Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T14:48:02.235Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Feeding value of guar meal and the application of enzymes in improving nutritive value for broilers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2012

M. HUSSAIN ,
A.U. REHMAN  and
M.F. KHALID
M. HUSSAIN*
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Tech., University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
A.U. REHMAN
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Tech., University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
M.F. KHALID
Affiliation:
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author: munawar720@gmail.com
Get access

Abstract

With a growing population, feeding competition between human and animals is increasing. Because major ingredients used in animal feeds, especially in poultry diets are now being used in human nutrition, there is a decreased availability of quality feed resources and poultry feeds are becoming costly. Guar meal is an easily available and economical feed ingredient and may be helpful in alleviating this problem. A large quantity of guar is processed in the world for gum extraction and residue left over from processing is converted into guar meal. It has a good amino acid profile with crude protein contents of about 33-45%. However, anti-nutritional components like guar gum (β-mannan), saponins and trypsin inhibitors limit the use of guar meal in broiler diets. These anti-nutritional factors have been reported to depress growth in birds but at lower levels some of these (β-mannan and saponins) have positive effects on bird health and performance. β-mannan is considered a major anti-nutritional factor when higher levels of guar meal are used in poultry. To improve the utilisation of such feeds, β-mannanases are used. This paper reviews some benefits and drawbacks regarding the use of guar meal in poultry diets and how to improve its feeding value.

Keywords

guar mealβ-mannansaponinenzyme and broilers
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 68 , Issue 2 , June 2012 , pp. 253 - 268
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AHMED, G. (1998) Effect of extrusion and enzyme supplementation on nutritional value and utilization of guar meal in broilers. Ph.D. Dissertation. UAF Pakistan.Google Scholar
ALMIRALL, M., FRANCESCH, M., PEREZ-VENDRELL, A.M., BRUFAU, J. and ESTEVE-GARCIA, E. (1995) The difference in intestinal viscosity produced by barley and β-glucanase alter digesta enzyme activities and ileal nutrient digestibilities more in broiler chicks than in cocks. Journal of Nutrition 125: 947-955.Google ScholarPubMed
AMBEGAOKAR, S.D., KAMATH, J.K. and SHINDE, V.P. (1969) Nutritional studies in protein ofgawar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Journal of Nutrition and Diet 6: 323-328.Google Scholar
ANDERSON, J.O. and WARNICK, R.E. (1964) Value of enzyme supplements in rations containing certain legume seed meals or gums. Poultry Science 43: 1091-1097.Google Scholar
ANNISON, E.F., HILL, K.J. and KENWORTHY, R. (1968) Volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract of the fowl. British Journal of Nutrition 22:207-216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ARGENZIO, R.A. (1982) Volatile fatty acid production and absorption from the large intestine of the pig. Colloques de I INRA 12: 207-216.Google Scholar
AVATO, P., BUCCI, R., TAVA, A., VITALI, C., ROSATO, A., BIALY, Z. and JURZYSTA, M. (2006) Antimicrobial activity of saponins from Medicago spp.: Structure-activity relationship. Phytotherapy Research 20: 454-457.Google Scholar
BAKSHI, Y., CREGOR, C.R. and COUGH, J.R. (1964) Studies on guar meal. Poultry Science 43: 1302 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
BAKSHI, Y.K. (1966) Studies on toxicity and processing of guar meal. PhD Diss. Texa A&M Univ. College Station, TX.Google Scholar
BEDFORD, M.R. (1995) Mechanism of action and potential environmental benefits from the use of feed enzymes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 53: 145-155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BLACKBURN, T.A. and JOHNSON, I.T. (1981) The effect of guar gum on the viscosity of gastrointestinal contents and on glucose uptake from the perfused jejenum in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 46: 239-246.Google Scholar
BROCHER, R. and ACKERSON, C.W. (1950) The nutritive value of legume seeds. Effect of autoclaving and trypsin inhibitor test for seventeen species. Journal of Nutrition 41: 339-345.Google Scholar
BURNETT, G.S. (1966) Studies of viscosity as the probable factor involved in the improvement of certain barleys for chickens by enzyme supplementation. British Poultry Science 7: 55-75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAMPBELL, L.D., JACOBSEN, I., EGGUM, B.O. and JUST, A. (1983) A study of the variability of the endogenous energy output by adult roosters and a determination of the available energy of nine different feedstuffs. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 34: 221-226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CARRE, B., DEROUET, L. and LECLERCQ, B. (1990) The digestibility of cell-wall polysaccharides from wheat (bran or whole grain), soybean meal, and white lupin meal in cockerels, muscovy ducks, and rats. Poultry Science 69: 623-633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHEEKE, P.R. and SHULL, L.R. (1985) Natural toxicants in feeds and poisonous plants. AVI Westport, Connecticut, USA.Google Scholar
CHOCT, M. (2002) Non-starch polysaccharides: Effect on nutritive value, in: MCNAB, J. & BOORMAN, N. (Eds) Poultry Feedstuffs: Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value, pp. 221-235 (CABI Publishing, New York).Google Scholar
CHOCT, M., HUGHES, R.J., TRIMBLE, R.P., ANGKANAPORN, K. and ANNISON, G. (1995) Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes increase the performance of broiler chickens fed wheat of low apparent metabolisable energy. Journal of Nutrition 125: 485-492.Google Scholar
CHRISTINE, J.G., DUNCAN, C.J.G., PASCO, D.S., PUGH, N. and ROSS, S.A. (2002) Isolation of a galactomannan that enhances macrophage activation from the edible fungus Morchella esculenta. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50: 5683-5685.Google Scholar
CONNER, S. (2002) Characterization of guar meal for use in poultry rations. PhD Diss. Texa A&M Univ. College Station, TX.Google Scholar
COUCH, J.R., BAKSHI, Y.K., FERGUSON, T.M., SMITH, E.B. and CREGER, C.R. (1967) The effect of processing on the nutritional value of guar meal for broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 8: 243-250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COUCH, J.R., CREGERAND, C.R. and BAKSHI, Y.K. (1966) Trypsin inhibitor in guar meal. Proceedings of Social Experimental Biology and Medicine 123: 263-265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CURL, C.L., PRICE, R.K. and FENWICK, G.R. (1986) Isolation and structural elucidation of a triterpenoid saponin from guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Phytochemistry 25: 2675-2676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DANICKE, S., VAKJEN, W., SIMON, O. and JEROCH, H. (1999) Effects of dietary type and xylanase supplementation to rye based broiler diets on selected bacterial groups adhering to the intestinal epithelium on transit time of feed and non-nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science 78: 1292-1299.Google Scholar
DANICKE, S., JEROCH, H., BOTTCHER, W. and SIMON, O. (2000) Interaction between dietary fat type and enzyme supplementation in broiler diet with high pentosans content: effects of pre-caecal and total track digestibility of fatty acids, metabolizability of gross energy, digesta viscosity and weight of small intestine. Animal Feed Science and Technology 84: 279-294.Google Scholar
DARIO FRIAS, A.C. and SGARBIERI, V.C. (1998) Guar gum effects on food intake, blood serum lipids and glucose levels of Wistar rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 53: 15-28.Google Scholar
DASKIRAN, M., TEETER, R.G., FODGE, D. and HSIAO, H.Y. (2004) An evaluation of endo-beta-mannanase (Hemicell) effects on broiler performance and energy use in diets varying in beta-mannan content. Poultry Science 83: 662-668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DUNCAN, C.J., PUGH, N., PASCO, D.S. and ROSS, S.A. (2002) Isolation of a galactomannan that enhances macrophage activation from the edible fungus Morchella esculenta. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50: 5683-5685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ECOCROP, (2011) Ecocrop database. FAO.Google Scholar
ECOPORT, (2011) Ecoport database. Ecoport.Google Scholar
ELLIS, P.R., ROBERTS, F.G., LOW, A.G. and MORGAN, L.M. (1995) The effect of high-molecular-weight guar gum on net apparent glucose absorption and net apparent insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide production in the growing pig: Relationship to rheological changes in jejunal digesta. British Journal of Nutrition 74: 539-556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FAIRCHILD, R.M., ELLIS, P.R., BYRNE, A.J., LUZIO, S.D. and MIR, M.A. (1996) A new breakfast cereal containing guar gum reduces postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in normal weight human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 76: 63-73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FAVIER, M.L., BOST, P.E., DEMIGNE, C. and REMESY, C. (1998) The cholesterol-lowering effect of guar gum in rats is not accompanied by an interruption of bile acid cycling. Lipids 33: 765-771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FENWICK, G.R., PRICE, K.R., TSUKAMOTO, C. and OKUBO, K. (1991) Saponins, in: D'MELLO, J.P.F., DUFFUS, C.M. & DUFFUS, J.H. (Eds), Toxic Substances in Crop Plants, pp. 285-327 (The Royal Soc. Chem., Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
FRANCIS, G., MAKKAR, H.P.S. and BECKER, K. (2001) Effects of Quillaja saponins on growth, metabolism, egg production, and muscle cholesterol in individually reared Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 129C: 105-114.Google Scholar
FULLER, R. (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66: 365-378.Google Scholar
FURUSE, M. and MABAYO, R.T. (1996) Effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on feeding behaviour and crop emptying rate in chicks. British Poultry Science 37: 223-227.Google Scholar
GDALA, J., JOHANSEN, H.N., BACH KNUDSEN, K.E., KNAP, I.H., WAGNER, P. and JØRGENSEN, O.B. (1997) The digestibility of carbohydrates, protein and fat in the small and large intestine of piglets fed non-supplemented and enzyme supplemented diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 65:15-33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GEE, J.M. and JOHNSON, I.T. (1988) Interactions between hemolytic saponins, bile salts and small intestinal mucosa in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 118: 1391-1397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GOLDSTEIN, A.M. and ALTER E.N., (1959) “Guar Gum”, p. 321-341 In Industrial Gums, Eds.Google Scholar
GUTIERREZ, O., ZHANG, C., CALDWELL, D.J., CAREY, J.B., CARTWRIGHT, A.L. and BAILEY, C.A. (2008) Guar meal diets as an alternative approach to inducing molt and improving Salmonella enteritidis resistance in late-phase laying hens. Poultry Science 87: 536-540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HASSAN, S.M., EL-GAYAR, A.K., CADWELL, D.J., BAILEY, C.A. and CARTWRIGHT, A.L. (2008) Guar meal ameliorates Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicks. Veterinary Parasitology 157: 133-138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HASSAN, S.M., BYRD, J.A., CARTWRIGHT, A.L. and BAILEY, C.A. (2011) Effects of adding dietary guar meal, guar gum and saponin-rich guar meal extract on broiler chicks challenged with Clostridium perfringens. International Poultry Science Forum (Abstr.)Google Scholar
HASSAN, S.M., GUTIERREZ, O., HAQ, A.U., BYRD, J.A., BAILEY, C.A. and CARTWRIGHT, A.L. (2007) Saponin-rich extracts from quillaja, yucca, soybean, and guar differ in antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. Poultry Science 86: 121 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
HASSAN, S.M., HAQ, A.U., BYRD, J.A., BERHOW, M.A., CARTWRIGHT, A.L. and BAILEY, C.A. (2010) Haemolytic and antimicrobial activities of saponin-rich extracts from guar meal. Food Chemistry 119(2): 600-605.Google Scholar
HAWLEY, G.G. (1977) The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. New YorkGoogle Scholar
HORTON, D. (1997) Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. Vol. 52. Academic Press, London, UK.Google Scholar
ISHIHARA, N., CHU, D.C., AKACHI, S. and JUNEJA, L.R. (2000) Preventive effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gumon infection of Salmonella Enteritidis in young and laying hens. Poultry Science 79: 689-697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JACKSON, M.E., GERONIAN, K., KNOX, A., MCNAB, J. and MCCARTNEY, E. (2004) A dose‑response study with the feed enzyme (3-mannanase in broilers provided with corn‑ soybean meal based diets in the absence of antibiotic. Poultry Science 83: 1992-1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JENKINS, D.J., WOLEVER, T.M., LEEDS, A.R., GASSUL, M.A., HAISMAN, P., DILAWARI, J., GOFF, D.V., METZ, G.L. and ALBARTI, K.G. (1978) Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: Importance of viscosity. British Medicine Journal 1: 1392-1394.Google Scholar
JENKINS, K.J. and ATWAL, A.S. (1994) Effects of dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry 5: 134-138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JORGENSEN, H., ZHAO, X.Q., KNUDSEN, K.E. and EGGUM, B.O. (1996) The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 75: 79-95.Google Scholar
KAKANI, R., GUTIERREZ, O., HAQ, A. and BAILEY, C.A. (2007) Extraction of saponins from guar meal. Poultry Science 86(Suppl. 1): 314. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
KAMRAN, M., PASHA, T.N., MAHMUD, A. and ALI, Z. (2002) Effect of Commercial Enzyme (Natugrain) Supplementation on the Nutritive Value and Inclusion Rate of Guar Meal in Broiler Rations. International journal of Poultry Science 1(6): 167-173.Google Scholar
