Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T14:05:48.367Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Between Polis and Empire: Aristotle's Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2012

MARY G. DIETZ
MARY G. DIETZ*
Affiliation:
Northwestern University
*
Mary G. Dietz is John Evans Professor of Political Theory, Department of Political Science and Gender and Sexuality Studies Program, Northwestern University, 303 Scott Hall/601 University Place, Evanston, IL 60208 (m-dietz@northwestern.edu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Aristotle lived during a period of unprecedented imperial expansionism initiated by the kings of Macedon, but most contemporary political theorists confine his political theorizing to the classical Greek city-state. For many, Aristotle's thought exhibits a parochial Hellenocentric “binary logic” that privileges Greeks over non-Greeks and betrays a xenophobic suspicion of aliens and foreigners. In response to these standard “polis-centric” views, I conjure a different perceptual field—“between polis and empire”—within which to interpret Aristotle's Politics. Both theorist and text appear deeply attentive to making present immediate things “coming to be and passing away” in the Hellenic world. Moreover, “between polis and empire,” we can see the Politics actually disturbing various hegemonic Greek binary oppositions (Greek/barbarian; citizen/alien; center/periphery), not reinforcing them. Understanding the Politics within the context of the transience of the polis invites a new way of reading Aristotle while at the same time providing new possibilities for theorizing problems of postnational citizenship, transnational politics, and empire.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 106 , Issue 2 , May 2012 , pp. 275 - 293
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agamben, Giorgio. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Danielle. 2010. Why Plato Wrote. Chicester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Anderson, Perry. 1974. Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism. London: Verso Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 2005. The Promise of Politics. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1961. Aristotle's Physics. Trans. Hope, Richard. Lincoln; University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle. [1962] 1978. The Politics of Aristotle. Trans. Barker, Ernest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1984. The Politics. Trans. Lord, Carnes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1995. Politics. Trans. Barker, Ernest; Introduction and Notes by R. F. Stalley. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1998. Metaphysics. Trans. Lawson-Tancred, Hugh. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1988. The Politics. Trans. Jowett, Benjamin; ed. Stephen Everson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1998. Politics. Trans. Reeve, C.D.C.. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 2001. “On Generation and Corruption.” Trans. Harold H. Joachim. In The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. McKeon, Richard. New York: Modern Library, 642–65.Google Scholar
Badian, E. 1965. “The Administration of the Empire.” Greece and Rome 12 (2): 166–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balibar, Étienne. 2002. Politics and the Other Scene. London: Verso Press.Google Scholar
Balibar, Étienne. 2003. We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Balibar, Étienne. 2006. “Strangers as Enemies: Further Reflections on the Aporias of Transnational Citizenship.” Working Paper Series, Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition, ed. William Coleman. Hamilton, Canada: McMaster University, 1–17.Google Scholar
Barker, Ernest. 1959. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. New York: Dover Publications.Google Scholar
Barker, Ernest. [1962] 1978. The Politics of Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Jonathan. 1982. Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Jonathan. 1995. “Life and Work.” In The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle, ed. Barnes, Jonathan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–26.Google Scholar
Bates, Clifford A. Jr. 1997. “The Rule of Law or Pambasileia: Competing Claims for Rule in Aristotle's Politics.” In Justice and Law in Greek Political Thought. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 195–212.Google Scholar
Bauböck, Rainer, ed. 1994. From Aliens to Citizens: Redefining the Stakes of Immigration in Europe. Avesbury, UK: Aldershot.Google Scholar
Bell, Duncan, ed. 2007. “Victorian Visions of Global Order: An Introduction.” In Victorian Visions of Global Order: Empire and International Relations in Nineteenth-century Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhabib, S. 2009. “Twilight of Sovereignty or the Emergence of Cosmopolitan Norms? Rethinking Citizenship in Volatile Times.” In Democracy, States, and the Struggle for Global Justice. eds. Gautney, H., Dahbour, O., Dawson, A., and Smith, N.. New York: Routledge, 79–98.Google Scholar
Bosworth, A. B. 1988. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bosworth, A. B. 2003. “Alexander and the ‘Unity of Mankind.’” In Alexander the Great: A Reader, ed. Worthington, Ian. London: Routledge, 208–35.Google Scholar
Bradley, A. C. 1991. “Aristotle's Conception of the State.” In A Companion to Aristotle's Politics, eds. Keyt, David and Miller, Fred Jr. Oxford: Blackwell, 13–56.Google Scholar
Brown, W. 2006. Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in the Age of Identity and Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunt, P. A. 1993. Studies in Greek History and Thought. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Castoriadis, Cornelius. 2007. Figures of the Thinkable. Trans. Arnold, Helen. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chroust, A. H. 1967. “Aristotle Leaves the Academy.” Greece and Rome (Second Series) 14 (1): 39–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chroust, A. H. 1973. Aristotle: New Light on His Life and on Some of His Lost Works. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Stephen R. L. 1975. Aristotle's Man: Speculations upon Aristotelian Anthropology. Oxford: Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. L. 2004. “Whose Sovereignty? Empire versus International Law.” Ethics and International Affairs 18 (3): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Susan. 2006. Aristotle and the Rediscovery of Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowls, Maria, Caparaso, James, and Risse, Thomas, eds. 2001. Transforming Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Michael. 1996. The Politics of Philosophy: A Commentary on Aristotle's Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Davis, Morris. 1981. “Aristotle on the Peoples of Europe and the Peoples of Asia: The Meaning of Mean in a Two-factor Context.” Polis: The Society for Greek Political Thought 4 (1): 32–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
duBois, Page. 2010. Out of Athens. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Edel, Abraham. 1982. Aristotle and His Philosophy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Z. 2004. Against Empire: Feminisms, Racism, and the West. New York: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Euben, Peter. 2001. “The Polis, Globalization, and the Politics of Place.” In Democracy and Vision, eds. Botwinick, A. and Connolly, W. E.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 256–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everson, Stephen, ed. 1988. Aristotle: The Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Jill. 2004. “Citizens, Slaves, and Foreigners: Aristotle on Human Nature.” American Political Science Review 98 (1): 91–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Jill. 2005. A Democracy of Distinction: Aristotle and the Work of Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. 1977. “Aristotle and Economic Analysis.” In Articles on Aristotle: 2. Ethics and Politics, eds. Barnes, Jonathan, Schofield, Malcolm, and Sorabji, Richard. London: Duckworth, 140–58.Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. 1983. Economy and Society in Ancient Greece. Harrisonburg, VA: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1988. The Care of the Self. Vol. 2 of The History of Sexuality. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Frede, Dorothea. 1992. “The Cognitive Role of Phantasia in Aristotle's Thought.” In Essays on Aristotle's De Anima, eds. Nussbaum, Martha C. and Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 279–95.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony, Liddle, Roger, and Diamond, Patrick, eds. 2006. Global Europe, Social Europe. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Gomme, A. W. 1937. Essays in Greek History and Literature. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Granger, Herbert. 1985. “The Scala Naturae and the Continuity of Kinds.” Phronesis. 30 (2): 181–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Peter. 1991. Alexander of Macedon 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Green, Peter. 1996. “The Metamorphosis of the Barbarian: Athenian Panhellenism in a Changing World.” In Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History 360–146 B.C., eds. Wallace, Robert W. and Harris, Edward M.. Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 5–36.Google Scholar
Hall, Edith. 1989. Inventing the Barbarian. Greek Self-definition through Tragedy. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Hall, Jonathan M. 2002. Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. 2003 “The Kingdom of Asia and the Persian Throne.” In Alexander the Great: A Reader, ed. Ian Worthington. London: Routledge, 136–47.Google Scholar
Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1995. “Kome: A Study in How the Greeks Designated and Classified Settlements Which Were Not Poleis.” In Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis, eds. Hansen, M. H. and Raaflaub, K.. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner, 45–82.Google Scholar
Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1996. “Aristotle's Two Complementary Views of the Greek Polis.” In Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History 360–146 B.C., eds. Wallace, R. W. and Harris, E. M.. Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 195–210.Google Scholar
Hardt, Michael, and Negri, Antonio. 2000. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, Geoffrey. 1991. Plausible Worlds: Possibility and Understanding in History and the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, Don. 1989. Happy Slaves: A Critique of Consent Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, Stephen Taylor. 1979. “Aristippus in and out of Athens.” American Political Science Review 73 (1): 113–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ignatieff, Michael. 2003. “American Empire: The Burden.” New York Times Magazine, January 5.Google Scholar
