infection (the development of infectious spores in the host body cavity) was linked to a reduction in colony size and growth rate, while colony modules exhibited a form of gigantism. Larger modules may support larger parasite sacs and increase metabolite availability to the parasite. Host metabolic rates were lower in overtly infected relative to uninfected hosts that were not investing in propagule production. This suggests a role for direct resource competition and active parasite manipulation (castration) in driving the expression of the infected phenotype. The malformed offspring (statoblasts) of infected colonies had greatly reduced hatching success. Coupled with the severe reduction in statoblast production this suggests that vertical transmission is rare in overtly infected modules. We show that although the parasite can occasionally infect statoblasts during overt infections, no infections were detected in the surviving mature offspring, suggesting that during overt infections, horizontal transmission incurs a trade-off with vertical transmission.

Keywords

host manipulationresource competitionBryozoaMyxozoaFredericella sultanaTetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeovert infectiongigantismmetabolic ratematernal effects
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 140 , Issue 11 , September 2013 , pp. 1403 - 1412
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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