Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T14:55:04.934Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Heat stress in poultry and the beneficial effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation during periods of heat stress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 February 2013

Z. ABIDIN  and
A. KHATOON
Z. ABIDIN*
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Institute, Zarrar Shaheed Road, Lahore Cantt, Pakistan
A. KHATOON
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author: ranazain848@yahoo.com
Get access

Abstract

Pakistan is an agro-livestock based economy with a poultry share of 55% of the total agricultural GDP (21%). The environment in Pakistan remains hot and humid during July to August, which renders the survival of poultry critical during these months, as birds are more susceptible to changing environments than other domestic animals. Heat stress is a combination of high environmental temperature and humidity, hindering proper thermoregulatory processes. It diminishes immunity, feed intake, weight gain, egg production, number of chicks per hen, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg and carcass quality, mineral balance, and increases panting and mortality and affects semen quality and fertility in male birds. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), a white crystalline compound (also known as L-ascorbic acid) is primarily synthesised in the chicken by the kidneys, however, during heat stress, endogenous ascorbic acid becomes insufficient to meet the bird's requirements. Vitamin C ameliorates heat stress induced problems such as poor immunity, feed intake, weight gain, oxidative stress, rectal and body temperature, fertility and semen quality, carcass weight and mortality in birds.

Keywords

heat stressascorbic acidvitamin C supplementationoxidative stressameliorationlipid peroxidationantioxidantinfertilitycorticosterone
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 69 , Issue 1 , March 2013 , pp. 135 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABIDIN, Z. (2011) Ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and vitamin E upon toxico-pathological alterations induced by ochratoxicosis in white Leg-horn cockerels. M. Phil Thesis, Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.Google Scholar
AENGWABICH, W., SRIDAMA, P., PHASUK, Y., VONGPRALAB, T., PAKDEE, P., KATAWATIN, S. and SIMARAKS, S. (2003) Effects of ascorbic acid on cell mediated, humoral immune response and pathophysiology of white blood cell in broiler under heat stress. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 25: 297-305.Google Scholar
AHMAD, M.M., MORENG, R.E. and MULLER, H.D. (1967) Breed responses in body temperature to elevated environmental temperature and ascorbic acid. Poultry Science 46: 6-15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AL-FATAFTAH, A.A. (1987) Effects of high environmental temperature on broiler Performance (Review). Journal of Dirasat 14: 177-191.Google Scholar
AL-FATAFTAH, A.R.A. and ABU-DIEYEH, Z.H.M. (2007) Effect of chronic heat stress on broiler performance in Jordan. International Journal of Poultry Science 6: 64-70.Google Scholar
AL-GHAMDI, Z.H. (2008) Effects of commutative heat stress on immunoresponses in broiler chickens reared in closed system. International Journal of Poultry Science 7: 964-968.Google Scholar
ALLSHEIHOV, A.M. (1980) The effect of different amounts of ascorbic acid on growth and accumulation of vitamin C in the tissue of chickens. Journal of Nutrition 15: 471-473.Google Scholar
ALTAN, O., ALTAN, A., CABUK, M. and BAYRAKTAR, H. (2000) Effect of heat stress on some blood parameter in broilers. Turk Veternerlik Ve Hayvancilik Dergisi 24: 145-148.Google Scholar
ANONYMOUS, (2010) Agriculture. Chapter 2. in: Pakistan Economic Survey. Government of Pakistan Finance Division Economic Adviser, Wing Islamabad, pp: 15-33.Google Scholar
ARJONA, A.A., DENBOW, D.M. and MEAVER, W.D. (1988) Effect of heat stress early in life on mortality of broilers exposed to high environmental temperature just prior to marketing. Poultry Science 67: 226-231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ATTIA, M. (1976) Effect of different levels of vitamin C on body temperature of White Russian birds during heat stress. Egyptian Veterinary Medical Journal 24: 25.Google Scholar
AYO, J.O., OLADELE, S.B. and FAYOMI, A. (1996) Effect of heat stress on livestock production: A review. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 1: 58-68.Google Scholar
