Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T00:35:08.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

MARTIAL MINOANS? WAR AS SOCIAL PROCESS, PRACTICE AND EVENT IN BRONZE AGE CRETE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2012

Barry P.C. Molloy
Barry P.C. Molloy*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield
*
b.molloy@sheffield.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Together with politics, economics and religion, war is one of the fundamental factors that can shape a society and group identities. In the prehistoric world, the sources for the study of war are disparate and their interpretation can be inconsistent and problematic. In the case of Crete in the Bronze Age, a systematic analysis of the evidence will be undertaken for the first time in this paper, and this opportunity is used to critically evaluate the most effective ways of employing the widely agreed sets of physical correlates for ancient war in the archaeological record. A further objective in exploring the diachronic roles of war in these societies is to move the discussion from a niche field to a more integrated, and systematic, social analysis. The existence and character of a warrior identity is examined, and it is proposed that it often constituted a conspicuous element of male identity. The varying scales and time spans through which war can influence a society are discussed, and a broad framework for understanding war in social process, practices and events is proposed.

Πολεμοχαρείς Μινωίτες; Ο πόλεμος ως κοινωνική διαδικασία, πρακτική και γεγονός στην Κρήτη της Εποχής του Χαλκού

Μαζί με την πολιτική, την οικονομία και τη θρησκεία, ο πόλεμος είναι ένας από τους θεμελιώδεις παράγοντες που μπορούν να μορφοποιήσουν την κοινωνία και τις ομαδικές ταυτότητες. Στον προϊστορικό κόσμο, οι πηγές για τη μελέτη του πολέμου είναι ανομοιογενείς και η ερμηνεία τους μπορεί να είναι αντιφατική και προβληματική. Tο παρόν άρθρο επιχειρεί για πρώτη φορά μία συστηματική ανάλυση των δεδομένων για την περίπτωση της Κρήτης στην Εποχή του Χαλκού. Αυτή η περίπτωση δίνει την ευκαιρία να αναπτύξουμε κριτικά πιο αποτελεσματικούς τρόπους στην εφαρμογή των ευρέως αποδεκτών παραμέτρων για την εξέταση του πολέμου στην αρχαιότητα βάσει των αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων. Ένας άλλος στόχος στην προσπάθεια να διερευνήσουμε τους διαχρονικούς ρόλους του πολέμου σε αυτές τις κοινωνίες είναι να προχωρήσουμε σε μία πιο ολοκληρωμένη και συστηματική κοινωνική ανάλυση. Το παρόν άρθρο εξετάζει την ύπαρξη και τον χαρακτήρα μίας πολεμικής ταυτότητας στην Κρήτη της Εποχής του Χαλκού και υποστηρίζει πως αυτή αποτελούσε ένα εμφανές στοιχείο της ανδρικής ταυτότητας. Το άρθρο επίσης συζητά τους διαφορετικούς βαθμούς και χρονικούς ορίζοντες διά μέσου των οποίων ο πόλεμος μπορεί να επηρεάσει μία κοινωνία και προτείνει ένα ευρύ πλαίσιο για την κατανόηση του πολέμου ως κοινωνική διαδικασία, πρακτική και γεγονός.

Type
Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 107 , November 2012 , pp. 87 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, E. 2004a. ‘Power relations in Neopalatial towns’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 17.2, 191–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, E. 2004b. ‘Power and ritual in Neopalatial Crete: A regional comparison’, World Archaeology 36.1, 26–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberti, L. 2004. ‘The Late Minoan II-IIIA warrior graves at Knossos: The burial assemblages’, in Cadogan, G, Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State (British School at Athens Studies 12; London), 127–37.Google Scholar
Alexiou, S. 1979. “Τείχη καὶ ἀκροπόλεις στὴν μινωικὴν Κρήτην (Ὁ μύθος τῆς μινωικῆς εἰρήνης)”, Kretologia 8, 41–56.Google Scholar
Alusik, T. 2007. Defensive Architecture of Prehistoric Crete (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avila, R.A.J. 1983. Bronzene Lanzen- und Pfeilspitzen der griechischen Spätbronzezeit (Prähistorische Bronzefunde V.1; Munich).Google Scholar
Barker, G. 1995. ‘Approaches to Mediterranean landscape history’, in Barker, G. (ed.), A Mediterranean Valley: Landscape Archaeology and Annales History in the Biferno Valley (Leicester), 1–16.Google Scholar
Barzel, Y. 2002. A Theory of the State (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Betancourt, P.P. (ed.) 2006. The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and its Territory (Hesperia Supplement 36; Princeton).Google Scholar
Betancourt, P.P., Davaras, C., Dierckx, H.M.C., Ferrence, S.C., Hickman, J., Karkanas, P., McGeorge, P.J.P., Muhly, J.D., Reese, D.S., Stavropodi, E., Langford-Verstegen, L. and Chlouveraki, S. 2008. ‘Excavations in the Hagios Charalambos cave’, Hesperia 77, 539–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, J.H., Gill, M.A.V., Sürenhagen, D. and Waetzoldt, H. 1988. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band XI. Kleinere Europäische Sammlungen (Berlin).Google Scholar
Bevan, L. 2005. ‘Warfare, violence and the construction of masculinity in the Iron Age rock art of Valcamonica, northern Italy’, in Parker Pearson, M. and Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds.), Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory (Oxford), 127–38.Google Scholar
Bintliff, J.L. 1984. ‘Structuralism and myth in Minoan studies’, Antiquity 58, 33–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloedow, E. 1992. ‘On lions in Mycenaean and Minoan culture’, in Laffineur, R. and Crowley, J.L. (eds.), EIKON. Aegean Bronze Age Iconography: Shaping a Methodology. Proceedings of the 4th International Aegean Conference/4e Rencontre égéenne internationale, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, 6–9 April 1992 (Aegaeum 8; Liège), 295–306.Google Scholar
Boardman, J. 1961. The Cretan Collection in Oxford: The Dictaean Cave and Iron Age Crete (Oxford).Google Scholar
Bossen, C. 2006a. ‘Chiefs made war and war made states? War and early state formation in ancient Fiji and Hawaii’, in Otto, Thrane and Vandkilde (eds.) 2006, 237–59.Google Scholar
Bossen, C. 2006b. ‘War as practice, power and processor: A framework for the analysis of war and social structural change’, in Otto, Thrane and Vandkilde (eds.) 2006, 89–104.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourke, J. 2000. An Intimate History of Killing (London).Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1990. The Passage of Arms (London).Google Scholar
Branigan, K. 1967. ‘The Early Bronze Age daggers of Crete’, Annual of the British School at Athens 62, 211–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branigan, K. 1974. Aegean Metalwork of the Early and Middle Bronze Age (Oxford).Google Scholar
Branigan, K. 1995. ‘Social transformations and the rise of the state in Crete’, in Laffineur, R. and Niemeier, W.D. (eds.), POLITEIA: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12; Liège and Austin), 33–42.Google Scholar
Branigan, K. 1999. ‘The nature of warfare in the southern Aegean during the third millennium bc‘, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 87–96.Google Scholar
Briault, C. 2007. ‘Making mountains out of molehills in the Bronze Age Aegean: Visibility, ritual kits and the idea of a peak sanctuary’, World Archaeology 39.1, 122–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgford, S. 1997. ‘Mightier than the pen? (An edgewise look at Irish Bronze Age swords)’, in Carman (ed.) 1997a, 95–115.Google Scholar
Callaghan, P.J. 1994. ‘Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic Knossos – a historical summary’, in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H. and Momigliano, N. (eds.), Knossos: A Labyrinth of History – Papers Presented in Honour of Sinclair Hood (Athens), 135–41.Google Scholar
Carman, J. (ed.) 1997a. Material Harm (Glasgow).Google Scholar
Carman, J. 1997b. ‘Introduction: Approaches to violence’, in Carman (ed.) 1997a, 1–23.Google Scholar
Carman, J. 1997c. ‘Giving archaeology a moral voice’, in Carman (ed.) 1997a, 220–40.Google Scholar
Carman, J. and Harding, A. 1999. ‘Introduction’, in Carman, J. and Harding, A. (eds.), Ancient Warfare (Stroud), 1–11.Google Scholar
Castleden, R. 1990. The Minoans (London).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catling, H.W. 1964. Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World (Oxford).Google Scholar
Chadwick, J. 1976. The Mycenaean World (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Chadwick, J., Killen, J.T. and Olivier, J.P. 1971. The Knossos Tablets (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Chapman, J. 1999. ‘The origins of war in central and eastern Europe’, in Carman, J. and Harding, A. (eds.), Ancient Warfare (Stroud), 101–42.Google Scholar
Chapouthier, F. 1938. Deux épées d'apparat découvertes en 1936 au palais de Mallia au cours des fouilles exécutées au nom de l’École française d'Athènes (Études Crétoises 5; Paris).Google Scholar
Chryssoulaki, S. 1999a. ‘Minoan roads and guard houses – war regained’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 75–86.Google Scholar
Chryssoulaki, S. 1999b. ‘A new approach to Minoan iconography – an introduction: The case of the Minoan genii’, in Betancourt, P.P, Karageorghis, V., Laffineur, R. and Niemeier, W.D. (eds.), Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm Wiener as He Enters His 65th Year (Aegaeum 20; Liège), 111–17.Google Scholar
Claessen, H. 2006. ‘War and State formation: What is the connection?’, in Otto, Thrane and Vandkilde (eds.) 2006, 217–25.Google Scholar
Clements, J. 1998. Medieval Swordsmanship (Boulder, Col.).Google Scholar
Clements, J. 1999. Renaissance Swordsmanship (Boulder, Col.).Google Scholar
Coles, J.M. 1962. ‘European Bronze Age shields’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 28, 156–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, P. 1998. Greece and Rome at War (London).Google Scholar
Coulomb, J. 1979. ‘Le “prince aux lis” de Knossos reconsidéré’, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 103, 29–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craddock, P. 1976. ‘The composition of the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilisations: 1. The Greeks before the Archaic period’, Journal of Archaeological Science 3, 93–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouwel, J.H. 1981. Chariots and Other Forms of Land Transport in Bronze Age Greece (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Crouwel, J.H. 1999. ‘Fighting on land and sea in late Mycenaean times’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 445–65.Google Scholar
Cullen, T. (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review (Boston).Google Scholar
Davaras, C. 1972. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης”, Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, Χρονικά 27, 645–54.Google Scholar
Davaras, C. and Betancourt, P. 2004. The Hagia Photia Cemetery, I: The Tomb Groups and Architecture (Philadelphia).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, O. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Dimopoulou, N. 1999. ‘The Neo-Palatial cemetery of the Knossian harbour-town at Poros: Mortuary behaviour and social ranking’, in Kilian-Dirlmeier, I. and Egg, M. (eds.), Eliten in der Bronzezeit (Monographien des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 43; Mainz), 27–36.Google Scholar
Drews, R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age (Princeton).Google Scholar
Driessen, J. 1999. ‘The archaeology of Aegean warfare’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 11–20.Google Scholar
Driessen, J. 2002. ‘The King must die. Some observations on the use of Minoan court compounds’, in Driessen, J., Schoep, I. and Laffineur, R. (eds.), Monuments of Minos: Rethinking Minoan Palaces (Aegaeum 23; Liège), 1–14.Google Scholar
Driessen, J. and Macdonald, C.F. 1984. ‘Some military aspects of the Aegean in the late fifteenth and early fourteenth centuries bc’, Annual of the British School at Athens 79, 49–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driessen, J. and Macdonald, C.F. 1997. The Troubled Island (Aegaeum 17; Liège).Google Scholar
Driessen, J. and Schoep, I. 1999. ‘The stylus and the sword – the role of warriors and scribes in the conquest of Crete’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 385–92.Google Scholar
Earle, T.K. 1997. How Chiefs Came to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory (Stanford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A.J. 1900–1. ‘The palace of Knossos’, Annual of the British School at Athens 7, 1–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A.J. 1906. ‘The prehistoric tombs of Knossos’, Archaeologia 59, 391–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A.J. 1928. The Palace of Minos at Knossos, II (London).Google Scholar
Evans, A. 1935. The Palace of Minos at Knossos, IV (London).Google Scholar
Evely, R.D. 1993. Minoan Crafts: Tools and Techniques, an Introduction, I (Gothenburg).Google Scholar
Evely, R.D. 1996. ‘The neo-palatial warrior: Fact or fiction’, in Evely, R.D., Lemos, I.S. and Sherratt, S. (eds.), Minotaur and Centaur: Studies in the Archaeology of Crete and Euboea Presented to Mervyn Popham (Oxford), 135–41.Google Scholar
Faure, P. 1965. ‘Recherches sur le peuplement des montagnes de Crète: Sites, cavernes, et cultes’, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 89, 27–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faure, P. 1967. ‘Nouvelles recherches sur trois sortes de sanctuaires crétois’, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 91, 114–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, R.B. 1990. ‘Explaining war’, in Haas, J. (ed.), The Anthropology of War (Cambridge), 26–55.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R.B. 1999. ‘A paradigm for war and society’, in Raaflaub, K. and Rosenstein, N. (eds.), War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Cambridge, Mass.), 389–439.Google Scholar
Ferrill, A. 1997. The Origins of War (London).Google Scholar
Fitton, L. 2002. Minoans (London).Google Scholar
Fletcher, R. 1992. ‘Time perspectivism, Annales, and the potential of archaeology’, in Knapp, A.B. (ed.), Archaeology, Annales and Ethnohistory (Cambridge), 35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, C. 1999. ‘Observations on a Minoan dagger from Chrysokamino’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 433–41.Google Scholar
Fontijn, D. 2005. ‘Giving up weapons’, in Parker Pearson, M. and Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds.), Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory (Oxford), 145–55.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. 2004. The Archaeology of Personhood (London).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fyllingen, H. 2006. ‘Society and the structure of violence: A story told by Middle Bronze Age human remains from central Norway’, in Otto, Thrane and Vandkilde (eds.) 2006, 319–30.Google Scholar
Gates, C. 1999. ‘Why are there no scenes of warfare in Minoan art?’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 277–84.Google Scholar
Gellner, E. 1983. Nations and Nationalism (London).Google Scholar
Gill, M.A.V., Müller, W. and Pini, I. 2002. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band II. Iraklion, Archäologisches Museum. Teil 8. Die Siegelabdrücke von Knossos, unter Einbeziehung von Funden aus anderen Museen, 2 vols. (Berlin).Google Scholar
Grossman, D. 1996. On Killing (New York).Google Scholar
Grossman, D. 2004. On Combat (New York).Google Scholar
Guilaine, J. and Zammit, J. 2005. The Origins of War: Violence in Prehistory (translated from the original French by Hersey, M.; Malden, Mass.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, J. 1999. ‘The origins of war and ethnic violence’, in Carman, J. and Harding, A. (eds.), Ancient Warfare (Stroud), 11–25.Google Scholar
Haggis, D.C. 2005. Kavousi I: The Archaeological Survey of the Kavousi Region (Philadelphia).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggis, D. 2007. ‘Stylistic diversity and diacritical feasting at Protopalatial Petras: A preliminary analysis of the Lakkos deposit’, American Journal of Archaeology 111, 715–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, E. and Hockey, H. 2001. Death, Memory and Material Culture (Oxford).Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y. 2002a. ‘Too many chiefs? Factional competition in Neopalatial Crete’, in Driessen, J., Schoep, I. and Laffineur, R. (eds.), Monuments of Minos: Rethinking the Minoan Palaces (Aegaeum 23; Liège and Austin), 179–200.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y. 2002b. ‘What future for the ‘Minoan’ past? Rethinking Minoan archaeology’, in Hamilakis, Y. (ed.), Labyrinth Revisited: Rethinking ‘Minoan’ Archaeology (Oxford), 2–28.Google Scholar
Hard, T. 2004. The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology (London).Google Scholar
Harding, A. 1984. The Mycenaeans and Europe (London).Google Scholar
Harding, A. 2000. European Societies in the Bronze Age (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, A. 2006. ‘What does the context of deposition and frequency of Bronze Age weaponry tell us about the function of weapons?’, in Otto, Thrane and Vandkilde (eds.) 2006, 505–14.Google Scholar
Harding, A. 2007. Warriors and Weapons in Bronze Age Europe (Budapest).Google Scholar
Harrison, R.J. 2004. Symbols and Warriors: Images of the European Bronze Age (Exeter).Google Scholar
Hassig, R. 1999. ‘The Aztec World’, in Raaflaub, K. and Rosenstein, N. (eds.), War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Cambridge, Mass.), 361–88.Google Scholar
Hatzi-Vallianou, D. 1979. “Κεντρική Κρήτη, Νομός Ηρακλείου”, Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον 134, Χρονικά 2, 382–5.Google Scholar
Hayden, B.J..Dierckx, H., Harrison, G., Moody, J., Postma, G., Rackham, O. and Stallsmith, A. 2004. Reports on the Vrokastro Area, Eastern Crete. Volume 2: The Settlement History of the Vrokastro Area and Related Studies (University Museum Monograph 119; Philadelphia).Google Scholar
Hayden, B., Hahn, M., Harrison, G., Moody, J., Rackham, O., Risser, M. and Stallsmith, A. 2005. Reports on the Vrokastro Area, Eastern Crete. Volume 3: The Regional Survey Project, Sites and Pottery (University Museum Monograph 123; Philadelphia).Google Scholar
Haysom, M. 2010. ‘The double-axe: A contextual approach to the understanding of a Cretan symbol of the Neopalatial period’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 29.1, 35–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazzidakis, J. 1912–13. ‘An Early Minoan sacred cave at Arkalochori in Crete’, Annual of the British School at Athens 19, 35–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hencken, H. 1950. ‘Herzsprung shields and Greek trade’, American Journal of Archaeology 54.4, 294–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, R.H. 1967. Minoan and Mycenaean Art (London).Google Scholar
Hiller, S. 1984. ‘Pax Minoica versus Minoan thalassocracy. Military aspects of Minoan culture’, in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. (eds.), The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality (Stockholm), 27–30.Google Scholar
Hiller, S. 1999. ‘Scenes of warfare and combat in the arts of the Aegean Late Bronze Age. Reflections on typology and development’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 319–31.Google Scholar
Höckmann, O. 1980. ‘Lanze und Speer im spätminoischen und mykenischen Griechenland’, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 27, 13–158.Google Scholar
Hood, S. 1956. ‘Another warrior-grave at Ayios Ioannis near Knossos’, Annual of the British School at Athens 51, 81–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, S. 1971. The Minoans: Crete in the Bronze Age (London).Google Scholar
Hood, S. 1984. ‘A Minoan empire in the Aegean in the 16th and 15th centuries bc?’, in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. (eds.), The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality (Stockholm), 33–7.Google Scholar
Hood, S. and de Jong, P. 1952. ‘Late Minoan warrior-graves from Ayios Ioannis and the New Hospital site at Knossos’, Annual of the British School at Athens 43, 243–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes-Brock, H. 2009. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band VI. The Ashmolean Museum (Mainz).Google Scholar
Iakovides, S.E. 1983. Late Helladic Citadels on Mainland Greece (Monumenta Graeca et Romana vol. 4; Leiden).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, W.J. 1999. Peak Sanctuaries and Sacred Caves in Minoan Crete: A Comparison of the Artifacts (Jonsered).Google Scholar
Kaiser, B. 1976. Untersuchungen zum minoischen Relief (Bonn).Google Scholar
Kanta, A. 1980. The Late Minoan III Period in Crete: A Survey of Sites, Pottery and their Distribution (Gothenburg).Google Scholar
Keegan, J. 1976. The Face of Battle (London).Google Scholar
Keegan, J. 1994. A History of Warfare (London).Google Scholar
Keeley, L. 1996. War before Civilisation (Oxford).Google Scholar
Kenna, V.E.G. 1967. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band VII. Die Englischen Museen II. London, British Museum; Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum; Manchester, University Museum; Liverpool, City Museum; Birmingham, City Museum (Berlin).Google Scholar
Kilian-Dirlmeier, I. 1993. Die Schwerter in Griechenland (ausserhalb der Peloponnes), Bulgarien und Albanien (Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV.12; Munich).Google Scholar
Kilian-Dirlmeier, I. 2000. ‘Thera and warfare’, in Sherratt, S. (ed.), The Wall Paintings of Thera: Proceedings of the First International Symposium (Piraeus), 825–30.Google Scholar
Killen, J.T. 1979. ‘The Knossos Ld(1) tablets’, in Risch, E. and Mühlestein, H. (eds.), Colloquium Mycenaeum. Actes du sixième Colloque international sur les textes mycéniens et égéens tenu à Chaumont sur Neuchâtel du 7 au 13 septembre 1975 (Neuchâtel), 151–81.Google Scholar
Knapp, A.B. 1992. ‘Archaeology and Annales: Time, space, and change’, in Knapp, A.B. (ed.), Archaeology, Annales and Ethnohistory (Cambridge), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, A.B. 1993. ‘Thalassocracies in Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean trade: Making and breaking a myth’, World Archaeology 24.3, 332–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knappett, C. and Malafouris, L. 2008. ‘Material and non-human agency: An introduction’, in Knappett, C. and Malafouris, L. (eds.), Material Agency: Towards a Non-Anthropocentric Approach (Berlin), ix–xix.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knappett, C. and Schoep, I. 2000. ‘Continuity and change in Minoan political power’, Antiquity 74, 365–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knusel, C.J. 2000. ‘Activity-related skeletal change’, in Fiorato, V. (ed.), Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton ad 1461 (Oxford), 103–18.Google Scholar
Knusel, C.J. 2005. ‘The physical evidence of warfare – subtle stigmata’, in Parker Pearson, M. and Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds.), Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory (Oxford), 49–67.Google Scholar
Koehl, R. 1986. ‘The Chieftain Cup and a Minoan rite of passage’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 106, 99–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopaka, K. 1999. ‘La guerre des femmes en Egée de l'Age du Bronze. Lire entre “les lignes de combat”’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 479–91.Google Scholar
Kopcke, G. 1999. ‘Male iconography on some Late Minoan signets’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 341–5.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K. 1999. ‘The emergence of warrior aristocracies in later European prehistory and their long-term history’, in Carman, J. and Harding, A. (eds.), Ancient Warfare (Stroud), 175–89.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K. 2002. ‘The tale of the sword – swords and swordfighters in Bronze Age Europe’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21.4, 319–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K. and Larsson, T.B. 2005. The Rise of Bronze Age Society (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Krzyszkowska, O. 2005. Aegean Seals: An Introduction (London).Google Scholar
Krzyszkowska, O. and Nixon, L. (eds.) 1983. Minoan Society (Bristol).Google Scholar
Kyriakides, E. 2005. Ritual in the Bronze Age Aegean: The Minoan Peak Sanctuaries (London).Google Scholar
Laffineur, R. (ed.) 1999. POLEMOS: Le Contexte guerrier en Egée à l'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7ème Rencontre Egéenne Internationale (Aegaeum 19; Liège and Austin).Google Scholar
Lau, R.W.K. 2004. ‘Habitus and the practical logic of practice: An interpretation’, Sociology 38.2, 369–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeBlanc, S.A. 2003. Constant Battles: Why we Fight (New York).Google Scholar
Legarra Herrero, B. 2009. ‘The Minoan Fallacy: Cultural diversity and mortuary behaviour on Crete at the beginning of the Bronze Age’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28.1, 29–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legarra Herrero, B. 2012. ‘The construction, deconstruction and non-construction of hierarchies in the funerary record of prepalatial Crete’, in Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (eds.), Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age (Oxford), 325–57.Google Scholar
Logue, W. 2004. ‘Set in stone: The role of relief-carved stone vessels in Neopalatial Minoan elite propaganda’, Annual of the British School at Athens 99, 149–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughlin, E. 2004. ‘The calf in Bronze Age Cretan art and society’, in Santillo Frizell, B. (ed.), PECUS. Man and Animal in Antiquity. Proceedings of the Conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome, September 9–12, 2002 (Rome), 183–9.Google Scholar
MacGillivray, J.A. 2000. Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth (New York).Google Scholar
MacGillivray, A., Driessen, J. and Sackett, H. (eds.) 2000. The Palaikastro Kouros: A Minoan Chryselephantine Statuette and its Aegean Bronze Age Context (British School at Athens Studies 6; London).Google Scholar
Malafouris, L. 2008. ‘Is it “me” or is it “mine”? The Mycenaean sword as a body-part’, in Robb, J. and Boric, D. (eds.), Past Bodies (Oxford), 115–23.Google Scholar
Marinatos, N. 1986. Minoan Sacrificial Ritual: Cult Practice and Symbolism (Stockholm).Google Scholar
Marinatos, S. 1935. ‘Ausgrabungen und Funde auf Kreta, 1934–1935’, Archäologischer Anzeiger 1935, 244–59.Google Scholar
Mathieu, J.R. and Meyer, D.A. 2002. ‘Reconceptualising experimental archaeology: Assessing the process of experimentation’, in Mathieu, J.R. (ed.), Experimental Archaeology (Oxford), 73–83.Google Scholar
Mavriyannaki, C. 1983. ‘La double hache dans le monde hellénique a l’âge du bronze’, Revue Archéologique 1983, 195–228.Google Scholar
McGeorge, T. 1984. “Έγκλημα στην ϒστερομινωική III περίοδο”, Αρχαιολογία 11, 12–6.Google Scholar
Moedlinger, M. and Uckelmann, M. (eds.) 2011. New Approaches to Studying Weapons of the Bronze Age (Oxford).Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. 2005. ‘The adoption of the Naue ii sword in the Aegean’, in Briault, C., Green, J., Kaldelis, A. and Stellatou, A. (eds.), SOMA 2003: Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (Oxford), 115–7.Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. 2006. ‘The role of combat weaponry in Bronze Age societies: The cases of the Aegean and Ireland in the Middle and Late Bronze Age’ (PhD thesis, University College Dublin).Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. (ed.) 2007a. The Cutting Edge: Studies in Ancient and Medieval Combat (Stroud).Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. 2007b. ‘What's the bloody point: Swordsmanship in Bronze Age Ireland and Britain’, in Molloy (ed.) 2007a, 90–111.Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. 2008. ‘Martial arts and materiality: A combat archaeology perspective on swords of the fifteenth and fourteenth centuries bc’, World Archaeology 40.1, 116–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. 2009. ‘For gods or men? The use of European Bronze Age shields’, Antiquity 83, 1052–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. 2010. ‘Swords and swordsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age’, American Journal of Archaeology 114.3, 403–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. 2011. ‘Use-wear analysis and use-patterns of Bronze Age swords’, in Moedlinger and Uckelmann (eds.) 2011, 67–84.Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. (forthcoming a) ‘Innovation, imitation and investigation of combat systems in the Aegean Bronze Age: The role of the Shaft Graves at Mycenae’, in Papadopoulos, A. and Grigoropoulos, K. (eds.), Aspects of Aegean Bronze Age Warfare. Proceedings of an International Round Table, Held at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12th–13th of December 2009 (Philadelphia).Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. (forthcoming b) ‘Men of bronze: Functionality and aesthetics of bronze plate armour’, in Papadopoulos, A. (ed.), Current Research in Late Bronze–Early Iron Age Eastern Mediterranean (Talanta XLIV–XLV).Google Scholar
Molloy, B.P.C. and Grossman, D. 2007. ‘Why can't Johnny kill? The psychology and physiology of interpersonal combat’, in Molloy (ed.) 2007a, 188–202.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. 1988. The Miniature Wall Paintings from Thera: A Study in Aegean Culture and Iconography (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Morgan, L. 1995. ‘Of animals and men: The symbolic parallel’, in Morris, C. (ed.), Klados: Essays in Honour of J.N. Coldstream (London), 171–84.Google Scholar
Morris, C. 1990. ‘In pursuit of the white tusked boar: Aspects of hunting in Mycenaean Society’, in Hägg, R. and Nordquist, G. (eds.), Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid (Stockholm), 149–56.Google Scholar
Morris, C. 2001. ‘The language of gesture in Minoan religion’, in Laffineur, R. and Hägg, R. (eds.), Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 22; Liège and Austin), 245–53.Google Scholar
Mountjoy, P.A. and Ponting, M.J. 2000. ‘The Minoan thalassocracy reconsidered: Provenance studies of LH IIA/LM IB pottery from Phylakopi, Ay. Irini and Athens’, Annual of the British School at Athens 95, 141–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhly, J. 2006. ‘Chrysokamino in the history of early metallurgy’, in Betancourt (ed.) 2006, 155–77.Google Scholar
Müller, W. and Pini, I. 1998. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band II. Iraklion, Archäologisches Museum. Teil 7. Die Siegelabdrücke von Kato Zakros, unter Einbeziehung von Funden aus anderen Museen (Berlin).Google Scholar
Müller, W. and Pini, I. 1999. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band II. Iraklion, Archäologisches Museum. Teil 6. Die Siegelabdrücke von Aj. Triada und anderen zentral- und ostkretischen Fundorten, unter Einbeziehung von Funden aus anderen Museen (Berlin).Google Scholar
Musgrave, J. 2000. ‘The anatomy of a Minoan masterpiece’, in MacGillivray, Driessen and Sackett (eds.) 2000, 97–102.Google Scholar
Niemeier, W.D. 1984. ‘The end of the Minoan thalassocracy’, in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. (eds.), The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality (Stockholm), 205–15.Google Scholar
Niemeier, W.D. 1988. ‘The Priest-King Fresco from Knossos: A new reconstruction and interpretation’, in French, E.B. and Wardle, K.A. (eds.), Problems in Greek Prehistory (Bristol), 235–44.Google Scholar
Niemeier, W.D. 2004. ‘When Minos ruled the waves: Knossian power overseas’, in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State (Athens), 393–8.Google Scholar
Nikolaidou, M. and Kokkinidou, D. 1997. ‘The symbolism of violence in the palatial societies of the late Bronze Age Aegean, a gender approach’, in Carman (ed.) 1997a, 174–97.Google Scholar
Northover, P. and Evely, R.D. 1995. ‘Towards an appreciation of Minoan metallurgical techniques: Information provided by copper alloy tools from the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford’, Annual of the British School at Athens 90, 83–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowicki, K. 2000. Defensible Sites in Crete c.1200–800 B.C. (Aegaeum 21; Liège and Austin).Google Scholar
Nowicki, K. 2008. Monastiraki Katalimata: Excavation of a Cretan Refuge Site 1993–2000 (Philadelphia).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, S. 2009. ‘Beyond the sharp bronze: Warfare and society in Mycenaean Greece’ (PhD thesis, University of Liverpool).Google Scholar
Osgood, R. 1998. Warfare in the Late Bronze Age of North Europe (Oxford).Google Scholar
Otterbein, K.F. 2004. How War Began (College Station).Google Scholar
Otto, T., Thrane, H. and Vandkilde, H. (eds.) 2006. Warfare and Society: Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives (Aarhus).Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, A. 2006. ‘The iconography of warfare in the Bronze Age Aegean’ (PhD dissertation, University of Liverpool).Google Scholar
Papasavvas, G., Muhly, P. and Lebessi, A. 1999. ‘Weapons for men and gods: Three Knossian swords from the Syme sanctuary’, in Betancourt, P.P., Karageorghis, V., Laffineur, R. and Niemeier, W.D. (eds.), Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm Wiener as He Enters His 65th Year (Aegaeum 20; Liège and Austin), 137–40.Google Scholar
Pare, C.F.E. 2000. ‘Bronze and the Bronze Age’, in Pare, C.F.E. (ed.), Metals Make the World Go Round (Oxford), 1–38.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. 2005. ‘Warfare, violence and slavery in later prehistory: An introduction’, in Pearson, Parker and Thorpe (eds.) 2005, 19–35.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. and Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds.) 2005. Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory (Oxford).Google Scholar
Parkin, D. 1999. ‘Mementoes as transitional objects in human displacement’, Journal of Material Culture 4.3, 303–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peatfield, A. 1999. ‘The paradox of violence’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 67–74.Google Scholar
Peatfield, A. 2001. ‘Divinity and performance on Minoan peak sanctuaries’, in Laffineur, R. and Hägg, R. (eds.), Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 22; Liège and Austin), 51–5.Google Scholar
Peatfield, A. 2007. ‘Reliving Greek personal combat: Boxing and pankration’, in Molloy (ed.) 2007a, 20–33.Google Scholar
Peatfield, A. 2008. ‘Minoan and Mycenaean warfare’, in de Souza, P. (ed.), The Ancient World at War (London), 87–101.Google Scholar
Pini, I. 1992. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band V. Kleinere Griechische Sammlungen. Supplementum 1A. Ägina-Korinth (Berlin).Google Scholar
Pinker, S. 2002. The Blank Slate (London).Google Scholar
Platon, N. and Pini, I. 1984. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band II. Iraklion, Archäologisches Museum. Teil 3. Die Siegel der Neupalastzeit (Berlin).Google Scholar
Platon, N., Pini, I. and Salies, G. 1977. Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, Band II. Iraklion, Archäologisches Museum. Teil 2. Die Siegel der Altpalastzeit (Berlin).Google Scholar
Poliakoff, M.B. 1987. Combat Sports in the Ancient World: Competition, Violence, and Culture (New Haven).Google Scholar
Popham, M.R., Catling, H.W. and Catling, E. 1974. ‘Sellopoulo Tombs 3 and 4, two Late Minoan graves near Knossos’, Annual of the British School at Athens 69, 195–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poursat, J.C. 1999. ‘Les armes en Egée au Bronze moyen: Quelques remarques’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 427–31.Google Scholar
Preston, L. 1999. ‘Mortuary practices and the negotiation of social identities at LM II Knossos’, Annual of the British School at Athens 94, 131–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, L. 2004a. ‘A mortuary perspective on Late Minoan Crete’, American Journal of Archaeology 108, 321–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, L. 2004b. ‘Final Palatial Knossos: A mortuary perspective on political dynamics’, in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State (Athens), 137–47.Google Scholar
Preston, L. 2008. ‘Late Minoan II to IIIB Crete’, in Shelmerdine (ed.) 2008, 310–26.Google Scholar
Preziosi, D. and Hitchcock, L.A. 1999. Aegean Art and Architecture (Oxford).Google Scholar
Raaflaub, K. 1999. ‘War and society in Archaic and Classical Greece’, in Raaflaub, K. and Rosenstein, N. (eds.), War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Cambridge, Mass.), 129–61.Google Scholar
Rehak, P. and Younger, J.G. 2001. ‘Neopalatial, Final Palatial and Postpalatial Crete’, in Cullen, T. (ed.), Aegean Prehistory: A Review (Boston), 383–465.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A.C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation (London).Google Scholar
Renfrew, A.C. 1994. ‘The archaeology of religion’, in Zubrow, E. and Renfrew, C., The Ancient Mind (Cambridge), 47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, C. 2001. ‘Symbol before concept: Material engagement and the early development of society’, in Hodder, I. (ed.), Archaeological Theory Today (Cambridge), 98–121.Google Scholar
Rethemiotakis, G. 2001. Minoan Clay Figures and Figurines (Athens).Google Scholar
Robarchek, C. 1990. ‘Motivations and material causes: On the explanation of conflict and war’, in Haas, J. (ed.), The Anthropology of War (Cambridge), 56–77.Google Scholar
Rutkowski, B., 1986. The Cult Places of the Aegean (London).Google Scholar
Sakellarakis, Y. 1984. “Ἀνασκαφὴ Ἰδαίου Ἄντρου. 1984”, Πρακτικά της eν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 1984, 507–99.Google Scholar
Sakellarakis, Y. and Sakellaraki, E. 1997. Archanes: Minoan Crete in a New Light (Athens).Google Scholar
Sakellarakis, Y. and Sapouna-Sakellaraki, E. 1981. ‘Drama of death in a Minoan temple’, National Geographic 159.2, 205–22.Google Scholar
Sandars, N.K. 1963. ‘Later Aegean bronze swords’, American Journal of Archaeology 67, 117–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandars, N.K. 1985. The Sea Peoples (London).Google Scholar
Scarre, C. 2005. The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies (London).Google Scholar
Scarre, C. and Fagan, B. 1997. Ancient Civilizations (New York).Google Scholar
Schoep, I. 2002. ‘The state of the Minoan palaces or the Minoan palace-state’, in Driessen, J., Schoep, I. and Laffineur, R. (eds.), Monuments of Minos: Rethinking Minoan Palaces (Aegaeum 23; Liège and Austin), 15–33.Google Scholar
Schoep, I. 2006. ‘Looking beyond the First Palaces: Elites and the agency of power in EM III – MM II Crete’, American Journal of Archaeology 110, 37–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoep, I. and Knappett, C. 2004. ‘Dual emergence: Evolving heterarchy, exploding hierarchy’, in Barrett, J.C. and Halstead, P. (eds.), The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited (Oxford), 21–37.Google Scholar
Schoep, I. and Tomkins, P. 2012. ‘Back to the beginning for the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete’, in Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (eds.), Back to the Beginning. Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age (Oxford), 1–31.Google Scholar
Seager, R. 1909. ‘Excavations on the island of Mochlos, Crete, in 1908’, American Journal of Archaeology 13.3, 273–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapland, A. 2009. ‘Wild nature? Human–animal relations on Neopalatial Crete’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 20.1, 109–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapland, A. 2010. ‘The naturalistic spirit? Human–animal relations in Bronze Age Crete’ (summary of Mycenaean Seminar, 14 October 2009), Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 53.2, 125–6.Google Scholar
Shaw, M. 2004. ‘The “Priest-King” fresco from Knossos: Man, woman, priest, king or someone else?’, in Chapin, A.P. (ed.), Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr (Hesperia Supplement 33; Princeton), 65–85.Google Scholar
Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shephard, B. 2002. A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists 1914–1994 (London).Google Scholar
Smith, S.K. 2009. ‘Skeletal evidence for militarism in Mycenaean Athens’, in Schepartz, L.A., Fox, S.C. and Bourbou, C. (eds.), New Directions in the Skeletal Biology of Greece (Hesperia Supplement 43; Princeton), 99–109.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. 1999. Arms and Armor of the Greeks (paperback edition; Baltimore).Google Scholar
Sofaer, J. 2006. The Body as Material Culture (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr, C.G. 1984. ‘Minoan flower lovers’, in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. (eds.), The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality (Stockholm), 1–12.Google Scholar
Stirland, A.J. 1993. ‘Asymmetry and activity-related change in the male humerus’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3, 105–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taracha, P. 2007. ‘Warriors of the Mycenaean “age of plate”’, in Molloy (ed.) 2007a, 144–53.Google Scholar
Thorpe, I.J.N., 2003. ‘Anthropology, archaeology and the origin of warfare’, World Archaeology 35.1, 145–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, I.J.N. 2005. ‘The origins of warfare and violence’, in Parker Pearson and Thorpe (eds.) 2005, 1–19.Google Scholar
Treherne, P. 1995. ‘The warrior's beauty: The masculine body and self-identity in Bronze-Age Europe’, Journal of European Archaeology 3, 105–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turney-High, H.H. 1949. Primitive War (Columbia).Google Scholar
Uckelmann, M. (forthcoming) Die Schilde der Bronzezeit in Nord- West- und Zentraleuropa (Prähistorische Bronzefunde III.4, Stuttgart).Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. 2006. ‘Archaeology and war: Presentations of warriors and peasants in archaeological interpretations’, in Otto, Thrane and Vandkilde (eds.) 2006, 57–74.Google Scholar
Ventris, M. and Chadwick, J. 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Verdelis, N.M. 1977. ‘The metal finds’, in Aström, P., The Cuirass Tomb and Other Finds at Dendra (Gothenburg), 28–65.Google Scholar
Watrous, L. 1982. Lasithi: A History of Settlement on a Highland Plain in Crete (Hesperia Supplement 18; Princeton).Google Scholar
Watrous, L. 1996. The Cave Sanctuary of Zeus at Psychro. A Study of Extra-urban Sanctuaries in Minoan and Early Iron-Age Crete (Aegaeum 15; Liège and Austin).Google Scholar
Watrous, L., Hatzi-Vallianou, D., Blitzer, H. and Bennet, J. 2004. The Plain of Phaistos: Cycles of Social Complexity in the Mesara Region of Crete (Monumenta Archaeologica 23; Los Angeles).Google Scholar
Webster, D. 1999. ‘Ancient Maya warfare’, in Raaflaub, K. and Rosenstein, N. (eds.), War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Cambridge, Mass.), 333–60.Google Scholar
Webster, D. 2000. ‘The not-so peaceful civilisation: A review of Maya war’, Journal of World Prehistory 14.1, 65–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedde, M. 1992. ‘Pictorial architecture: For a theory-based analysis of imagery’, in Laffineur, R. and Crowley, J.L. (eds.), EIKON. Aegean Bronze Age Iconography: Shaping a Methodology. Proceedings of the 4th International Aegean Conference/4e Rencontre égéenne internationale, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, 6–9 April 1992 (Aegaeum 8; Liège), 181–204.Google Scholar
Wedde, M. 2000. Towards a Hermeneutics of Aegean Bronze Age Ship Imagery (Mannheim).Google Scholar
Wees, H. van 2004. Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities (London).Google Scholar
Weingarten, J. 2005. Review of O. Krzyszkowska, Aegean Seals: An Introduction, London 2005, Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 47, 353–9.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2004a. ‘Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean’, in Barrett, J. and Halstead, P. (eds.), The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited (Oxford), 232–56.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2004b. ‘Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos’, in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State (Athens), 147–58.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2012. ‘The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: Settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation’, in Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (eds.), Back to the Beginning. Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age (Oxford), 114–76.Google Scholar
Whitley, J. 2002. ‘Objects with attitude: Biographical facts and fallacies in the study of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age warrior graves’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12.2, 217–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitley, J. 2002–3. ‘Archaeology in Greece 2002–2003’, Archaeological Reports 49, 1–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, M. 1990. ‘The isles of Crete? The Minoan thalassocracy revisited’, in Hardy, D.A., Doumas, C.G., Sakellarakis, J.A. and Warren, P.M. (eds.), Thera and the Aegean World 3.1 (London), 128–61.Google Scholar
Wiener, M. 1999. ‘Present arms/oars/ingots: Searching for evidence of military or maritime administration in LM IB’, in Laffineur (ed.) 1999, 411–23.Google Scholar
Wileman, J. 2009. War and Rumours of War: The Evidential Base for the Recognition of Warfare in Prehistory (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, H. 2005. ‘Keeping the dead at arm's length: Memory, weaponry and early medieval mortuary technologies’, Journal of Social Archaeology 5.2, 253–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. 2004. ‘The emergence of leadership and the origins of civilisation in the Aegean’, in Barrett, J.C. and Halstead, P. (eds.), The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited (Oxford), 64–89.Google Scholar
Wright, J. 2008. ‘Early Mycenaean Greece’, in Shelmerdine, C. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age (Cambridge), 230–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Younger, J. 1992. ‘Representations of Minoan-Mycenaean Jewelry’, in Laffineur, R. and Crowley, J.L. (eds.), EIKON. Aegean Bronze Age Iconography: Shaping a Methodology. Proceedings of the 4th International Aegean Conference / 4e Rencontre égéenne internationale, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, 6–9 April 1992 (Aegaeum 8; Liège), 257–93.Google Scholar