Livingston Armytage has news for the international aid community, most of it bad. Through extensive analysis, he confirms a chorus of critics who find little to show for hundreds of millions of dollars spent on judicial reform over the past two decades. He does not conclude that we have necessarily failed in our endeavors - although this does seem likely - but rather that we simply do not know if we are successful. Drawing on his insider experience as a reformer and reform evaluator, he suggests three reasons for this confusion: (1) we don't know what we're doing, both as a matter of goals and performance; (2) we don't know how to measure what we're doing; and (3) we usually don't bother to measure anyway, so we can't know what we're doing.