BAINS, B.S. (1996) The role of Vitamin C in stress management. World Poultry 12: 38-41.Google Scholar
BELL, J.D. and FREEMAN, M.B. (1971) Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic fowl. Volume 2, Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
BLAHA, J. and KROESNA, K. (1997) Effect of vitamin and electrolytes supplements on broilers' performance, slaughter value and chemical composition of meat during the heat stress. Universitas Agriculturäe Praga Press, pp 103-113.Google Scholar
BLAHA, J., DRASLAROYA, J. and KROESNA, K. (2000) The effect of vitamin and electrolyte supplements on broiler performance under heat stress. Agricultra Tropica et Subtropica 33: 52-58.Google Scholar
BLALOCK, J.E. and SMITH, E.M. (1985) A complete regulatory loop between the immune and neuroendocrine systems Federal Procedure 44: 108-111.Google ScholarPubMed
BOLLENGIER-LEE, S., MITCHELL, M.A., UTOMO, D.B., WILLIAMS, P.E.V. and WHITEHEAD, C.C. (1998) Influence of High Dietary vitamin E supplementation on egg production and plasma characteristics in hens subjected to heat stress. British Poultry Science 39: 106-112.Google ScholarPubMed
BOLLENGIER-LEE, S., WILLIAMS, P.E.V. and WHITEHEAD C.C., (1999) Optimal dietary concentration of vitamin E for alleviating the effect of heat stress on egg production in laying hens. British Poultry Science 40: 102-107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BONNET, S., GERAERT, P.A., LESSIRE, M., CARRE, M.B. and GUILLAUMIN, S. (1997) Effect of high ambient temperature on feed digestibility in broilers. Poultry Science 76: 857-863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BOONE, M.A. and HUSTON, T.M. (1963) Effects of high temperature on semen production and fertility in the domestic fowl. Poultry Science 42: 670-676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BORGES, S.A., ARIKI, J., MARTINS, C.L. and DE MORAES, V.B.M. (1999) Potassium chloride supplementation in heat stress broilers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecna 28: 313-319.Google Scholar
BOTTIE, W.G. and HARRISON, P.C. (1987) Celiac cyclic blood flow pattern response to feeding and heat exposure. Poultry Science 66: 2039-2042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAHANER, A., PINCHASOV, Y. and NIR, I. (1995) Effect of dietary protein under high ambient temperature on body weight, breast meat yield and abdominal fat deposition of broiler stocks differing in growth rate and fatness. Poultry Science 74: 968-975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CARD, L.D. and NESHEIM, M.C. (1972) In: Poultry Production, L.E. CARD, LEA & FEBIGER (Eds), Philadelphia.Google Scholar
CARMEN, A., FRANCE, M., MACLEOD, G. and JULIE, E. (1991) Alleviation of acute heat stress by food withdrawal or darkness. British Poultry Science 32: 219-225.Google Scholar
CERNIGLIA, G., KOONCE, K.L. and WALTS, A.B. (1978) Effect of ambient temperature on broilers Louisiana agriculture. Poultry Science 21: 14-15.Google Scholar
CERNIGLIA, J.A., HEBERT, J. and WATTS, A.B. (1983) Effect of constant ambient temperature and ration on the performance of sexed broilers. Poultry Science 62: 746-754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHANG, K.C., CHONG, W.S., SOHN, D., KWON, B.H., LEE, I.J., KIM, C.T., YANG, J.S. and JOO, J.I. (1993) Endothelial potentiation of relaxation response to ascorbic acid in rat and guinea pig thoracic aorta. Life Sciences 52: 37-42.Google ScholarPubMed
CHARLES, D.R. and SPENCER, P.G. (1976) in: The climatic environment of poultry houses bull. 212 London. H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
CHARLES, D.R. (1980) Environment for poultry. Veterinary Record 106: 307-309.Google ScholarPubMed
CHEN, L.H. (1981) An increase in vitamin E requirement induced by high supplementation of vitamin C in rats. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34: 1036-1041.Google ScholarPubMed
CHENG T.K., COON C.N. and HAMRE, M.L. (1990) Effect of environmental stress on the ascorbic acid requirement of laying hens. Poultry Science 69: 774-780.Google ScholarPubMed
CIFTCI, M., NIHAT ERTAS, O. and GULER, T. (2005) Effects of vitamin E and vitamin C dietary supplementation on egg production and egg quality of laying hens exposed to a chronic heat stress. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 156: 107-111.Google Scholar
CLARK, C.E. and SARAKOON, K. (1967) Influence of ambient temperature on reproductive traits of male and female chickens. Poultry Science 46: 1093-1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAGHIR, N.J. (1995) Nutrient requirements of poultry at high temperature, in: Poultry production in hot climate, CAB International, UK pp. 101-125.Google Scholar
