Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T23:15:56.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Galaxies on Sub-Galactic Scales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2013

Helmut Jerjen
Affiliation:
Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University, Mt. Stromlo Observatory, Weston, ACT 2611,Australia. Email: jerjen@mso.anu.edu.au
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has been immensely successful in detecting new Milky Way satellite galaxies over the past seven years. It was instrumental in finding examples of the least luminous galaxies we know in the Universe, uncovering apparent inconsistencies between cold dark matter theory and dwarf galaxy properties, providing first evidence for a possible lower mass limit for dark matter halos in visible galaxies, and reopening the discussion about the building block scenario for the Milky Way halo. Nonetheless, these results are still drawn only from a relatively small number of galaxies distributed over an area covering about 29% of the sky, which leaves us currently with more questions than answers. The study of these extreme stellar systems is a multi-parameter problem: ages, metallicities, star formation histories, dark matter contents, population fractions and spatial distributions must be determined. Progress in the field is discussed and attention drawn to some of the limitations that currently hamper our ability to fully understand the phenomenon of the ‘ultra-faint dwarf galaxy’. In this context, the Stromlo Milky Way Satellite Survey represents a new initiative to systematically search and scrutinize optically elusive Milky Way satellite galaxies in the Southern hemisphere. In doing so, the program aims at investigating some of the challenging questions in stellar evolution, galaxy formation and near-field cosmology.

Type
Research Front: 1. Missing Satellites
Copyright
Copyright © Astronomical Society of Australia 2012

References

Aaronson, M., 1983, ApJL, 266, L11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adén, D., Wilkinson, M. I., Read, J. I., Feltzing, S., Koch, A., Gilmore, G. F., Grebel, E. K. & Lundstrom, I., 2009, ApJL, 706, L150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aparicio, A., Carrera, R. & Martínez-Delgado, D., 2001, AJ, 122, 2524CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armandroff, T. E. & Da Costa, G. S., 1986, AJ, 92, 777CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, A. & Jog, C. J., 2011, ApJL, 732, L8+CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellazzini, M., Ibata, R. A., Chapman, S. C., Mackey, A. D., Monaco, L., Irwin, M. J., Martin, N. F., Lewis, G. F. & Dalessandro, E., 2008, AJ, 136, 1147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belokurov, V., Evans, N.W., Irwin, M.J., Lynden-Bell, D., Yanny, B., Vidrih, S., Gilmore, G., Seabroke, G., Zucker, D. B., Wilkinson, M. I., Hewett, P. C., Bramich, D. M., Fellhauer, M., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Beers, T. C., Bell, E. F., Barentine, J. C., Brinkmann, J., Cole, N., Pan, K. & York, D. G., 2007a, ApJ, 658, 337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belokurov, V., Walker, M. G., Evans, N.W., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J., Just, D., Koposov, S., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E., Watkins, L. & Wyrzykowski, L., 2010, ApJL, 712, L103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belokurov, V., Walker, M. G., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J., Mateo, M., Mayer, L., Olszewski, E., Bechtold, J. & Pickering, T., 2009, MNRAS, 397, 1748Google Scholar
