Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-8mjnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T19:51:43.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

MORPHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE INSECT THORAX

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Ryuichi Matsuda*
Affiliation:
Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Other
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1970

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

LITERATURE CITED

, Abdul-Latif and Aslam Khan, Aziz. 1959. Muscular system of Drosicha stebbingi (Green) (Coccidae: Homoptera). Biologia (Lahore) 5: 96141.Google Scholar
Acker, T. S. 1958. The comparative morphology of Stenorrhachus walkeri (MacLachlan) and of Nemopterella sp. (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae). Microentomology 16: 106130.Google Scholar
Ahrens, W. 1930. Über die Körpergliederung. die Haut und die Tracheenorgane der Termitenkönigin. Jena. Z. Naturw. 64: 449530.Google Scholar
Akbar, S. S. 1957. The morphology and life-history of Leptocorisa varicornis Fabr. (Coreidae, Hemiptera)—a pest of paddy crop in India. 1: Head and thorax. Aligarh Musl. Univ. Publs (Zool. Ser.) Ind. Ins. Type, 5: 153, 7 pls.Google Scholar
Akbar, S. S. 1965. Morphology of the posteroventral region of insect cranium. Sind. Univ. Sci. Res. J. 1: 1725.Google Scholar
Alam, S. M. 1951. The skeleto-muscular mechanism of Stenobracon deesae Cameron (Braconidae, Hymenoptera). Aligarh Musi. Univ. Publs (Zool. Ser.) Ind. Ins. Type, 3: 176, 9 pls.Google Scholar
Albrecht, F. O. 1953. The anatomy of the migratory locust. Univ. London Press, 118 pp.Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D., and Brown, W. L.. 1963. Mating behavior and the origin of insect wings. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 628, 19 pp.Google Scholar
Alicata, P. 1962 a. Muscolatura e sistema nervoso del torace di Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.) e considerazioni sul sistema nervoso cervico-toracico degli insetti. Arch. Zool. Ital. 47: 263337.Google Scholar
Alicata, P. 1962 b. Morfologia comparata ed evoluzione della regione del collo negli Ortotteri. Boll. Zool. 29: 4972.Google Scholar
Amans, P. C. 18831884. Essai sur le vol des insectes. Revue Sci. nat., 3e ser., 2: 469–490; 3: 121139.Google Scholar
Amzy, N. M. 1958. The external morphology of the adult Rhyncholus cylindricus Boh.with a detailed study of the anatomy and histology of its alimentary canal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte 42: 3762.Google Scholar
Ander, K. 1939. Vergleichend-anatomische und phylogenetische Studien über die Ensifera (Saltatoria). Opusc, ent., Suppl. 2, 306 pp.Google Scholar
Ando, H. 1962. The comparative embryology of Odonata with special reference to a relic dragonfly Epiophlebia superstes Selys. Japan Soc. Prom. Sci., Tokyo. 205 pp.Google Scholar
Argilas, A. 1941. Contribution à l'étude de Dilta littoralis Wom., Bordeaux, Drouillard, 226 pp.Google Scholar
Arnett, R. H. 1960. The beetles of the United States. Washington, 1110 pp.Google Scholar
Arora, G. L. 1953. The external morphology of Diprion pini (L.). (Symphyta—Hymenoptera). Res. Bull. E. Panjab Univ., No. 25, pp. 121.Google Scholar
Arora, G. L., and Singh, Asket. 1958. The external morphology of Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanch. (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Pyrgomorphinae). Res. Bull. Panjab Univ., No. 149, pp. 149174.Google Scholar
Asahina, S. 1954. A morphological study of a relic dragonfly, Epiophlebia superstes. Jap. Soc. Promotion Sci., Tokyo, 153 pp., 70 pls.Google Scholar
Asahina, S. 1957. On the pterothoracic interpleural suture of mesozoic and recent Odonata. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., ser. 6 (Zoology) 13: 17.Google Scholar
Atkins, M. D., and Farris, S. H.. 1962. A contribution to the knowledge of flight muscle changes in Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Can. Ent. 94: 2532.Google Scholar
Atzinger, W. 1952. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen Ausbildung der Flügel, der Flügelmuskulatur und des Flugvermögens bei Heuschrecken. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 76: 199222.Google Scholar
Badonnel, A. 1934. Recherche sur l'anatomie des Psoques. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg., Suppl. 18, 241 pp.Google Scholar