DALE, N.M. and FULLER, H.L. (1980) Effect of diet composition on feed intake and growth of chicks under heat stress. II. Constant VS. cycling temperature. Poultry Science 59: 1434-1441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAVID, E.P. and BRAKE, J. (1985) Relationship of Dietary Ascorbic Acid to Broiler Breeder Performance. Poultry Science 64: 2041-2048.Google Scholar
DEATON, J.W., REECE, F.N. and VARDAMAN, T.H. (1968) The effect of temperature and density on broiler performance. Poultry Science 47: 293-300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DEATON, J.W., REECE, F.N. and LOTT, B.D. (1984) Effect of differing temperature cycles on broiler performance. Poultry Science 63: 612-615.Google ScholarPubMed
DEMIR, E., OZTURKCAN, O., GORGULU, M., KUTLU, H.R. and OKAN, F. (1995) Sicak kosullarda yumurta tavugu rasyonlarina eklenen vitamin A ve Cnin yumurta ozelliklerine etkileri. Journal of Agricultural Faculty Cukurova University 10: 123-132.Google Scholar
DOAN, B.H. (2000) Effect of different level of dietary calcium and supplemental vitamin C on growth, survivability, leg abnormalities, total ash in the tibia, serum calcium and phosphorous in 0-4 week-old chicks under tropical conditions, Livestock research for Rural Development, CIPAV Publication, Colombia,12(1).Google Scholar
DOBRESCU, O. (1987) Vitamin C addition to breeder diets increase turkey semen production. Feedstuffs 59: 18.Google Scholar
DONKER, R.A., NIEUWLAND, M.G. and VAN DER ZIJPP, A.J. (1990) Heat-stress influences on antibody production in chicken lines selected for high and low immune responsiveness. Poultry Science 69: 599-607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DONKOH, A. (1989) Ambient temperature: a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens. International Journal of Biometeorology 33: 259-265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EL HUSSEINY, O. and CREGER, C.R. (1981) Effect of ambient temperature on mineral retention and balance of the broiler chicks. Poultry Science 60: 1651.Google Scholar
EL-BOUSHY, A.R., SIMONS, P.C.M. and WIERTZ, G. (1968) Structure and ultrastructure of the hen's egg shell as influenced by environmental temperature, humidity and vitamin C additions. Poultry Science 47: 456-467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EMERY, J. (2004) Heat stress in poultry-Solving the problem. Defra publications (ADAS). www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/pb10543-heat-stress-050330.pdf.Google Scholar
EMMANS, G.C. and CHARLES, D.R. (1989) Climatic environment and poultry feeding in practice. 1st Edition. Ancher Press Ltd, Essex., pp. 212-222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FARRELL, D.J. and SWAIN, S. (1978) Effects of temperature treatments on the Energy and nitrogen metabolism of fed chickens. British Poultry Science 18: 735-748.Google Scholar
FERKET, P.R. and QURESHI, M.A. (1992) Performance and immunity of heat-stressed broilers fed vitamin and electrolyte supplemented drinking water. Poultry Science 71: 88-97.Google ScholarPubMed
FLETCHER, D.L. and CASON, J.A. (1991) Influence of ascorbic acid on broiler shrink and processing yields. Poultry Science 70: 2191-2196.Google Scholar
FREEMAN, B.M. (1986) Depletion of ascorbic acid from the adrenal of the intact embryo of Gallous Domestics by adrenocorticotrophic hormone on histamine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 24: 905-1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FRY, S.C. (1998) Oxidative scission of plant cell wall polysaccharides by ascorbic-induced free radicals. Biochemical Journal 332: 507-515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FUQUAY, W.J. (1981) Heat stress as it affects animal production. Journal of Animal Science 52: 280-283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GEY, K.F. (1998) Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health. BioFactors 7: 113-174.Google Scholar
GIANG, V.D. and DOAN, B.H. (1998) Effect of Vitamin C supplementation on the absorption of a diet for 0-4 week old chicks on the absorption of calcium and phosphorous, in: Livestock research for Rural Development, CIPAV Publication, Colombia, 10(2).Google Scholar
GIETEMA, B. (1996) Chicken farming, in: Chapter 4, Management of chicken flocks, (Book 1), STOAS Publisher, Wageningen City, Netherland, pp: 35-50.Google Scholar