Belokurov, V., Zucker, D. B., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G., Vidrih, S., Bramich, D. M., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Irwin, M. J., Fellhauer, M., Hewett, P. C., Walton, N. A., Wilkinson, M. I., Cole, N., Yanny, B., Rockosi, C. M., Beers, T. C., Bell, E. F., Brinkmann, J., Ivezić, Ž, & Lupton, R., 2006a, ApJL, 642, L137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belokurov, V., Zucker, D.B., Evans, N.W., Kleyna, J.T., Koposov, S., Hodgkin, S. T., Irwin, M. J., Gilmore, G., Wilkinson, M. I., Fellhauer, M., Bramich, D. M., Hewett, P. C., Vidrih, S., De Jong, J. T. A., Smith, J. A., Rix, H., Bell, E. F., Wyse, R. F. G., Newberg, H. J., Mayeur, P. A., Yanny, B., Rockosi, C. M., Gnedin, O. Y., Schneider, D. P., Beers, T. C., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A. & Snedden, S. A., 2007b, ApJ, 654, 897CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belokurov, V., Zucker, D. B., Evans, N. W., Wilkinson, M. I., Irwin, M. J., Hodgkin, S., Bramich, D. M., Irwin, J. M., Gilmore, G., Willman, B., Vidrih, S., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Fellhauer, M., Hewett, P. C., Cole, N., Bell, E. F., Beers, T. C., Rockosi, C. M., Yanny, B., Grebel, E. K., Schneider, D. P., Lupton, R., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A., Smith, J. A. & Snedden, S. A., 2006b, ApJL, 647, L111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessell, M., Bloxham, G., Schmidt, B., Keller, S., Tisserand, P. & Francis, P., 2011, PASP, 123, 789CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessell, M. S. & Norris, J., 1984, ApJ, 285, 622CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, R. D., Hawarden, T. G. & Tritton, S. B., 1977, MNRAS, 180, 81PCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlin, J. L., Grillmair, C. J., Muñoz, R. R., Nidever, D. L. & Majewski, S. R., 2009, ApJL, 702, L9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrera, R., Aparicio, A., Martínez-Delgado, D. & Alonso-García, J., 2002, AJ, 123, 3199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christlieb, N., Gustafsson, B., Korn, A. J., Barklem, P. S., Beers, T. C., Bessell, M. S., Karlsson, T. & Mizuno-Wiedner, M., 2004, ApJ, 603, 708CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clementini, G. 2010, in Variable Stars, the Galactic halo and Galaxy Formation, ed. Sterken, C., Samus, N., & Szabados, L., 107−+Google Scholar
Coleman, M. G., de Jong, J. T. A., Martin, N. F., Rix, H.-W., Sand, D. J., Bell, E. F., Pogge, R. W., Thompson, D. J., Hippelein, H., Giallongo, E., Ragazzoni, R., DiPaola, A., Farinato, J., Smareglia, R., Testa, V., Bechtold, J., Hill, J. M., Garnavich, P. M. & Green, R. F., 2007, ApJL, 668, L43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correnti, M., Bellazzini, M. & Ferraro, F. R., 2009, MNRAS, 397, L26Google Scholar
de Jong, J. T. A., Rix, H.-W., Martin, N. F., Zucker, D. B., Dolphin, A. E., Bell, E. F., Belokurov, V. & Evans, N. W., 2008, AJ, 135, 1361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V. & Evans, N. W., 2011a, MNRAS, 411, 1480Google Scholar
Deason, A. J., McCarthy, I. G., Font, A., Evans, N. W., Frenk, C. S., Belokurov, V., Libeskind, N. I., Crain, R. A. & Theuns, T. 2011b, MNRAS, 415, 2607Google Scholar
Dekel, A. & Silk, J., 1986, ApJ, 303, 39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dekel, A. & Woo, J., 2003, MNRAS, 344, 1131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diemand, J., Moore, B. & Stadel, J., 2005, Nature, 433, 389Google Scholar
Dinescu, D. I., Keeney, B. A., Majewski, S. R. & Girard, T. M., 2004, AJ, 128, 687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fadely, R., Willman, B., Geha, M., Walsh, S. M., Muñoz, R. R., Jerjen, H., Vargas, L. C. & Da Costa, G. S. 2011, AJ, 142, 88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fellhauer, M., Evans, N. W., Belokurov, V., Zucker, D. B., Yanny, B., Wilkinson, M. I., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J., Bramich, D. M., Vidrih, S., Hewett, P. & Beers, T., 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1171Google Scholar