Balfour-Browne, F. A. 1961. The mesendosternite in the Coleoptera. J. Linn. Soc. (Zoology) 44: 337354.Google Scholar
Balfour-Browne, F. A. 1964. The metathorax of the Dytiscidae. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 100 (12021203): 188189.Google Scholar
Balfour-Browne, F. A. 1967. A study of the metathorax and its principal muscles in dytiscid beetles. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 42: 155166.Google Scholar
Barber, S. B., and Pringle, J. W. S.. 1966. Functional aspects of flight in belostomatid bugs. Proc. R. Soc. (Lond.) (B) 164: 2139.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1946. Remarque sur la musculature thoracique des machilides (insectes thysanoures). Annls Soc. scient. Brux., ser. 2, 60: 7784.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1947. Apropos de la musculature des Lepismatides. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 83: 219220.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1949. Chétotaxie thoracique chez le pseudofoetus d'un Machilide. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 85: 6064.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1950 a (1948). Sur la constitution des boucliers notaux des Machilides. Proc. eighth int. Congr. Ent., pp. 553–540.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1950 b. La question des pièces pleurales du thorax des Machilides. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 86: 179190.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1951. Morphologie du thorax de Lepisma saccharina L. (Aptérygote Thysanoure). 1: Squelette externe et endosquelette. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 87: 253371.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1952 a. Ressemblances entre le thorax de Nicoletia (Thysanoure Lepismatidae) et celui d'autre Aptérygotes. Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 28(54): 18.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1952b. Particularités du thorax de Nicoletia (Aptérygotes Thysanoures). Proc. ninth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 69171.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1953. Morphologie du thorax de Lepisma saccharina L. (Aptérygote Thysanoure). 2: Musculature. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89: 214236.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1954. Morphologie du thorax de Lepisma saccharina L. (Aptérygote Thysanoure). 2: Musculature. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 90: 299321.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1965. L'endosquelette thoracique d'un Japygide. Proc. twelfth int. Congr. Ent., sect. 2, pp. 145146.Google Scholar
Barlet, J. 1967. Squelette et musculature thoraciques de Lepismachilis Y-signata Kratochvil (Thysanoures). Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 103: 110157.Google Scholar
Barlet, J., et Carpentier, F.. 1962. Le thorax des Japygides. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 98(8): 95123.Google Scholar
Barth, R. 1937. Muskulatur und Bewegungsart der Raupen zugleich ein Beitrag zur Spannbewegung und Schreckstellung der Spannerraupen. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 62: 507566.Google Scholar
Barth, R. 1948. Untersuchungen am Hautmuskelschlauch der Raupen von Catocala-Arten. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 69: 405434.Google Scholar
Barth, R. 1963. Beobachtungen an den Muskelinsertionen einer Machilide (Thysanura). Anais Acad. bras. Cienc. 35(1): 131138.Google Scholar
Bauer, A. 1910. Die Muskulatur von Dytiscus marginalis L. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie des Insektenkörpers. Z. wiss. Zool. 95: 594646.Google Scholar
Beardsley, J. W. 1968. External morphology of the adult male of Matsucoccus bisetosus. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61: 14491459.Google Scholar
Bekker (Becker), E. G. 1923. Zum Bau und zur Genese des coxotrochanteralen Teils des Ateloceratenbeines. Zool. Anz. 57: 137144.Google Scholar
Bekker (Becker), E. G. 1924. Zur morphologischen Bedeutung der Pleuren bei Ateloceraten. Zool. Anz. 60: 169185.Google Scholar
Bekker (Becker), E. G. 1954. K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii i razvitiyi kryla nasekomykh. Vest. mosk. Univ. 5: 119130.Google Scholar