GONZALEZ, V.A.D., CONTRERAS, B.P.A., KLEIN, R. and BOHMWALD, H. (1995) Effect of vitamin C and E supplementation in the diet of broiler chicks on performance and immune response. Veterinaria 26: 333-340.Google Scholar
GRAY, D., BUTCHER, D.V. and RICHARD, M. (2003) Heat stress management in broilers, Veterinary Medicine-large Animal Clinical Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/vm019.Google Scholar
GROSS, W.B. (1988) Effect of ascorbic acid on the mortality of longhorn type chickens due to overheating. Avian Diseases 32: 561-562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GROSS, W.B. (1992) Effect of short-term exposure of chickens to corticosterome on resistance to challenge exposure with Escherichia coli and antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 291-293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GROSS, W.B., SIEGEL, P.B. and DUBOSE, R.T. (1980) Some effects of feeding corticosterone to chickens. Poultry Science 59: 516-522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HACINA, A.B., GERAERT, P.A., PADILHA, J.C. and SOLANAGE, G. (1996) Chronic heat exposure enhances fat deposition and modifies muscle and fat partition in broiler carcasses. Poultry Science 75: 505-513.Google Scholar
HALLIWELL, B. and GUTTERIDGE, J.M.C. (1989) Lipid Peroxidation: A radical chain reaction. in: Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. (2nd Eds). Oxford University Press, New York, NY., pp. 188-218.Google Scholar
HAR, L., RONG, D. and ZHANG, Z.A. (2000) The effect of thermal environment on the digestion of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 83: 75-61.Google Scholar
HARRIS, G.C., DODGEN, W.H. and NELSON, G.S. (1977) Effects of diurnal cyclic growing temperatures on broiler performance. Poultry Science 53: 2204-2208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HARRIS, W.P., HARDEN, T.E. and DAWSON, E.B. (1974) Effect of ascorbic acid medication on semen metal levels. Fertility and Sterility 32: 455-459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HARRISON, P.C. and BIELLER, H.V. (1969) Physiological response of domestic fowl to abrupt changes in the ambient temperature. Poultry Science 48: 1034-1045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HELLER, E.D., NATHAN, D.B. and PEREK, M. (1979) Short heat stress as an immunostimulant in chicks. Avian Pathology 8: 195-203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HOFFMAN, E. and GWIN, J.M. (1954) Successful Broiler Growing. MORRIS, M. (Ed.), Watt Publishing Co.Google Scholar
HOWLIDER, M.A.R. and ROSE, S.P. (1987) Temperature and the growth of broilers. World's Poultry Science Journal 43: 228-237.Google Scholar
HOWLIDER, M.A.R. and ROSE, S.P. (1989) Rearing temperature and the meat yield of broilers. British Poultry Science 30: 61-67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HURWITZ, S., WEISELBERG, M., EISNER, U., BARTOV, I., REISENFELD, G., SHARVIT, M., NIV, A. and BORNSTEIN, S. (1980) The energy requirements and performance on growing chickens and turkeys as affected by environmental temperature. Poultry Science 59: 2290-2299.Google Scholar
JAFFAR, G.H. and BLAHA, J. (1996) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation in drinking water on growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of broiler chickens maintained under acute heat stress conditions. Universitas Agriculturae Praga Press 41: 485-490.Google Scholar
JOSHI, P.C., PANDA, B. and JOSHI, B.C. (1980) Effect of ambient temperature on semen characteristics of White Leghorn male chickens. Indian Veterinary Journal 57: 52-56.Google Scholar
JUNGCK, E.C., MADDOCK, W.D. and BROGEN, J.B. (1947) Blood vitamin A, C, and E in seminal fluid; vitamin C in human male sterility. Federal Procedure 6: 139.Google Scholar
KADIM, L.T., AI-QAMSHUI, B.H.A., MAHGOUB, O., AI-MARZOOQI, W. and JOHNSON, E.H. (2008) Effect of seasonal temperatures and ascorbic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chickens maintained in closed and open-sided houses. International Journal of Poultry Science 7: 655-660.Google Scholar
KAFRI, I. and CHERRY, J.A. (1984) Supplemental ascorbic acid and heat stress in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 63: 125.Google Scholar
KARACA, A.G., PARKER, H.M. and MCDANIEL, C.D. (2002) Elevated body temperature directly contributes to heat stress infertility of broiler breeder males. Poultry Science 81: 1892-1897.Google ScholarPubMed
KEIRS, B. (1982) Summer heat loss of fertility in hatching eggs. Poultry Digest 41: 352-355.Google Scholar
KELLEY, K.W. (1983) Immunobiology of domestic animal as affected by hot and cold weather. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 26: 834-840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KESHAVARZ, K. and FULLER, H.L. (1980) The influence of widely fluctuating temperatures on heat production and energetic efficiency of broilers. Poultry Science 59: 2121-2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KLASING, K.C. (1998) Comparative avian nutrition, Cambridge university press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 277-299.Google Scholar
KUTLU, H.R. and FORBES, J.M. (1993) Changes in growth and blood parameters in heat-stressed broiler chicks in response to dietary ascorbic acid. Livestock Production Science 36: 335-350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KUTSKY, J.R. (1922) Ascorbic acid, in: ROMAN, J.K. (Ed.) Handbook of vitamins and hormones, pp. 71-78 (Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York).Google Scholar
LEBMAN, D.A. and COFFMAN, R.L. (1988) Interleukin 4 causes isotype switching to IgE in T cell-stimulated clonal B cell cultures. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 168: 853-862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEWIS, S.E., STERLING, E.S., YOUNG, I.S. and THOMPSON, W. (1997) Comparison of individual antioxidants in sperm and seminal plasma in fertile and infertile men. Fertility and Sterility 67: 142-147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LYLE, G.L. and MORENG, R.E. (1968) Elevated environmental temperature and duration of post exposure to ascorbic acid administration. Poultry Science 47: 410-417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MARRON, L., BEDFORD, M.R. and MCCRACKEN, K.J. (2001) The effects of adding xylanase, vitamin C and copper sulphate to wheat-based diets on broiler performance. British Poultry Science 42: 493-500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MARSHALL, P.T. and HUGHES, G.M. (1980) Physiology of mammals and other vertebrates, in: The endocrine system, Chapter 11 Cambridge University Press, USA, pp. 277-300.Google Scholar
MASHALY, M.M., HENDRICKS, G.L., KALAMA, M.A., GEHAD, A.E., ABBAS, A.O. and PATTERSON, P.H. (2004) Effect of heat stress on production parameters and immune responses of commercial laying hens. Poultry Science 83: 889-894.Google ScholarPubMed
MAY, J.D. and LOTT, B.D. (1992) Feed and water consumption of broilers at high environmental temperatures. Poultry Science 71: 331-336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MCDANIEL, C.D., BRAMWELL, R.K., WILSON, J.L. and HOWARTH, J.B. (1995) Fertility of male and female broiler breeders following exposure to an elevated environmental temperature. Poultry Science 74: 1029-1038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MCDANIEL, C.D., HOOD, J.E. and PARKER, H.M. (2004) An attempt at alleviating heat stress infertility in male broiler breeder chickens with dietary ascorbic acid. Internal Journal of Poultry Science 3: 593-602.Google Scholar
MCDANIEL, C.D., BRAMWELL, R.K. and HOWARTH, J.B. (1996) The male contribution to broiler breeder heat induced infertility as determined by sperm-egg penetration and sperm storage within the hen's oviduct. Poultry Science 75: 1546-1554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MCDOWELL, L.R. (1989) Vitamin C, A and E, in: Vitamins in Animal Nutrition: comparative aspects to human nutrition, Academic Press Inc. San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, and Toronto.Google Scholar
MCKEE, J.S. and HARRISON, P.C. (1995) Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the performance of broiler chickens exposed to multiple concurrent stressors. Poultry Science 74: 1772-1785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MCKEE, J.S., HARRISON, P.C. and RISKOWSKI, G.L. (1997) Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the energy conversion of broiler chicks during heat stress and feed withdrawal. Poultry Science 76: 1278-1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MEHMET, A.V., MUGDAT, C.I., YERTU, R.K. and OKTAG, K. (2004) Effect of ascorbic acid on the performance and some blood parameters of Japanese quails reared under hot climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29: 829-833.Google Scholar
MELTZER, A. (1983) Body temperature and growth rate of chicken. Poultry Science 24: 480-495.Google Scholar
MILLS, L.J., MITCHELL, M.A. and MAHON, M. (1999) Comparison of thermoregulatory ability in fast and slow growing strains of turkey during acute heat stress British Poultry Science 40: 51-52.Google ScholarPubMed
MITCHELL, M.A. and KETTLEWELL, P.J. (1998) Physiological stress and welfare of broiler chickens in transit: solutions not problems. Poultry Science 77: 1803-1814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MOGENET, L.Y. and YOUBICIER-SIMO, B.J. (1998) Determination of reliable biochemical parameters of heat stress and application to the evaluation of medications: example of erythromycin E. Proceedings of 10th European Poultry Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 538-541.Google Scholar
MOUDGAL, R.P., RAZDAN, M.N., KAJAL, S. and SINGHAL, S.P. (1985) Effect of ascorbic acid and adrenergic receptor blockers on adrenalin induced in vitro follicular atresia in white leghorn hens. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 23: 343-350.Google ScholarPubMed
MUIRURI, H.K. and HARRISON, P.C. (1991) Effect of roost temperature on performance of chickens in hot ambient environment. Poultry Science 70: 2253-2258.Google Scholar
MUIRURI, H.K. (1989) Conductive cooling and the metabolism of chicken hens in hot environment, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois State.Google Scholar
NRC, (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry National Academy Press. Washington, DC. Ninth Revised Edition, pp. 19-34.Google Scholar
NASEEM, S.M., ANWAR, Y.B., GHAFOOR, A., ASLAM, A. and AKHTER, S. (2005) Effect of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chicks exposed to heat stress. International Journal of Poultry Sciences 4: 900-904.Google Scholar
NJOKU P.C., and NWAZOTA, A.O.U. (1989) Effect of dietary inclusion of ascorbic acid and palm oil on the performance of laying hens in a hot tropical environment. British Poultry Science 30: 831-840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NJOKU, P.C. (1984) The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on broiler performance in a tropical environment. Poultry Science 63: 156 (Abstract).Google Scholar
NJOKU, P.C. (1986) Effect of dietary ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Animal Feed Science and Technology 16: 17-24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NJOYA, J. (1995) Effect of diet and natural variations in climates on the performance of laying hens. British Poultry Science 36: 537-554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NOCKELS, C.F. (1984) Effects of ascorbic acid on chicken metabolism. in: WEGGER, I., TAGWERKER, F.J. & MOUSTGAARD, J. (Eds) Proc. Ascorbic Acid in Domestic Animals, Royal Danish Agri. Soc. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
NOLAN, J., HINCH, G., TWAITES, J. and WALKDEN-BROWN, S. (1999) Constrains to animal production, Chapter 2: Climatic constrains, Lecturer Paper 12, Animal Science Group Publisher, Australia.Google Scholar
NORTH, M.O. and BELL, D.D. (1990) Commercial Chicken Production Manual. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA pp. 250-258.Google Scholar
OBALDISTON, G.W. and SAINSBURY, D.W.B. (1963) Control of the environment in poultry houses, in: The principle of practice. Part 1, Veterinary record.Google Scholar
ORBAN, J.I., ROLAND, D.A., CUMMINS, K. and LOVELL, R.T. (1993) Influence of large doses of ascorbic acid on performance, plasma calcium, bone characteristics and eggshell quality in Broiler and leghorn hens. Poultry Science 72: 691-700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OZKAN, S., AKBAS, Y., ALTAN, O., ALTAN, A., AYHAN, V. and OZKAN, K. (2003) The effect of short-term fasting on performance traits and rectal temperature of broilers during the summer season. British Poultry Science 44: 88-95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PARDUE, S.L. and THAXTON, J.P. (1984) , Evidence of amelioration of steroid-mediated immunosuppression by ascorbic acid. Poultry Science 63: 1262-1268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PARDUE, S.L., THAXTON, J.P. and BRAKE, J. (1985a) Role of ascorbic acid in chicks exposed to high environmental temperature. Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 1511-1516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PARDUE, S.L. and THAXTON, J.P. (1986) Ascorbic acid in poultry: A review. World's Poultry Science Journal 42: 107-123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARDUE, S.L., THAXTON, J.P. and BRAKE, J. (1985b) Influence of supplemental ascorbic acid on broiler performance following exposure to high environmental temperature. Poultry Science 64: 1334-1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PARKER, J.E. and MCSPADDEN, B.J. (1943) Seasonal variation in semen production in domestic fowl. Poultry Science 22: 142-147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PAYNE, C.G. (1966) Environmental Temperature and Egg Production, in: HORTON-SMITH, C. & AMBROSE, E.C. (Eds) Physiology of Domestic Fowl, pp. 235-241 (Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, Scotland and London, Eng).Google Scholar
PAYNE, W.J.A. and WILSON, R.T. (1999) An introduction to animal husbandry in the tropic, Chapter 1: The effect of climate, Black-Well Science Publisher, UK, pp. 3-24.Google Scholar
PEEBLES, E.D. and BRAKE, J. (1985) Relationship of dietary ascorbic acid to broiler breeder performance. Poultry Science 64: 2041-2048.Google Scholar
PURON, D., SANTAMARIA, P. and SEGURA, J. C. (1994) Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate, Acetylsalicylic and Ascorbic acid on broiler performance in a tropical environment. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3: 141-145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
QUARLES, C.L. and ADRIAN, W.J. (1989) Evaluation of ascorbic acid for increasing carcass yield in broiler chickens. in: The role of vitamin C for poultrystress management. HOFFMANN., F., LAROCHE and Co. AG., Switzerland.Google Scholar
RAJA, A.Q. and QURESHI, A. (2000) Effectiveness of supplementation of vitamin C in broiler feeds in hot season. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 20:100.Google Scholar
REECE, F.N. and LOTT, B.D. (1983) The Effects of temperature and age on body weight and feed efficiency of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 62: 1906-1908.Google ScholarPubMed
REGNIER, J.A., KELLEY, K.W. and GASKINS, C.T. (1980) Acute thermal stressors and synthesis of antibodies in chickens. Poultry Science 59: 985-990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RICHARD, J.J. (1998) Physiological management and environmental triggers of the ascites syndrome. Poultry International: Asia Pacific Edition 37: 28-33.Google Scholar
RICHARDS, M.P. (1997) Trace mineral metabolism in the avian embryo. Poultry Science 76: 152-164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ROY, R.N. and GUHA, B. (1958) Species differences in regard to Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid. Nature 182: 319-320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SABAH ELKHEIR, M.K., MOHAMMED AHMED, M.M. and ABDEL GADIR, S.M. (2008) Effect of feed restriction and ascorbic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chicks reared under heat stress. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 3: 1-8.Google Scholar
SAHIN, K. and KUCUK, O. (2001) Effects of vitamin E and selenium on performance, digestibility of nutrients and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails reared under heat stress (34C). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 85: 342-348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAHIN, K. and KUCUK, O. (2003) . Heat stress and dietary vitamin supplementation of poultry diets. Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, 23119: 37.Google Scholar
SAHIN, K., KUCUK, O., SAHIN, N. and GURSU, M.F. (2002) Optimal dietary concentration of vitamin E for alleviating the effect of heat stress on performance, thyroid status, ACTH and some serum metabolite and mineral concentrations in broilers. Veterinarni Medicina 47: 110-116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAVIC, V., MIKEC, M., PAVICIC, P. and TISIJAR, M. (1993) Effect of repeated heat stress on the humoral immune response and productivity of broiler chicks. Veterinarska Stanica 24: 195-202.Google Scholar
SAYED, A.N. and SHOEIB, H. (1996) A rapid two weeks evaluation of vitamin C and B-complex and sodium chloride for heat stressed broilers. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 34: 37-42.Google Scholar
SCHEMLING, S.K. and NOCKELS, C.F. (1978) Effect of age, sex and ascorbic acid ingestion on chicken plasma corticosterone levels. Poultry Science 57: 527-533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SEEHAWER, K.E. (2001) Significance and application of ascorbic acid in poultry. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 65: 106-113.Google Scholar
SHEILA, K.S. and CHERYL, F.N. (1978) Effect of age, sex and ascorbic acid ingestion on chicken plasma corticosterone levels. Poultry Science 57: 527-533.Google Scholar