KHAN, S. (1996) Effect of "Galactosidase and mannanase supplementation on nutritive value of untoasted guar meal for broilers. M.Sc thesis, Animal Nutrition Department University of Agriculture Faisalabad.Google Scholar
KIRGCHGESSNER, M., EDER, K., MÜLLER, H.L. and JAMROZ, D. (1999) Zur energetichen bewertung von nichtstärke polisacchariden beim geflügel. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 81: 51-56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEE, J.T., BAILEY, C.A. and CARTWRIGHT, A.L. (2003a) Guar meal germ and hull fractions differently affect growth performance and intestinal viscosity of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 82: 1589-1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEE, J.T., BAILEY, C.A. and CARTWRIGHT, A.L. (2003b) β-Mannanase ameliorates viscosity-associated depression of growth in broiler chickens fed guar germ and hull fractions. Poultry Science 82: 1925-1931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEE, J.T., BAILEY, C.A. and CARTWRIGHT, A.L. (2009) In vitro viscosity as a function of guar meal and beta-mannanase content of feeds. International Journal of Poultry Science 8(8): 715-719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEE, J.T., CONNOR-APPLETON, S., BAILEY, C.A. and CARTWRIGHT, A.L. (2005) Effects of guar meal by-product with and without P-mannanase hemicell on broiler performance. Poultry Science 84: 1261-1267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEE, J.T., CONNOR-APPLETON, S., HAQ, A.U., BAILEY, C.A. and CARTWRIGHT, A. (2004) Quantitative measurement of negligible trypsin inhibitor activity and nutrient analysis of guar meal fractions. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 52: 6492-6495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEEDS, A.R., KANG, S.S., LOW, A.G. and SAMBROOK, I.E. (1980) The pig as a model for studies on the mode of action of guar gum in normal and diabetic man. Proceeding of Nutrition Society 39: 44.Google Scholar
MAISONNIER, S., GOMEZ, J. and CARRE, B. (2001) Nutrient digestibility and intestinal viscosities in broiler chickens fed on wheat-based diets, as compared to maize-diets added guar gum. British Poultry Science 42: 102-110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MALINOW, M.R., CONNOR, W.E., MCLAUGHLIN, P., STAFFORD, C., LIN, D.S., LIVINGSTON, A.L., KOHLERAND, G.O. and MCNULTY, W.E. (1981) Cholesterol and bile acid balance in Macaca fascicularis. Effects of alfalfa saponins. Journal of Clinical Investigation 67: 156-162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MAQBOOL, A., CAO, T. and JIN, F. (2010) Hemicell (8-mannanase) improves growth performance of broiler chickens feed with guar meal diets. International Poultry Science Forum (Abstr.)Google Scholar
MCCLEARY, B.V. (1986) Enzymatic modification of plant polysaccharides. International Journal of Biology and Macromolecules 8: 349-354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MCNAUGHTON, J.L., HSIAO, H., MADDENN, D.A. and FODGE, D.W. (1998) Corn/soy/fat diets for broilers, 8-mannanase and improved feed conversion. Poultry Science 77(Suppl. 1): 153 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
MEHRI, M., ADIBMORADI, M., SAMIE, A. and SHIVAZAD, M. (2010) Effects of β-Mannanase on broiler performance, gut morphology and immune system. African Journal of Biotechnology 37: 6221-6228.Google Scholar
MENON, U., DUBE, M.M. and BHARGAVA, P.D. (1972) Gum content variations in guar Cyamopsis tetragondoba (L) Taub. Indian Journal of Heredity 2: 55-58.Google Scholar
MORGAN, L.M., TREDGER, J.A., MADDEN, A., KWASOWSKI, P. and MARKS, V. (1985) The effect of guar gum on carbohydrate, protein and fat stimulated gut hormone secretion: Modification of postprandial gastric inhibitory polypeptide and gastrin responses. British Journal of Nutrition 53: 467-475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MSHVILDADZE, V., FAVEL, A., DELMAS, F., ELIAS, R., FAURE, R., DECANOSIDZE, G., KEMERTELIDZE, E. and BALANSARD, G. (2000) Antifungal and antiprotozoal activities of saponins from Hedera colchica. Pharmazie 55: 325-326.Google ScholarPubMed
MUSSINI, S.C., COTO, C.A., GOODGAME, S., LU C., , KARIMI, A.J., LEE, J. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2011) Effect of CTCzyme 8-Mannanase on broiler performance and dry matter output using corn-soybean meal based diets. International Poultry Science Forum (Abstr.)Google Scholar
NADEEM, M.A., GILANI, A.H., KHAN, A.G. and MAHR-UN-NISA, (2005a) Amino Acids Availability of Poultry Feedstuffs in Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture Biology 7(6): 985-989.Google Scholar
NADEEM, M.A., GILANI, A.H., KHAN, A.G. and MAHR-UN-NISA, (2005b) True Metabolizable Energy values of poultry feedstuffs in Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture Biology 7(6): 990-994Google Scholar
NAGPAL, M.L., AGRAWAL, O.P. and BHATIA, I.S. (1971) Chemical and biological examination of guar meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). International Journal of Animal Science 41: 283-293.Google Scholar
NAGRA, S.S., SETHI, R.P., CHAWLA, J.S. and CHOPRA, A.K. (1998a) Feeding value of fermented guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) meal in broilers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 33(3): 336-338.Google Scholar
NOACK, J., KLEESEN, B., PROLL, J., DONGOWSKI, G. and BLAUT, M. (1998) Dietary guargum and pectin stimulate intestinal microbial polyamine synthesis in rats. Journal of Nutrition 128: 1385-1391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NRMC, (1994) Novus Raw Material Compendium, 2nd ed.; Novus International Inc.: Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
NUNES, C.S. and MALMLOF, K. (1992) Effects of guar gum and cellulose on glucose absorption, hormonal release, and hepatic metabolism in the pig. British Journal of Nutrition 68: 693-700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OAKENFULL, D.G., TOPPING, D.L., ILLMAN, R.J. and FENWICK, D.E. (1984) Prevention of dietary hypercholesterolaemia in the rat by soya bean and quillaja saponins. Nutrition Reports International 29: 1039-1046.Google Scholar
OLESZEK, W., NOWACKA, J., GEE, J.M., WORTLEY, G.M. and JOHNSON, I.T. (1994) Effects of some purified alfalfa (Medicago sativa) saponins on transmural potential difference in mammalian small intestine. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 65:35-39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OOI, T. and KIKUCHI, D. (1995) Purification and some properties of 8-mannanase from Bacillus sp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11: 310-314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OU, S.Y., KWOK, K.C., LI, Y. and FU, L. (2001) In vitro study of possible role of dietary fibre in lowering postprandial serum glucose. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 49: 1026-1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OUIHIDA, I., PEREZ, J.F., ANGUITA, M. and GASA, J. (2002) Influence of P-mannase on broiler performance, digestibility, and intestinal fermentation. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 11: 244-249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PATEL, M.B. and MCGINNIS, J. (1985) The effect of autoclaving and enzyme supplementation of guarmeal on the performance of chicks and laying hens. Poultry Science 64: 1148-1156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PERRY, F.G. (1995) Biotechnology in animal feeds and animal feeding: an overview, in: WALLACE, R.J. & CHESSON, A. (Eds) Biotechnology in animal feeds and animal feeding, p. 12 (VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany).Google Scholar
POTTER, S.M., JIMENEZ-FLORES, R., POLLACK, J., LONE, T.A. and BERBER-JIMENEZ, M.D. (1993) Protein saponin interaction and its influence on blood lipids. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 41: 1287-1291.Google Scholar
PRICE, K.R., JOHNSON, I.T. and FENWICK, G.R. (1987) The chemistry and biological significance of saponins in foods and feedstuffs. CRC Critical Reviews of Food Science and Nutrition 26: 27-135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAINBIRD, A.L. and LOW, A.G. (1986) Effect of various types of dietary fibre on gastric emptying in growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 55(1): 111-121.Google Scholar
RAINBIRD, A.L., LOW, A.G. and ZEBROWSKA, T. (1984) Effect of guar gum on glucose and water absorption from isolated loops of jejunum in conscious growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 52: 489-498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RAY, S., PUBOLS, M.H. and MCGINNIS, J. (1982) The effect of a purified guar degrading enzyme on chick growth. Poultry Science 61: 488-494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RESHEF, G., GESTETNER, B., BIRK, Y. and BONDI, A. (1976) Effect of alfalfa saponins on the growth and some aspects of lipid metabolism of mice and quails. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 27: 63-72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAMBROOK, I.E. and RAINBIRD, A.L. (1985) The effects of guar gum and level and source of dietary fat on glucose tolerance in growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 54: 27-35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SATHE, B.S. and BOSE, S. (1962) Studies on the utilization of industrial and farm by-products in growing poultry rations. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 32: 74-84.Google Scholar
SEN, S., MAKKAR, H.P.S. and BECKER, K. (1998) Alfalfa saponins and their implication in animal nutrition. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 46: 131-140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SHARMA, P.G., DUBEY, and KAUSHIK, S. (2011) Chemical and Medico-biological profile of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub: An overview. Journal of Applied Pharmacology Science 01(02): 32-37.Google Scholar
TAKAHASHI, H., YANG, S.I., FUJIKI, M., KIM, M., YAMAMOTO, T. and GREENBERG, N.A. (1994) Toxicity studies of partially hydrolyzed guar gum. Journal of American Coll. Toxicology 13: 273-278.Google Scholar
TAYLOR, R.H. (1979) Gastric emptying, fibre, and absorption. The Lancet 1: 872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
THAKUR, R.S. and PRADHAN, K. (1975a) A note on inclusion of guar meal (Gyamopsis tetragonoloba) in broiler rations. Indian Journal of Animal Science 45: 98-102.Google Scholar
THAKUR, R.S. and PRADHAN, K. (1975b) A note on inclusion of guar meal (Gyamopsis tetragonoloba) in broiler rations. Effect on carcass yield and meat composition. Indian Journal of Animal Science 45: 880-884.Google Scholar
TOPPING, D.L. (1996) Short-chain fatty acids produced by intestinal bacteria. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5: 15-19.Google ScholarPubMed
VAHJEN, W., BUSCH, T. and SIMON, O. (2005) Study on the use of soya bean polysaccharide degrading enzymes in broiler nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology 120: 259-276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VAHJEN, W., GLASER, K., SCHAFER, K. and SIMON, O. (1998) Influence of xylanase supplemented feed on the development of selected bacterial groups in the intestinal tract of broiler chicks. Journal of Agriculture Science 130: 489-500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VAN ETTEN, C.H., MLLER, R.W., WOLFF, I.A. and JONES, Q. (1961) Amino acid composition of twenty seven selected seed meals. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 9: 79-82.Google Scholar
VERMA, S.V.S. and MCNAB, J.M. (1982) Guar meal in diets for broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 23: 95-105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VERMA, S.V.S. and MCNAB, J.M. (1984) Chemical, biochemical, and microbiological examination of guar meal. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 19(3): 165-170.Google Scholar
VOHRA, P. and KRATZER, F.H. (1964) The use of guar meal in chicken rations. Poultry Science 43: 502-503.Google Scholar
VOHRA, P. and KRATZER, F.H. (1965) Improvement of guar meal by enzymes. Poultry Science 44: 1201-1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WALLACE, R.J., ARTHAUD, L. and NEWBOLD, C.J. (1994) Influence of Yucca shidigera extract on ruminal ammonia concentrations and ruminal microorganisms. Applied Environmental Microbiology 60: 1762-1767.Google Scholar
WHISTLER, R.L. and HYMOWITZ, T. (1979) Guar: Agronomy, Production. Industrial Use and Nutrition. Purdue Univ., Press, West Lafyette, IN.Google Scholar
WHISTLER, R.L. and SAARNIO, J. (1957) Galactomannan from soybean hulls. Journal of American Chemistry Society 79: 6055-6057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WONG, L.J. and PARMAR, C. (1997) Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert. Record from Proseabase. FARIDAH HANUM, I. & VAN DER MAESEN, L.J.G. (Eds) PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation.Google Scholar
WRIGHT, S.H. (2004) Generation of resting membrane potential. Advance Physiology Education 28: 139-142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YAMAMOTO, Y., SOGAWA, I., NISHINA, A., SAEKI, S., ICHIKAWA, N. and IIBATA, S. (2000) Improved hypolipidemic effects of xanthan gum-galactomannan mixtures in rats. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 64: 2165-2171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YANG, C.R., ZHANG, Y., JACOB, M.R., KHAN, S.I., ZHANG, Y.J. and LI, X.C. (2006) Antifungal activity of C-27 steroidal saponins. Antimicrobial Agents Chemistry 50: 1710-1714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YU, B., HSU, J.C. and CHIOU, P. (1998) Effects of β-glucanase supplementation of barley diets on growth performance of broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 70:353-361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ZHANG, Q., YAN, X., ZHANG, L. and TANG, W. (2006) Cloning, sequence analysis, and heterologous expression of a β-mannanase gene from Bacillus subtilis Z-2. Molecular Biology 40: 368-374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZOU, X.T. and QIAO X.J., XU Z.R. (2006) Effect of β-mannanase (Hemicell) on growth performance and immunity of broilers. Poultry Science 85: 2176-2179.Google Scholar