Bekker (Becker), E. G. 1956. K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii i razvitiyi kryla nasekomykh. III Srednegrud podenok (Ephemeroptera) i evolyutsia letatelnogo apparata nasekomykh. Vest. mosk. Univ. 6: 105110.Google Scholar
Bekker (Becker), E. G. 1958 a. K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii i razvitiyi kryla nasekomykh. V: Ontogenezu i filogenezu letatelnogo apparata priamokrylykh (Orthoptera Saltatoria). Ént. Obozr. 37: 775784.Google Scholar
Bekker (Becker), E. G. 1958 b. K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii i razvityi kryla nasekomykh. IV: K stroyenyu mekhanike letatelnogo apparata (Physopoda S. Thysanoptera). Vest. mosk. Univ. 1: 1524.Google Scholar
Bekker (Becker), E. G. 1960. K evolyutsiyu nozhki trakheinodyhashchikh. Ént. Obozr. 39: 521528.Google Scholar
Bell, R. T. 1967. Coxal cavities and the classification of the Adephaga. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 60: 101107.Google Scholar
Berlese, A. 1909 a. Monografia dei Myrientomata. Redia 6: 1182.Google Scholar
Berlese, A. 1909 b. Gli Insetti, Vol. 1. Milano.Google Scholar
Betten, H. 1942. Die Stinkdrüsen der Corixiden. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 68: 138176.Google Scholar
Bitsch, J. 1955. Le genre Chionea (Dipt., Tipulidae). Ecologie, systematique et morphologie. Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 11. pp. 126, 9 figs.Google Scholar
Blackith, R. E., and Blackith, R. M.. 1967. The anatomy and physiology of the morabine grasshoppers. III: Muscles, nerves, trachea, and genitalia. Aust. J. Zool. 15: 961998.Google Scholar
Blackwelder, R. E. 1936. Morphology of the coleopterous family Staphilinidae. Smithson. misc. Collns 94(13): 1102.Google Scholar
Blaustein, W. 1935. Histologische Untersuchungen über die Metamorphose der Mehlmotte Ephesia kühniella. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 30: 334353.Google Scholar
Boas, J. 1899. Einige Bemerkungen über die Metamorphose der Insekten. Zool. Jb. (Syst.) 12: 385402.Google Scholar
Bocharova-Messner, O. M. 1959. Razvitiye kryla na rannikh postembryonalnykh stadiyakh razvitiya strekoz (Otryad Odonata). Trudy Inst. Morf. Zhivot. Akad Nauk. SSSR. 27: 187200.Google Scholar
Bocharova-Messner, O. M. 1965. Ontogenezu skeleta i muskulatury grudnogo stdela i Baetes sp. (Baetidae, Aphemeroptera). Zool. Zhur. 14: 17901800.Google Scholar
Boettiger, E. G. 1957. The machinery of insect flight. In: Recent advances in invertebrate physiology, pp. 117142.Google Scholar
Boettiger, E. G., and Furshpan, E.. 1952. The mechanics of flight movement in Diptera. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Wood's Hole 102: 200211.Google Scholar
Bonhag, P. F. 1949. The thoracic mechanism of the adult horsefly (Diptera: Tabanidae). Mem. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn, No. 285, pp. 339.Google Scholar
Börner, C. 1903. Über die Beingliederung der Arthropoden. Sber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berl., Nr. 2: 292341, 7 Taf.Google Scholar
Börner, C. 1904. Zur Klärung der Beingliederung der Ateloceraten. Zool. Anz. 27: 226243.Google Scholar
Börner, C. 1914. Die Gliedmassen der Arthropoden. In: Lang's Handbuch der wirbellosen Tiere, Arthropoda, SS. 649694.Google Scholar
Bostick, R. V. 1945. The morphology of the carabid beetle Calosoma scrutator (Fabricius). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 38: 1432.Google Scholar
Bracken, D. F. 1961. The external morphology of two eastern species of the genus Anoplonyx (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), with special reference to Anoplonyx luteipes (Cresson). Can. Ent. 93: 573593.Google Scholar
Breed, R. S. 1903. The changes which occur in the muscles of beetle, Thymalus marginicollis Chevr., during metamorphosis. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 40(7): 317382. 7 pls.Google Scholar
Breed, R. S., and Ball, E. F.. 1909. The interlocking mechanisms which are found in connection with the elytra of Coleoptera. Biol. Bull. 61: 289303.Google Scholar
Bretfeld, G. 1963. Zur Anatomie und Embryologie der Rumpfmuskulatur und der abdominalen Anhänge der Collembolen. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 80: 309384.Google Scholar
Brindley, M. D. H. 1930. On the metasternal scent glands of certain Heteroptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 78: 199208.Google Scholar
Brindley, M. D. H. 1934. The metasternum and pleuron of Heteroptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 82: 4350, pls. 1–2.Google Scholar
Brindley, M. D. H. 1938. The metathoracic postcoxal bridge of Heteroptera. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 13: 104106.Google Scholar
Brinkhurst, R. O. 1960. Studies on the functional morphology of Gerris najas DeGeer (Hem. Het. Gerridae). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 133(4): 531559.Google Scholar
Brocher, F. 1909. Recherches sur la respiration des insectes aquatiques adultes. La Notonecte. Annls Biol. lacustre (Bruxelles) 4: 932.Google Scholar
Brocher, F. 1916. La Nepe cendrée. Archs zool. exp. gén. 55: 483514.Google Scholar
Bromley, S. W. 1926. The external anatomy of the black horse-fly Tabanus atratus Fabr. (Diptera: Tabanidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 19: 441460.Google Scholar
Burmeister, H. 1832. Handbuch der Entomologie. I: Allgemeine Entomologie. 696 SS.Google Scholar
Bursell, E. 1961. Postteneral development of the thoracic musculature in tsetse flies. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 36: 6974.Google Scholar
Byers, G. W. 1961. The cranefly genus Dolichopeza in North America. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 42(6): 665924.Google Scholar
Calvert, P. P. 1893. Catalogue of the Odonata (dragonflies) of the vicinity of Philadelphia, with an introduction to the study of this group of insects. Trans. ent. Soc. Am. 20: 152272.Google Scholar
Camerlengo, A. 1936. Osservazioni sulla morfologia del torace del Gryllotalpa. Arch. Zool. Ital. 23: 453478.Google Scholar
Campau, E. J. 1940. The morphology of Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae). Microentomology 5: 5785.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. I. 1961. The anatomy of the nervous system of the mesothorax of Locusta migratoria migratorioides. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 137: 403432.Google Scholar
Carayon, J. 1962. Observation sur l'appareil odorifique des Hétéroptères. Particulièrement celui des Tingidae, Vianaididae et Piesmatidae. Cah. Nat. 18: 116.Google Scholar
Carbonell, C. S. 1947. The thoracic muscles of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.). Smithson. misc. Collns 107(2): 123.Google Scholar
Carbonell, C. S. 1959. The external anatomy of the South American semiaquatic grasshopper Marellia remipes (Acridoidea, Pauliniidae). Smithson. misc. Collns 137: 6197.Google Scholar
Carpenter, F. M. 1953. The geological history and evolution of insects. Am. Scient. 41(2): 256270.Google Scholar
Carpenter, F. M., and Richardson, E. S.. 1968. Megasecopterous nymphs in Pennsylvanian Concretions from Illinois. Psyche, Camb. 75: 295309.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1921 a. Sur l'endosquelette prothoracique de Gryllotalpa vulgaris Latr. Bull. Acad. Sci. Belg., 5 ser., 7: 125134.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1921 b. Pterothorax et prothorax: étude des segments thoracique d'un Orthoptère, Tachycines asynamorus Adel. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 61: 337343.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1923. Musculature et squelette chitineux. Recherches sur le comportement de la musculature des flancs des segments cryptopleuriens du thorax chez les Orthoptères. Mem. in 8vo, Acad. r. Belg., ser. 2, 7: 156.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1924. Sur le double stigmate de quelques Orthoptères. Bull. Soc. ent. Belg. 16: 123140.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1925. Sur le double stigmate de quelques Orthoptères (2me note). Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 65: 205208.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1929. Sur les propleures des Coléoptères. Annls Soc. scient. Brux. (B) 49: 355376.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1936. Le thorax et ses appendices chez les vrais et chez les faux Gryllotalpides. Mem. Mus. r. Hist. Nat. Belg., 12 ser., fasc. 4, pp. 186.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1946 a. Des insectes extraordinairement anciens. Bull. Soc. Nat. Belg. 27(7–8): 14.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1946 b. Sur la valeur morphologique des pleurites du thorax des Machilides (Thysanoures). Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 82: 165181.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1947. Quelques remarques concernant la morphologie thoracique des Collemboles (Aptérygotes). Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 83: 297303.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1949. A propos des endosternites du thorax des Collemboles. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 85: 4152.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1955. Pleurites thoraciques de Lépisme et pleurites de Blatte. Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 91: 220226.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. et Barlet, J.. 1951. Les sclérites pleuraux du thorax de Campodea (Insectes, Aptérygotes). Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 27(47): 17.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1956. Ressemblances entre les pleurites et sternites thoraciques de Thysanoures et ceux de ptérygotes inférieurs. Proc. tenth int. Congr. Ent., p. 491.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. 1959. The first leg segment in the Crustacea. Malacostraca and the insects. Smithson. misc. Collns 137: 99115.Google Scholar
Carpentier, F. et Carpentier, M. L.. 1952. Structure du thorax des Meganeurides (Protodonates). Trans. ninth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 101164.Google Scholar
Chabrier, J. 18201822. Essai sur le vol des insectes. Mem. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris 6: 410476; 7: 297–372.Google Scholar
Chadwick, L. E. 1940. The wing motion of the dragonfly. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 35: 109112.Google Scholar
Chadwick, L. E. 1953. In: Roeder (Ed.), Insect physiology, pp. 577614.Google Scholar
Chadwick, L. E. 1957. The ventral intersegmental thoracic muscles of cockroaches. Smithson. misc. Collns 131(11): 130.Google Scholar
Chadwick, L. E. 1959 a. The furcopleural muscles of Lepidoptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 52: 665668.Google Scholar
Chadwick, L. E. 1959 b. Spinasternal musculature in certain insect orders. Smithson. misc. Collns 137: 117156.Google Scholar
Chao, H. 1953. The external morphology of the dragonfly Onychogomphus ardens Needham. Smithson. misc. Collns 122(6): 156.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. A. 1956. Flight muscle changes during adult life in a scolytid beetle. Nature 177: 1183.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. A. 1958. Studies on the physiology of the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron in relation to its ecology. Proc. tenth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 4, pp. 375380.Google Scholar
Chen, T. Y. 1929. On the development of imaginal buds in normal and mutant Drosophila melanogaster. J. Morph. 47: 135199.Google Scholar
China, W. E. 1955. The evolution of the waterbugs. Symposium on organic evolution. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, Bull. New Delhi, No. 7: 91103.Google Scholar
Cholodkowsky, N. 1891. Die Embryonalentwicklung von Phyllodromia (Blatta) germanica. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. 7, 38(5): 1120.Google Scholar
Chopard, L. 1949. Ordre des Dictyoptères. In: Grasse, (Ed.), Traité de Zoologie T. IX, pp 355407. Mason et Cie, Paris.Google Scholar
Chudakova, I. V.Bocharova-Messner, I. O. M.. 1965. Izmeneniye funktsionalnykh i strukturnykh osobennostey krylovykh domovogo sverchka (Acheta domestica) v ontogeneze. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 164(2): 469472.Google Scholar
Clark, H. W. 1940. The adult musculature of the anisopterous dragonfly thorax (Odonata, Anisoptera). J. Morph. 67: 523565.Google Scholar
Cochran, D. G., and Ross, M. H.. 1961. Balloon-wing, a new mutation in Blattella germanica (L.). Va. J. Sci. 12 (n.s.): 1017.Google Scholar
Compere, J. 1962. The reality of sternites in the mesothorax of Hymenoptera. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 64: 224228.Google Scholar
Cope, O. B. 1940 a. The morphology of Psocus confraternus Banks. Microentomology 5: 91115.Google Scholar
Cope, O. B. 1940 b. The morphology of Esthiopterum diomedeae (Fabricius) (Mallophaga). Microentomology 5: 117142.Google Scholar
Cope, O. B. 1941. The morphology of species of the genus Tetrophthalmus (Mallophaga: Menoponidae). Microentomology 6: 7192.Google Scholar
Corset, J. 1931. Les coaptations chez les insectes. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg., Suppl. 13.Google Scholar
Cowley, E. 1941. The descriptive terms applied to the pterothorax and penis of Odonata. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 10: 57.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1909. Contribution to the comparative morphology of the thoracic sclerites of insects. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 61: 354.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1914 a. The ground plan of a typical thoracic segment in winged insects. Zool. Anz. 44: 5667.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1914 b. Notes on the thoracic sclerites of insects. Ent. News 25: 1525.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1915. The thoracic sclerites and the systematic position of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker, a remarkable annectent, orthopteroid insect. Ent. News 26: 337350.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1916 a. The phylogenetic origin and the nature of the wings of insects according to the paranotal theory. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 24: 139.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1916 b. The lines of descent of the lower pterygotan insects, with notes on the relationships of the other forms. Ent. News 27: 244258.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1917 a. The nature of the veracervix or neck region in insects. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 10: 187197.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1917 b. A phylogenetic study of the lateral head, neck and prothoracic regions in some Apterygota and lower Pterygota. Ent. News 28: 398412.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1918 a. A phylogenetic study of the terga and wing bases in Embiids, Plecoptera, Dermaptera, and Coleoptera. Psyche, Camb. 25: 412.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1918 b. The thoracic sclerites of immature pterygotan insects, with notes on the relationship indicated. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 25: 3965.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1918 c. The thoracic sclerites of the grasshopper Dissosteira carolina. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 11: 347366.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1919. A phylogenetic study of the mesothoracic terga and wing bases in Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Diptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. Psyche, Camb. 26: 5864.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1920 a. Some anatomical details on the remarkable winged Zorapteron, Zorotypus hubbardi Caudell, with notes on its relationships. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 22: 98106.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1920 b. A comparison of the external anatomy of lower Lepidoptera and Trichoptera from the standpoint of phylogeny. Psyche, Camb. 27: 2534.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1921. A further comparison of the wing of Zoraptera, psocids, and aphids, from the standpoint of phylogeny. Can. Ent. 53: 110117.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1925 a. Evidence of relationship indicated by the thoracic sclerites of certain eriopterine tipuloid Diptera. Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 13: 197214.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1925 b. A phylogenetic study of the thoracic sclerites of the non-tipuloid nematocerous Diptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 18: 4969.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1926 a. A comparison of the neck and prothoracic sclerites throughout the orders of insects. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 52: 199248.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1926 b. A phylogenetic study of the thoracic sclerites of the psychodid Diptera, with remarks on the interrelationships of the Nematocera. Ent. News 37(2): 3338, 65–70, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1926 c. The external anatomy of the primitive tanyderid dipteran Macrochile spectrum Loew, preserved in Baltic amber. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 21: 114.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1927. The thoracic sclerites and wing bases of the roach Periplaneta americana and the basal structure of the wing of insects. Psyche, Camb. 34: 5972.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1938. The interrelationships and lines of descent of living insects. Psyche, Camb. 45: 165181.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1942. The external morphology of the Diptera. In: Guide to the insects of Connecticut, Diptera of Connecticut, fase. 1, pp. 10165, 14 pls.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C., and Hasey, W. H.. 1915. The basal sclerites of the leg in insects. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 39: 126, 3 pls.Google Scholar