SIEGEL, H.S. (1995) Stress, strains and resistance. British Poultry Science 36: 3-22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SIEGEL, H.S. (1971) Adrenals, stress and the environment. World's Poultry Science Journal 7: 327-349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SIMMONS, J.D. and DEATON, J.W. (1989) Evaporative cooling for increased production of large broiler chickens. Poultry Science 68: 839-841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SMITH, M.O. (1993) Parts yield of broilers reared under cycling high temperature. Poultry Science 72: 1146-1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SUK, Y.O. and WASHBURN, K.W. (1995) Effects of environment on growth, efficiency of feed utilization, carcass fatness and their association. Poultry Science 74: 285-296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SUMMERS, J.D., SPRAT, D. and ATKINSON, J.L. (1990) Restricted feeding and compensatory growth for broilers. Poultry Science 69: 1855-1861.Google Scholar
SYKES, A.H. (1977) Nutrition-environment interaction in poultry, in: Nutrition and the Climatic Environment, Butterworth Group, Nottingham, UK, pp. 17-31.Google Scholar
SYKES, A.H. (1978) Vitamin C for Poultry; some recent research. Roche Symposium, 5-15.Google Scholar
SZENT, G. and GYORGI, A. (1928) Ascorbic acid, in: SEBREL W.H. & HARRIS, R.S. (Eds) Vitamins vol. 11, pp. 306-501 (Academic Press, London).Google Scholar
TEETER, R.G., SMITH, M.O. and WIERNUSZ, C.J. (1992) Broiler acclimation to heat distress and feed intake effects on body temperature in birds exposed to thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures. Poultry Science 71: 1101-1104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TEMIM, S., CHAGNEAU, A., PERESSON, M. and TESSERAUD, S. (2000) Chronic heat exposure alters protein turnover of three different skeletal muscles in finishing broiler chickens Fed 20 or 25% protein diets. Journal of Nutrition 130: 813-819..Google ScholarPubMed
THORNTON, P.A. (1961) Increased environmental temperature influences on ascorbic acid. Federal Procedure 20: 210.Google Scholar
TUEKAM, T.D., MILES, R.D. and BUTCHER, G.D. (1994) Performance and humoral immune response in heat stressed broilers fed on ascorbic acid supplemented diet. Journal of Applied Animal Research 6: 121-130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VAN KAMPEN, M. (1981) Thermal influences on Poultry, in: CLARK, J.A. (Ed.) Environmental Aspects of Housing for Animal Production (Butterworths, London, England).Google Scholar
VATHANA, S., KANG, K., LOAN, C.P., THINGGAARD, G., KABASA, J.D. and MEULEN, U.T. (2002) Effect of vitamin c supplementation on performance of broiler chickens in Cambodia. Conference on International agricultural research for development Witzenhausen, October 9-11 Deutscher Tropentag.Google Scholar
WANG, S., XU, W. and CAO, Q. (2001) The influence of stress inhibition on the plasma levels of LPS, pro-inflammatory and Th-1/Th-2 cytolines in severely scalded rats. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 17: 177-180.Google Scholar
WARREN, D.C. and SCHNEPEL, R.L. (1940) The effect of air temperature on egg shell thickness in the fowl. Poultry Science 19: 67-72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WEBSTER, A.J.F. (1983) Nutrition and the thermal environment in nutritional physiology of farm animals, in: ROOK, J.A.F. & THOMAS, P.C. (Ed.) pp. 639-669 (New York, Longman).Google Scholar
WHITEHEAD, C.C. and KELLER, T. (2003) An update on ascorbic acid in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 59: 161-184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WITHERS, P.C. (1992) Animal Energetics, in: Comparative animal physiology. Saunders college publishing, New York, NY pp. 108.Google Scholar
YAHAV, S., STRASCHNOW, A., PLAVNIK, I. and HURWITZ, S. (1996) Effects of diurnal cycling versus constant temperatures on chicken growth and food intake. British Poultry Science 37: 43-54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YALCIN, S., SETTAR, P., OZKAN, S. and CAHANER, A. (1997) Comparative evaluation of three commercial broiler stocks in hot versus temperate climates. Poultry Science 76: 921-929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZULKIFI, I., NORMA, M.T., ISRAF, D.A. and OMAR, A.R. (2000) The effect of early age feed restriction on subsequent response to high environmental temperatures in female broiler chickens. Poultry Science 79: 1401-1407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ZULKIFIELI, I., DUNNINGTON, E.A., GROSS, W.B. and SIEGEL, P.B. (1994) Food restriction early or later in life and its effect on adaptability, disease resistance and immunocompetence of heat-stressed dwarf and non-dwarf chickens. British Poultry Science 35: 203-213.Google Scholar