Jaeger, Werner. 1934. Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Jouguet, Pierre. 1928. Macedonian Imperialism and the Hellenization of the East. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Kelsen, Hans. 1977. “Aristotle and Hellenic-Macedonian Policy.” In Articles on Aristotle: 2. Ethics and Politics, eds. Barnes, Jonathan, Schofield, Malcolm, and Sorabji, Richard. London: Duckworth, 195–201.Google Scholar
Kennedy, George A. 1991. “Introduction.” In Aristotle on Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, 3–22.Google Scholar
Kraut, Richard. 2002. Aristotle: Political Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson-Tancred, Hugh. 1998. “Introduction.” In Aristotle: The Metaphysics. Trans. Lawson-Tancred, H.. New York: Penguin, xi–lviii.Google Scholar
Lear, Jonathan. 1988. Aristotle: The Desire to Understand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, Thomas. 1991. “The ‘God-like Man’ versus the ‘Best Laws’: Politics and Religion in Aristotle's Politics.” Review of Politics. 53 (3): 488–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, G. E. R. 1968. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, G. E. R. 1996. Aristotelian Explorations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lord, Carnes. 1981. “The Character and Composition of Aristotle's Politics. Political Theory 9 (4): 459–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, Carnes. 1982. Education and Culture in the Political Thought of Aristotle. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1981. After Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.Google Scholar
Mara, Gerald. 1995. “The Near Made Far Away: The Role of Cultural Criticism in Aristotle's Political Theory.” Political Theory 23 (2): 280–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marx, Karl. [1841] 1975. “The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature.” In The Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Vol. 1. New York: International Publishers, 34.Google Scholar
McClure, Kirstie. 1996. Judging Rights: Lockean Politics and the Limits of Consent. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, Uday Singh. 1997. “Liberal Strategies of Exclusion.” In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, eds. Cooper, Fredrick and Stoler, Ann. Berkeley: University of California Press, 59–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlan, Philip. 1954–55. “Isocrates, Aristotle, and Alexander the Great.” Historia 3: 76–81.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. [1869] 1989. “The Subjection of Women.” In On Liberty and Other Writings, ed. Collini, Stefan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 117–217.Google Scholar
Miller, Fred D. Jr. 1995. Nature, Justice, and Rights in Aristotle's “Politics.” Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Monoson, Sara. 2011. “Navigating Race, Class, Polis and Empire: The Place of Empirical Analysis in Aristotle's Account of Natural Slavery.” In Reading Ancient Slavery, eds. Alston, Richard, Hall, Edith, and Proffitt, Laura. London: Bristol Classical: 133–51.Google Scholar
Morefield, Jeanne. 2005. Covenants without Swords: Idealist Liberalism and the Spirit of Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Morison, Benjamin. 2002. On Location: Aristotle's Concept of Place. Oxford: Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrall, John. 1977. Aristotle. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Mossé, Claude. 2001. Alexander: Destiny and Myth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mulgan, R. G. 1977. Aristotle's Political Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mulgan, Richard. 2000. “Was Aristotle an ‘Aristotelian Social Democrat’?” Ethics 11 (1): 79–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthu, Sankar. 2003. Enlightenment against Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Newman, W. L. 2000. The Politics of Aristotle, Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Nichols, Mary. 1991. Citizens and Statesmen: A Study of Aristotle's Politics. Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Nichols, Mary. 2007. “Philosophy and Empire: On Socrates and Alcibiades in Plato's Symposium.” Polity 39: 502–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. [1878] 1995. Human All Too Human I: A Book for Free Spirits, Vol. 3. Trans. Handwerk, Gary. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1994. The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1986. The Fragility of Goodness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 2000. “Aristotle, Politics, and Human Capabilities: A Response to Antony, Arneson, Charlesworth, and Mulgan.” Ethics 111 (1): 102–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ober, Josiah. 1996. The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ober, Josiah. 1998. Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan. 1979. Women in Western Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. Sovereign City: The City-State Ancient and Modern. Chicago: Reaktion Books.Google Scholar
Pitts, Jennifer. 2005. A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plutarch. 1973. The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives by Plutarch. Trans. Scott-Kilvert, Ian. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Polansky, Ronald. 1991. “Aristotle and Political Change.” In A Companion to Aristotle's “Politics,” eds. Keyt, David and Miller, Fred D.. Oxford: Basil Blackwell: 323–45.Google Scholar
Polansky, Ronald. 2007. Aristotle's De Anima. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, Karl R. 1963. The Spell of Plato. Vol. 1 of The Open Society and Its Enemies. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Popper, Karl R. 1971. The High Tide of Prophecy. Vol. 2 of The Open Society and Its Enemies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rancière, Jacques. 1995. On the Shores of Politics. Trans. Heron, Liz. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Rancière, Jacques. 1999. Dis-agreement: Politics and Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Randall, John Herman Jr. 1960. Aristotle. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeve, C. D. C. 1998. “Introduction.” In Aristotle: Politics. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, xvii–lxxix.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. 1976. Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning. Fort Worth, TX: Christian University Press.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. 2000. The Just. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ryder, T. T. B. 2003. “Macedonian Domination: The Peace of 338/337 and After.” In Alexander the Great: A Reader, ed. Worthington, Ian. London: Routledge, 75–80.Google Scholar
Salkever, Stephen. 1994. Finding the Mean: Theory and Practice in Aristotelian Political Philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salkever, Stephen. 2007. “Whose Prayer? The Best Regime of Book 7 and the Lessons of Aristotle's “Politics.” Political Theory 35 (1): 29–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxonhouse, Arlene. 1983. “Further Reflections on Aristotle on the Peoples of Europe and Asia.” Polis: The Society for Greek Political Thought 5 (1): 34–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxonhouse, Arlene. 2004. “Corruption and Justice: The View from Ancient Athens.” In Private and Public Corruption. eds. Heffernan, William C. and Kleinig, John. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 25–51.Google Scholar
Schmitt-Pantel, P. 1990. “Collective Activities and the Political in the Greek City.” In The Greek City from Homer to Alexander, eds. Murray, O. and Price, S.. Oxford: Clarendon, 199–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, Malcolm. 1992. “Aristotle on the Imagination.” In Essays on Aristotle's De Anima, eds. Nussbaum, Martha C. and Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 249–77.Google Scholar
Schofield, Malcolm. 1999. Saving the City: Philosopher-Kings and Other Classical Paradigms. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Simpson, Peter L. Phillips, . 1998. A Philosophical Commentary on the Politics of Aristotle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 2008. “Lectures Part Two. Is It Still Possible to Interpret Texts?” International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 89 (3): 647–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skultety, S. C. 2009. “Competition in the Best of Cities.” Political Theory. 37 (1): 44–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorabji, Richard. 1979. “Aristotle on the Instant of Change.” In Articles on Aristotle: 3. Metaphysics, eds. Barnes, Jonathan, Schofield, Malcolm, and Sorabji, Richard. London: Duckworth, 178–98.Google Scholar
Spanos, William. 2000. America's Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Stalley, R. F. 1995. “Introduction” and “Explanatory Notes.” In Aristotle Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, vii–xlvii; 318–409.Google Scholar
Strauss, Barry. 1991. “On Aristotle's Critique of Athenian Democracy.” In Essays on the Foundations of Aristotelian Political Science, eds. Lord, Carnes and O'Connor, David K.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 212–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, Leo. 1964. The City and Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tarn, W. W. 1933. “Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind.” Proceedings of the British Academy XIX: 123ff.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. E. 1955. Aristotle. New York: Dover Publications.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 1977. Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thucydides. 1954. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Trans. Warner, Rex. New York: Penguin Classics.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre. 1982. The Origins of Greek Thought. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Walbank, F.W. 1951. “The Problem of Greek Nationality.” Phoenix 5 (2): 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walbank, F. W. 1981. The Hellenistic World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wallace, Robert W., and Harris, Edward M.. 1996. Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History 360–146 B.C. Norman: Oklahoma University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, D. 1975. “Aristotle the Metic.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 21: 94–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Bernard. 1993. Shame and Necessity. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolin, Sheldon. [1960] 2004. Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yack, Bernard. 1993. The Problems of a Political Animal: Community, Justice, and Conflict in Aristotelian Political Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar