Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T22:07:49.841Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political Transition without Transformation: The Dialectic of Liberalization without Democratization in Kenya and Zambia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Abstract:

The decade from 1990 to 2000 saw a total of seventy-eight top leadership elections involving forty-three of the forty-eight sub-Saharan African countries. Of these, only twenty-one elections led to power transition from an incumbent to an opposition political party in nineteen countries. Paradoxically, even where there was such transition, authoritarian tendencies persisted. Focusing on Kenya and Zambia, this article argues and seeks to demonstrate that the limited number of transitions from an incumbent regime to an opposition party and the persistence of authoritarianism are a function of political liberalization without democratization of political institutions and rules of the political game.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barkan, J. D., et al. 2001. “Designing Better Electoral Systems for Emerging Democracies.” www.uiowa.edu/~elecdis/.Google Scholar
Bratton, M., and Posner, D. N.. 1999. “A First Look at Second Elections in Africa, with Illustrations from Zambia.” In Joseph, R., ed. State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Chikulo, B. C. 2000. “Corruption and Accumulation in Zambia.” In Hope, K. R. and Chikulo, B. C., eds., Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. 1982. Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Donge, J. K. 1995. “Kaunda and Chiluba: Enduring Patterns of Political Culture.” In Wiseman, John, ed., Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Foeken, D., and Dietz, T.. 2000. “Of Ethnicity, Manipulation and Observation: The 1992 and 1997 Elections in Kenya.” In Abbink, J. and Hesseling, G., eds., Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gitonga, A. K. 1987. “The Meaning and Foundations of Democracy.” In Oyugi, W. O. et al., Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa. Nairobi: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Harbeson, J. W. 1999. “Rethinking Democratic Transitions: Lessons from Eastern and Southern Africa.” In Joseph, Richard, ed., State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Hartman, D. 1999. “Kenya.” In Nohlen, D. et al., Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Irungu, G. 2003. “Donors Alarm as Graft Smears Kibaki's Team.” Daily Nation, Nairobi, November 27.Google Scholar
Ihonvbere, J. O. 1996. Economic Crisis, Civil Society, and Democratization: The Case of Zambia. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Kenya Government. 1998. The Constitution of Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. 1998. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Magnusson, B. A. 1999. “Testing Democracy in Benin: Experiments in Institutional Reform.” In Joseph, Richard, ed., State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Mbaku, J. M. 1997. “Effective Constitutional Discourse as an Important First Step to Democratization in Africa.” In Udogu, E. I., ed., Democracy and Democratization in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Mphaisha, C. J. J. 2000. “The State of Democratization in Zambia.” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 38 (3): 131–46.Google Scholar
Mungai, K. 2002. “Distribution of Parliamentary Seat Unfair.” East African Standard, December 25.Google Scholar
Murunga, G. R. 1999. “Urban Violence in Kenya's Transition to Pluralist Politics, 1982–1992.” Africa Development 23 (1 & 2).Google Scholar
Mutiga, M., and Makali, D.. 2005. “Ministers Conspire to Dodge Lad Tax.” The Standard, Nairobi, January 16.Google Scholar
Mutua, M. 2005. “Storm as KCC Tender goes to Ndwiga's Firm.” The Standard, Nairobi, January 18.Google Scholar
Nasong'o, S. W. Forthcoming. “Negotiating New Rules of the Game: Civil Society and the Kenyan Transition.” In Murunga, G. R. and Nasong'o, S. W., eds., Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy. London: Zed Books Google Scholar
Nohlen, D., et al. 1999. Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nyang'oro, J. 1997. “Critical Notes on Political Liberalization in Africa.” In Udogu, E. I., ed., Democracy and Democratization in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Nyong'o, A. 2002. “Hazards of Transition from Authoritarian Governments.” Sunday Nation, Nairobi, March 31.Google Scholar
Ombati, C. 2005. “ Standard Editor Grilled over Story.” The Standard, Nairobi, January 12.Google Scholar
Reynolds, A., and Sisk, Timothy C.. 1998. “Elections and Electoral Systems: Implications for Conflict Management.” In Sisk, T. C. and Reynolds, A., eds., Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Vengroff, R., and Kone, M.. 1995. “Mali: Democracy and Political Change.” In Wiseman, John A., ed., Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Venter, D. 1995. “Malawi: The Transition to Multiparty Politics.” In Wiseman, John A., ed., Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
van de Walle, N. 2003. “Presidentialism and Clientilism in Africa's Emerging Party Systems.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (2): 297321.Google Scholar
van Dijk, R. 2000. “Secret Worlds, Democratization and Election Observation in Malawi.” In Abbink, J. and Hesseling, G., eds., Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. London: Macmillan Press.Google Scholar
Wiseman, J. A. 1995. “The Movement Towards Democracy: Global, Continental, and State Perspectives.” In Wiseman, John A., ed., Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar