Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T06:07:37.511Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Incorporating behavioural variation in individual-based simulation models of marine reserve effectiveness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2012

RUSSELL C. BABCOCK ,
DANIEL P. EGLI  and
COLIN G. ATTWOOD
RUSSELL C. BABCOCK*
Affiliation:
Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth, New Zealand CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4011, Australia
DANIEL P. EGLI
Affiliation:
Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth, New Zealand Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Butuan City 8600, Philippines
COLIN G. ATTWOOD
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, John Day Building, University Avenue, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Republic of South Africa, and
*
*Correspondence: Dr Russ Babcock e-mail: russ.babcock@csiro.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Effective spatial management of marine species requires informed planning, as well as ongoing assessment. For mobile species such as fish, knowledge of the scale and variation in movement is central to key planning decisions, such as the size and shape of marine reserves and the interpretation of the response of protected populations. For example, populations of species that require large areas of habitat may not show increases in abundance inside small reserves, but calculating optimal reserve size is complicated by individual variations in behaviour. Fish movements can be used to quantitatively inform marine reserve planning and assessment. An individual based numerical simulation model including acoustic telemetry and census data was used to simulate changes in populations of snapper Pagrus auratus in north-eastern New Zealand. Four behavioural categories and offshore migration were used to represent the observed variability in movement. Age-structures of modelled fish populations in fully exploited areas, marine reserves and virgin populations differed substantially. However, the population structure within reserves resembled a fully fished population more closely than an unfished population. Due to the range of movement types shown by snapper, fish were not ‘locked up’ by reserves, and fish with centres of activity based in reserves were predicted to have a relatively high chance of being caught outside these reserves. Furthermore, the model showed that the response of fish populations within marine reserves was dependent on levels of exploitation in fished areas. For snapper in coastal reef areas, reserves c. 40 km2 or more may be required to achieve abundances > 50% of the unfished stock. On balance, while marine reserves with sizes similar to Leigh and Tawharanui (c. 5 km2) can achieve significant levels of protection for snapper, they are too small to fully protect resident reserve snapper populations.

Keywords

acoustic trackingadequacyconservationegg productionfish behaviourmarine protected areaunfished biomass
Type
THEMATIC SECTION: Temperate Marine Protected Areas
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 39 , Issue 3: Thematic section. Temperate Marine Protected Areas , September 2012 , pp. 282 - 294
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acosta, C.A. (2002) Spatially explicit dispersal dynamics and equilibrium population sizes in marine harvest refuges. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 458–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attwood, C.G. & Bennett, B.A. (1994) Variation in dispersal of galjoen (Coracinus capensis) (Teleostei: Coracinidae) from a marine reserve. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 1247–1257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attwood, C.G. & Bennett, B.A. (1995) Modelling the effect of marine reserves on the recreational shore-fishery of the south-western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 16: 227–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, N., Edgar, G.J., Buxton, C.D. & Haddon, M. (2007) Changes in fish assemblages following 10 years of protection in Tasmanian marine protected areas. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345: 141–157 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babcock, E.A. & MacCall, A.D. (2011) How useful is the ratio of fish density outside versus inside no-take marine reserves as a metric for fishery management control rules? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68: 343–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beentjes, M.P. & Francis, M.P. (1999) Movement of hapuku (Polyprion oxygenios) determined from tagging studies. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biro, P.A. & Post, J.R. (2008) Rapid depletion of genotypes with fast growth and bold personality traits from harvested fish populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105: 2919–2922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassie, R.M. (1956) Spawning of the snapper, Chrysophrys auratus Forster in the Hauraki Gulf. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84: 309–328.Google Scholar
Claudet, J., Osenberg, C.W., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Domenici, P., Garcia-Charton, J. A., Perez-Ruzafa, A. & Planes, S. (2008) Marine reserves: size and age do matter. Ecology Letters 11: 481–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooke, S.J., Suski, C.D., Ostrand, K.G., Wahl, D.H. & Philipp, D.P. (2007) Physiological and behavioural consequences of long-term artificial selection for vulnerability to recreational angling in a teleost fish. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80: 480–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossland, J. (1976) Snapper tagging in North-East New Zealand. 1974: analysis of methods, return rates, and movements. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 10: 675–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlgren, C.P. & Sobel, J. (2000) Designing a Dry Tortugas ecological reserve. How big is big enough? To do what? Bulletin of Marine Science 66 (3): 707–719.Google Scholar
Davies, N.M., Gilbert, D.J. & McKenzie, J.R. (1999) Assessment of the SNA 1 and SNA 8 stocks for the 1998–99 fishing year. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Document 99/28. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand: 82 pp.Google Scholar
DeAngelis, D.L. & Mooij, W.M. (2005) Individual-based modeling of ecological and evolutionary processes. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36: 147–168 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMartini, E.E. (1993) Modelling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fisheries Bulletin 91: 414–427.Google Scholar
Department of Conservation & Ministry of Fisheries (2005) Marine protected areas policy and implementation plan. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand: 35 pp. [www document]. URL http://www.biodiversity.govt.nz/pdfs/seas/MPA-Policy-and-Implementation-Plan-low-res.pdf Google Scholar
Dingle, H. (1996) Migration. The Biology of Life on the Move. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press: 474 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domeier, M.L. & Colin, P.L. (1997) Tropical reef fish spawning aggregations: defined and reviewed. Bulletin of Marine Science 60: 698–726.Google Scholar
Edgar, G.J. & Barrett, N.S. (1997) Short term monitoring of biotic change in Tasmanian marine reserves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 213: 261–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egli, D.P. & Babcock, R.C. (2004) Ultrasonic tracking reveals multiple behavioural models of snapper (Pagrus auratus) in a temperate no-take marine reserve. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 1137–1143 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eristhee, N. & Oxenford, H.A. (2001) Home range size and use of space by Bermuda chub Kyphosus sectatrix (L.) in two marine reserves in the Soufrière Marine Management Area, St Lucia, West Indies. Journal of Fish Biology 59 (Suppl. A): 129–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, M.P. (1993) Does water temperature determine year class strength in New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae)? Fisheries Oceanography 2: 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, M.P. (1994) Growth of juvenile snapper. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 28: 201–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, M.P. & Pankhurst, N.W. (1988) Juvenile sex inversion in the New Zealand snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) (Sparidae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39: 625–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, L.R., Kareiva, P.M. & Bascompte, J. (2002) The interplay of life history attributes and fishing pressure in evaluating efficacy of marine reserves. Biological Conservation 106: 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, L.R., Botsford, L., Hastings, A., Possingham, H., Gaines, S., Palumbi, S. & Andelman, S. (2003) Population models for reserve design: a retrospective and prospective synthesis. Ecological Applications 13 (Suppl): S47–S64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, L.R, Heppell, S.S., Ballantyne, F. & Sala, E. (2005) The role of dispersal and demography in detemining the efficacy of marine reserves. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62: 863–871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, D.J. & Sullivan, K.J. (1994) Stock assessment of snapper for the 1992–93 fishing year. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Document 94/3. New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D.J., McKenzie, J.R., Davies, N.M. & Field, K.D. (2000) Assessment of the SNA 1 stocks for the 1999–2000 fishing year. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2002/38. 52 pp. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington.Google Scholar
Halpern, B.S. (2003) The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter? Ecological Applications 13 (Suppl): S117–S137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussein, C., Verdoit-Jarraya, M., Pastor, J., Ibrahim, A., Saragoni, G., Pelletier, D., Mahévas, S. & Lenfant, P. (2011) Assessing the impact of artisanal and recreational fishing and protection on a white seabream (Diplodus sargus sargus) population in the north-western Mediterranean Sea using a simulation model. Part 1: Parameterization and simulations. Fisheries Research 108: 163–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, S., Scott, D. & MacDiarmid, A.B. (2002) The value of a spillover fishery for spiny lobsters around a marine reserve in northern New Zealand. Coastal Management 30: 153–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingett, P.D. & Choat, J.H. (1981) Analysis of density and distribution patterns in Chrysophrys auratus (Pisces: Sparidae) within a reef environment: an experimental approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 5: 283–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, D.L. & Chapman, M.R. (1999) Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function. Environmental Biology of Fishes 55: 65–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, S.E., Halpern, B.S., Grorud-Colvert, K., Lubchenco, J., Ruttenberg, B.I., Gaines, S.D., Airamé, S. & Warner, R.R. (2009) Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384: 33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melbourne, B.A. & Hastings, A. (2009) Highly variable spread rates in replicated biological invasions: fundamental limits to predictability. Science 325: 1536–1539 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millar, R.B., McArdle, B.H. & Harley, S.J. (1999) Modelling the size of snapper (Pagrus auratus) using temperature modified growth curves. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56: 1278–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, E.A., Botsford, L.W., Kaplan, D.M. & O'Farrell, M.R. (2009) Marine reserve networks for species that move within a home range. Ecological Applications 19: 1835–1847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, M., Burton, C. & Jenke, J. (2003) Long-term movement patterns of continental shelf and inner gulf snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae) from tagging in the Shark Bay region of Western Australia. Marine and. Freshwater Research 54: 913–922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrish, R. (1999) Marine reserves for fishery management: why not. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations 40: 77–86.Google Scholar
Parsons, D.M., Babcock, R.C., Hankin, R.K.S., Willis, T.J., Aitken, J.P., O'Dor, R.K. & Jackson, G.D. (2003) Snapper (Pagrus auratus: Sparidae) home range dynamics: acoustic tagging studies in a marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 262: 253–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, D.M., Morrison, M.A. & Slater, M.J. (2010) Responses to marine reserves: decreased dispersion of the sparid Pagrus auratus (snapper). Biological Conservation. 143: 2039–2048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, D.M., Morrison, M.A., McKenzie, J.R., Hartill, B.W., Bian, R. & Francis, R.I.C.C. (2011) A fisheries perspective of behavioural variability: differences in movement behaviour and extraction rate of an exploited sparid, snapper (Pagrus auratus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68: 632–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauly, D. (1984) Fish Population Dynamics in Tropical Waters: A Manual for Use with Programmable Computers. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 8. Manila, Philippines: International Centre for Living Aquatic Resource Management: 325 pp.Google Scholar
Polacheck, T. (1990) Year around closed areas as a management tool. Natural Resource Modelling 4: 327–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C.M., Bohnsack, J.A., Gell, F., Hawkins, J.P. & Goodridge, R. (2001) Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science 294: 1920–1923 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, P.M. (2003) Habitat associations of juvenile snapper. MSc thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Russ, G.R., Alcala, A.C., Maypa, A.P., Calumpong, H.P. & White, A.T. (2004) Marine reserve benefits local fisheries. Ecological Applications 14: 597–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shears, N.T., Babcock, R.C. & Salomon, A.K. (2008) Context-dependent effects of fishing: variation in kelp forest trophic cascades across environmental gradients. Ecological Applications 18: 1860–1873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sladek Nowlis, J. & Roberts, C.M. (1999) Fisheries benefits and optimal design of marine reserves. Fisheries Bulletin 97: 604–616.Google Scholar
Sladek Nowlis, J. (2000) Short- and long-term effects of three fishery-management tools on depleted fisheries. Bulletin of Marine Science 66: 651–662.Google Scholar
Taylor, R.A.J. (1980) A family of regression equations describing the density distribution of dispersing organisms. Nature 286: 53–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, R.B. & Willis, T.J. (1998) Relationships amongst length, weight and growth of northeastern New Zealand reef fish. Marine and Freshwater Research 49: 255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, J.W., Botsford, L.W., Baskett, M.L., Barnett, L.A.K., Barr, R.J. & Hastings, A. (2011) Linking models with monitoring data for assessing performance of no-take marine reserves. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 9: 390–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, T.J., Millar, R.B. & Babcock, R.C. (2000) Detection of spatial variability in relative density of fishes: comparison of visual census, angling, and baited underwater video. Marine Ecology Progress Series 198: 249–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, T.J., Parsons, D.M. & Babcock, R.C. (2001) Evidence for long-term site fidelity of snapper (Pagrus auratus) within a marine reserve. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 581–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, T.J., Millar, R.B. & Babcock, R.C. (2003) Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: high density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 214–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, T.J. & Millar, R.B. (2005) Using marine reserves to estimate fishing mortality. Ecology Letters 8: 47–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeldis, J.R. & Francis, R.I.C.C. (1998) A daily egg production method estimate of snapper biomass in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55: 522–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeller, D.C. & Russ, G.R. (1998) Marine reserves: patterns of adult movement of the coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) (Serranidae). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 917–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Babcock supplementary material 1

Babcock supplementary material 1

Download Babcock supplementary material 1(File)
File 123.4 KB
Supplementary material: File

Babcock supplementary material 2

Babcock supplementary material 2

Download Babcock supplementary material 2(File)
File 23.6 KB