Feltzing, S., Eriksson, K., Kleyna, J. & Wilkinson, M. I., 2009, A&A, 508, L1Google Scholar
Font, A. S., Benson, A. J., Bower, R. G., Frenk, C. F., Cooper, A. P., De Lucia, G., Helly, J. C., Helmi, A., Li, Y.-S., McCarthy, I. G., Navarro, J. F., Springel, V., Starkenburg, E. & Wang, J. 2011, ArXiv:1103.0024Google Scholar
Frebel, A., Kirby, E. N. & Simon, J. D., 2010a, Nature, 464, 72Google Scholar
Frebel, A., Simon, J. D., Geha, M. & Willman, B., 2010b, ApJ, 708, 560CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallart, C., Freedman, W. L., Aparicio, A., Bertelli, G. & Chiosi, C., 1999, AJ, 118, 2245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geha, M., Willman, B., Simon, J. D., Strigari, L. E., Kirby, E. N., Law, D. R. & Strader, J., 2009, ApJ, 692, 1464CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmore, G., Wilkinson, M. I., Wyse, R. F.G., Kleyna, J. T., Koch, A., Evans, N. W. & Grebel, E. K., 2007, ApJ, 663, 948CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grcevich, J. & Putman, M. E., 2009, ApJ, 696, 385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grebel, E. K. 1997, in Reviews in Modern Astronomy, Vol. 10, Reviews in Modern Astronomy, ed. Schielicke, R. E., 2960Google Scholar
Grebel, E. K. 2000, in ESA Special Publication, Vol. 445, Star Formation from the Small to the Large Scale, ed. Favata, F., Kaas, A., & Wilson, A., 87−+Google Scholar
Grebel, E. K., 2001, Astrophysics and Space Science Supplement, 277, 231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grebel, E. K., Gallagher, J. S. III & Harbeck, D., 2003, AJ, 125, 1926CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greco, C., Dall'Ora, M., Clementini, G., Ripepi, V., Di Fabrizio, L., Kinemuchi, K., Marconi, M., Musella, I., Smith, H. A., Rodgers, C. T., Kuehn, C., Beers, T. C., Catelan, M. & Pritzl, B. J., 2008, ApJL, 675, L73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grillmair, C. J., 2006, ApJL, 645, L37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grillmair, C. J., Harbeck, D., Grebel, E. K., Holtzman, J., Guhathakurta, P., Brandner, W., Geisler, D., Sarajedini, A., Dolphin, A., Hurley-Keller, D. & Mateo, M., 2001, AJ, 122, 3092CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargreaves, J. C., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J. & Carter, D., 1994a, MNRAS, 269, 957CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargreaves, J. C., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J. & Carter, D., 1994b, MNRAS, 271, 693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, R. G. & Wilson, A. G., 1950, PASP, 62, 118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, W. E., 1996, AJ, 112, 1487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartwick, F. D. A., 2000, AJ, 119, 2248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, E., Maddox, S., Cole, S., Lahav, O., Madgwick, D. S., Norberg, P., Peacock, J. A., Baldry, I. K., Baugh, C. M., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bridges, T., Cannon, R., Colless, M., Collins, C., Couch, W., Dalton, G., De Propris, R., Driver, S. P., Efstathiou, G., Ellis, R. S., Frenk, C. S., Glazebrook, K., Jackson, C., Jones, B., Lewis, I., Lumsden, S., Percival, W., Peterson, B. A., Sutherland, W. & Taylor, K., 2003, MNRAS, 346, 78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmi, A., Irwin, M. J., Tolstoy, E., Battaglia, G., Hill, V., Jablonka, P., Venn, K., Shetrone, M., Letarte, B., Arimoto, N., Abel, T., Francois, P., Kaufer, A., Primas, F., Sadakane, K. & Szeifert, T., 2006, ApJL, 651, L121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernandez, X., Gilmore, G. & Valls-Gabaud, D., 2000, MNRAS, 317, 831CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J., Wallerstein, G. & Bossi, A., 2008, AJ, 136, 2321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurley-Keller, D., Mateo, M. & Nemec, J., 1998, AJ, 115, 1840CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibata, R., Chapman, S., Irwin, M., Lewis, G. & Martin, N., 2006, MNRAS, 373, L70Google Scholar
Ibata, R., Irwin, M., Lewis, G. F. & Stolte, A., 2001, ApJL, 547, L133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibata, R. A., Gilmore, G. & Irwin, M. J., 1994, Nature, 370, 194Google Scholar
Irwin, M. & Hatzidimitriou, D., 1995, MNRAS, 277, 1354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, M. J., Bunclark, P. S., Bridgeland, M. T. & McMahon, R. G., 1990, MNRAS, 244, 16PGoogle Scholar
James, P. A. & Ivory, C. F., 2011, MNRAS, 411, 495Google Scholar
Jerjen, H., Da Costa, G. S., Tisserand, P., Arimoto, N., Okamoto, T., Mateo, M., Willman, B., Saviane, I., Walsh, S. M., Geha, M., Jordán, A., Olszewski, E., Walker, M. G., Zoccali, M. & Kroupa, P. 2011, ApJ, submittedGoogle Scholar
Jurić, M., Ivezić, Ž., Brooks, A., Lupton, R. H., Schlegel, D., Finkbeiner, D., Padmanabhan, N., Bond, N., Sesar, B., Rockosi, C. M., Knapp, G. R., Gunn, J. E., Sumi, T., Schneider, D. P., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H. J., Brinkmann, J., Fukugita, M., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Neilsen, E. H. Jr., Nitta, A., Snedden, S. A. & York, D. G., 2008, ApJ, 673, 864CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, S. C., da Costa, G. S. & Prior, S. L., 2009, MNRAS, 394, 1045Google Scholar
Keller, S.C., Schmidt, B. P., Bessell, M. S., Conroy, P.G., Francis, P., Granlund, A., Kowald, E., Oates, A. P., Martin-Jones, T., Preston, T., Tisserand, P., Vaccarella, A. & Waterson, M. F., 2007, PASA, 24, 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, E. N., Lanfranchi, G. A., Simon, J. D., Cohen, J. G. & Guhathakurta, P., 2011, ApJ, 727, 78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, E. N., Simon, J. D., Geha, M., Guhathakurta, P. & Frebel, A., 2008, ApJL, 685, L43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klypin, A., Kravtsov, A. V., Valenzuela, O. & Prada, F., 1999, ApJ, 522, 82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, A., McWilliam, A., Grebel, E. K., Zucker, D. B. & Belokurov, V., 2008, ApJL, 688, L13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, A., Wilkinson, M. I., Kleyna, J. T., Gilmore, G. F., Grebel, E. K., Mackey, A. D., Evans, N. W. & Wyse, R. F. G., 2007, ApJ, 657, 241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koposov, S., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Hewett, P. C., Irwin, M. J., Gilmore, G., Zucker, D. B., Rix, H.-W., Fellhauer, M., Bell, E. F. & Glushkova, E. V., 2008, ApJ, 686, 279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroupa, P., Theis, C. & Boily, C. M., 2005, A&A, 431, 517Google Scholar
Kuehn, C., Kinemuchi, K., Ripepi, V., Clementini, G., Dall'Ora, M., Di Fabrizio, L., Rodgers, C. T., Greco, C., Marconi, M., Musella, I., Smith, H. A., Catelan, M., Beers, T. C. & Pritzl, B. J., 2008, ApJL, 674, L81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunkel, W. E., 1979, ApJ, 228, 718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunkel, W. E., & Demers, S. 1976, in Royal Greenwich Observatory Bulletin, Vol. 182, The Galaxy and the Local Group, ed. Dickens, R. J., Perry, J. E., Smith, F. G., & King, I. R., 241−+Google Scholar
Law, D. R., Johnston, K. V. & Majewski, S. R., 2005, ApJ, 619, 807CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, D. R. & Majewski, S. R., 2010, ApJ, 714, 229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y.-S., De Lucia, G. & Helmi, A., 2010, MNRAS, 401, 2036Google Scholar
Lianou, S., Grebel, E. K. & Koch, A., 2010, A&A, 521, A43+Google Scholar
Liu, C., Hu, J., Newberg, H. & Zhao, Y., 2008, A&A, 477, 139Google Scholar
Liu, L., Gerke, B. F., Wechsler, R. H., Behroozi, P. S. & Busha, M. T., 2011, ApJ, 733, 62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D., 1976, MNRAS, 174, 695CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D., 1982, The Observatory, 102, 202Google Scholar
Majewski, S. R., 1994, ApJL, 431, L17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majewski, S. R., Skrutskie, M. F., Weinberg, M. D. & Ostheimer, J. C., 2003, ApJ, 599, 1082CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malin, D., & Hadley, B. 1997, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 116, The Nature of Elliptical Galaxies; 2nd Stromlo Symposium, ed. Arnaboldi, M., Da Costa, G. S., & Saha, P., 460−+Google Scholar
Martin, N. F., Coleman, M. G., De Jong, J. T. A., Rix, H.-W., Bell, E. F., Sand, D. J., Hill, J. M., Thompson, D., Burwitz, V., Giallongo, E., Ragazzoni, R., Diolaiti, E., Gasparo, F., Grazian, A., Pedichini, F. & Bechtold, J., 2008a, ApJL, 672, L13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, N. F., de Jong, J. T. A. & Rix, H., 2008b, ApJ, 684, 1075CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, N. F. & Jin, S., 2010, ApJ, 721, 1333CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, N. F., McConnachie, A. W., Irwin, M., Widrow, L. M., Ferguson, A. M. N., Ibata, R. A., Dubinski, J., Babul, A., Chapman, S., Fardal, M., Lewis, G. F., Navarro, J. & Rich, R. M., 2009, ApJ, 705, 758CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Delgado, D., Aparicio, A., Gömez-Flechoso, M. Á. & Carrera, R., 2001, ApJL, 549, L199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Delgado, D., Pohlen, M., Gabany, R. J., Majewski, S. R., Peñarrubia, J. & Palma, C., 2009, ApJ, 692, 955CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., Pryor, C., Welch, D. L. & Fischer, P., 1993, AJ, 105, 510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mateo, M. L., 1998, ARAA, 36, 435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConnachie, A. W. & Côté, P., 2010, ApJL, 722, L209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGaugh, S. S. & Wolf, J., 2010, ApJ, 722, 248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metz, M., Kroupa, P. & Jerjen, H., 2009, MNRAS, 394, 2223Google Scholar
Metz, M., Kroupa, P. & Libeskind, N. I., 2008, ApJ, 680, 287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, B., Ghigna, S., Governato, F., Lake, G., Quinn, T., Stadel, J. & Tozzi, P., 1999, ApJL, 524, L19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, R. R., Geha, M. & Willman, B., 2010, AJ, 140, 138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, R. R., Majewski, S. R. & Johnston, K. V., 2008, ApJ, 679, 346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, M. & Bland-Hawthorn, J. 2011, ApJ, 732, 17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederste-Ostholt, M., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G., Wyse, R. F. G. & Norris, J. E., 2009, MNRAS, 398, 1771Google Scholar
Norris, J. E., Gilmore, G., Wyse, R. F. G., Wilkinson, M. I., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W. & Zucker, D. B., 2008, ApJL, 689, L113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, J. E., Gilmore, G., Wyse, R. F. G., Yong, D. & Frebel, A., 2010a, ApJL, 722, L104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, J. E., Wyse, R. F. G., Gilmore, G., Yong, D., Frebel, A., Wilkinson, M. I., Belokurov, V. & Zucker, D. B., 2010b, ApJ, 723, 1632CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, J. E., Yong, D., Gilmore, G. & Wyse, R. F. G., 2010c, ApJ, 711, 350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okamoto, T. & Frenk, C. S., 2009, MNRAS, 399, L174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palma, C., Majewski, S. R. & Johnston, K. V., 2002, ApJ, 564, 736CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peñarrubia, J., Navarro, J. F. & McConnachie, A. W., 2008, ApJ, 673, 226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, J. I., Pontzen, A. P. & Viel, M., 2006, MNRAS, 371, 885Google Scholar
Sakamoto, T. & Hasegawa, T., 2006, ApJL, 653, L29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapley, H., 1938, Nature, 142, 715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, J. D. & Geha, M., 2007, ApJ, 670, 313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, J. D., Geha, M., Minor, Q. E., Martinez, G. D., Kirby, E. N., Bullock, J. S., Kaplinghat, M., Strigari, L. E., Willman, B., Choi, P. I., Tollerud, E. J. & Wolf, J., 2011, ApJ, 733, 46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Jenkins, A., Frenk, C. S., Yoshida, N., Gao, L., Navarro, J., Thacker, R., Croton, D., Helly, J., Peacock, J. A., Cole, S., Thomas, P., Couchman, H., Evrard, A., Colberg, J. & Pearce, F., 2005, Nature, 435, 629Google Scholar
Starkenburg, E., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., González Hernández, J. I., Irwin, M., Helmi, A., Battaglia, G., Jablonka, P., Tafelmeyer, M., Shetrone, M., Venn, K. & de Boer, T., 2010, A&A, 513, A34−+Google Scholar
Tollerud, E. J., Bullock, J. S., Strigari, L. E. & Willman, B., 2008, ApJ, 688, 277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolstoy, E., Hill, V. & Tosi, M., 2009, ARAA, 47, 371CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolstoy, E., Irwin, M. J., Helmi, A., Battaglia, G., Jablonka, P., Hill, V., Venn, K. A., Shetrone, M. D., Letarte, B., Cole, A. A., Primas, F., Francois, P., Arimoto, N., Sadakane, K., Kaufer, A., Szeifert, T. & Abel, T., 2004, ApJL, 617, L119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vivas, A. K., Jaffé, Y. L., Zinn, R., Winnick, R., Duffau, S. & Mateu, C., 2008, AJ, 136, 1645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M.G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E.W., Gnedin, O.Y., Wang, X., Sen, B. & Woodroofe, M., 2007, ApJL, 667, L53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M. G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., Peñarrubia, J., Wyn Evans, N. & Gilmore, G., 2009, ApJ, 704, 1274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, S. M., Jerjen, H. & Willman, B., 2007, ApJL, 662, L83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, S. M., Willman, B. & Jerjen, H., 2009, AJ, 137, 450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, S.M., Willman, B., Sand, D., Harris, J., Seth, A., Zaritsky, D. & Jerjen, H., 2008, ApJ, 688, 245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisz, D. R., Dalcanton, J. J., Williams, B. F., Gilbert, K. M., Skillman, E. D., Seth, A. C., Dolphin, A. E., McQuinn, K. B. W., Gogarten, S. M., Holtzman, J., Rosema, K., Cole, A., Karachentsev, I. D. & Zaritsky, D. 2011, ApJ, 739, 5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, M. I., Kleyna, J. T., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G. F., Irwin, M. J. & Grebel, E. K., 2004, ApJL, 611, L21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. E. K., Steinmetz, M., Sharma, S., Bland-Hawthorn, J., de Jong, R. S., Seabroke, G. M., Helmi, A., Freeman, K. C., Binney, J., Minchev, I., Bienaymé, O., Campbell, R., Fulbright, J. P., Gibson, B. K., Gilmore, G. F., Grebel, E. K., Munari, U., Navarro, J. F., Parker, Q. A., Reid, W., Siebert, A., Siviero, A., Watson, F. G., Wyse, R. F. G. & Zwitter, T., 2011, ApJ, 728, 102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willman, B. 2003, PhD thesis, University of Washington.Google Scholar
Willman, B., Blanton, M. R., West, A. A., Dalcanton, J. J., Hogg, D. W., Schneider, D. P., Wherry, N., Yanny, B. & Brinkmann, J., 2005a, AJ, 129, 2692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willman, B., Dalcanton, J., Ivezić, Ž., Jackson, T., Lupton, R., Brinkmann, J., Hennessy, G. & Hindsley, R., 2002, AJ, 123, 848CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willman, B., Dalcanton, J. J., Martinez-Delgado, D., West, A. A., Blanton, M. R., Hogg, D. W., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H. J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Neilsen, E. H. Jr., Nitta, A. & Snedden, S. A., 2005b, ApJL, 626, L85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willman, B., Geha, M., Strader, J., Strigari, L. E., Simon, J. D., Kirby, E., & Warres, A., 2011, AJ, 142, 128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. G., 1955, PASP, 67, 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woo, J., Courteau, S. & Dekel, A., 2008, MNRAS, 390, 1453Google Scholar
York, D. G., Adelman, J., Anderson, J. E. Jr., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., Bakken, J. A., Barkhouser, R., Bastian, S., Berman, E., Boroski, W. N., Bracker, S., Briegel, C., Briggs, J. W., Brinkmann, J., Brunner, R., Burles, S., Carey, L., Carr, M. A., Castander, F. J., Chen, B., Colestock, P. L., Connolly, A. J., Crocker, J. H., Csabai, I., Czarapata, P. C., Davis, J. E., Doi, M., Dombeck, T., Eisenstein, D., Ellman, N., Elms, B. R., Evans, M. L., Fan, X., Federwitz, G. R., Fiscelli, L., Friedman, S., Frieman, J. A., Fukugita, M., Gillespie, B., Gunn, J. E., Gurbani, V. K., de Haas, E., Haldeman, M., Harris, F. H., Hayes, J., Heckman, T. M., Hennessy, G. S., Hindsley, R. B., Holm, S., Holmgren, D. J., Huang, C., Hull, C., Husby, D., Ichikawa, S., Ichikawa, T., Ivezić, Ž., Kent, S., Kim, R. S. J., Kinney, E., Klaene, M., Kleinman, A. N., Kleinman, S., Knapp, G. R., Korienek, J., Kron, R. G., Kunszt, P. Z., Lamb, D. Q., Lee, B., Leger, R. F., Limmongkol, S., Lindenmeyer, C., Long, D. C., Loomis, C., Loveday, J., Lucinio, R., Lupton, R. H., MacKinnon, B., Mannery, E. J., Mantsch, P. M., Margon, B., McGehee, P., McKay, T. A., Meiksin, A., Merelli, A., Monet, D. G., Munn, J. A., Narayanan, V. K., Nash, T., Neilsen, E., Neswold, R., Newberg, H. J., Nichol, R. C., Nicinski, T., Nonino, M., Okada, N., Okamura, S., Ostriker, J. P., Owen, R., Pauls, A. G., Peoples, J., Peterson, R. L., Petravick, D., Pier, J. R., Pope, A., Pordes, R., Prosapio, A., Rechenmacher, R., Quinn, T. R., Richards, G. T., Richmond, M. W., Rivetta, C. H., Rockosi, C. M., Ruthmansdorfer, K., Sandford, D., Schlegel, D. J., Schneider, D. P., Sekiguchi, M., Sergey, G., Shimasaku, K., Siegmund, W. A., Smee, S., Smith, J. A., Snedden, S., Stone, R., Stoughton, C., Strauss, M. A., Stubbs, C., SubbaRao, M., Szalay, A. S., Szapudi, I., Szokoly, G. P., Thakar, A. R., Tremonti, C., Tucker, D. L., Uomoto, A., Vanden Berk, D., Vogeley, M. S., Waddell, P., Wang, S., Watanabe, M., Weinberg, D. H., Yanny, B. & Yasuda, N., 2000, AJ, 120, 1579CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, D. B., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Kleyna, J. T., Irwin, M. J., Wilkinson, M. I., Fellhauer, M., Bramich, D. M., Gilmore, G., Newberg, H. J., Yanny, B., Smith, J. A., Hewett, P. C., Bell, E. F., Rix, H., Gnedin, O. Y., Vidrih, S., Wyse, R. F. G., Willman, B., Grebel, E. K., Schneider, D. P., Beers, T. C., Kniazev, A. Y., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A. & Snedden, S. A., 2006a, ApJL, 650, L41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, D. B., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Wilkinson, M. I., Irwin, M. J., Sivarani, T., Hodgkin, S., Bramich, D. M., Irwin, J. M., Gilmore, G., Willman, B., Vidrih, S., Fellhauer, M., Hewett, P. C., Beers, T. C., Bell, E. F., Grebel, E. K., Schneider, D. P., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Rockosi, C. M., Yanny, B., Lupton, R., Smith, J. A., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A. & Snedden, S. A., 2006b, ApJL, 643, L103CrossRefGoogle Scholar