Cremer, E. 1934. Anatomische, reizphysiologische und histologische Untersuchungen an der imaginalen und larvalen Flugmuskulatur der Odonaten. Zool. Jb. (Physiol.) 54: 191223.Google Scholar
Crowson, R. A. 1938. The metendosternite in Coleoptera: a comparative study. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 87: 397416.Google Scholar
Crowson, R. A. 1944. Further studies on the metendosternite in Coleoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 94: 273310, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Crowson, R. A. 1955. The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera. Nathaniel Lloyd Press, London, 187 pp., 10 pls.Google Scholar
Crowson, R. A. 1960. The phytogeny of Coleoptera. Ann. Rev. Ent. 5: 111134.Google Scholar
Czihak, G. 1953. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Thorax von Sialis flavilatera L. Ost. zool. Z. 4: 421448.Google Scholar
Czihak, G. 1956. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Thorax von Ascalaphus macaronius Scop., Myrmeleon europaeus McLachl. und Palpares libelluloides Dalm. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 75: 401432.Google Scholar
Daly, H. V. 1963. Close packed and fibrillar muscles of the Hymenoptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 56: 295306.Google Scholar
Daly, H. V. 1964. Skeleto-muscular morphogenesis of the thorax and wings of the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 39: 177.Google Scholar
Daly, H. V. 1965(1964). Skeleto-muscular morphogenesis in the thorax of Hymenoptera. Proc. twelfth int. Congr. Ent., p. 151.Google Scholar
Danzer, A. 1956. Der Flugapparat der Dipteren als Resonanzsystem. Z. vergl. Physiol. 38: 259283.Google Scholar
Darwin, F. W., and Pringle, J. W. S.. 1959. The physiology of insect fibrillar muscle I. Anatomy and innervation of the basalar muscle of lamellicorn beetles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 151: 194203.Google Scholar
Davies, R. G. 1966. The postembryonic development of Hemimerus vicinus Rehn and Rehn (Dermaptera: Hemimeridae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 41(4–6): 6777.Google Scholar
Davies, W. M. 1927. On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 71: 1530.Google Scholar
Davydova, E. D. 1966. Krylovaya muskulatura svetlyakov (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) s razlichnoi stepenyiu reduktsii i krylyev. Zool. Zhur. 45(7): 10231032.Google Scholar
De Beer, G. 1958. Embryos and ancestors. Oxford Press.Google Scholar
Delamare-Deboutteville, C. 1947. Sur la morphologie des adultes, aptères et ailés des Zoraptères. Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. et Biol. anim. ser. 11, 9: 145154.Google Scholar
Delamare-Deboutteville, C. 1952. L'homogénéité de la morphologie sternale des Blattopteroides (Martynov, 1938). Trans, ninth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 147150.Google Scholar
Denis, J. R. 1949. Ordre des Protoures. In: Grassé, (Ed.), Traité de Zoologie, T. IX, pp. 114207. Mason et Cie., Paris.Google Scholar
Denis, J. R. 1963. Complements et corrections au vol. VIII du Traité de P. P. Grassé. Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 47, pp. 6380.Google Scholar
Denis, J. R. 1964. Complements et corrections au vol. VIII du Traité de P. P. Grasse. Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 63, pp. 138.Google Scholar
Denis, J. R. 1965 a. Complements et corrections au vol. VIII du Traité de P. P. Grassé. Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 64, pp. 4971.Google Scholar
Denis, J. R. 1965 b. Complements et corrections au vol. VIII du Traité de P. P. Grassé (Morphologie des Arthropods). Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 69, pp. 1780.Google Scholar
Dierl, W. 1964. Cytologie, Morphologie und Anatomie der Sackspinner Fumea casta (Pallas) und crassiorella (Bruand) sowie Bruandia comitella (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) mit Kreuzungsversuchen zur Klärung der Artspezifizität. Zool. Jb. (Syst.) 91: 201270.Google Scholar
Dirkes, L. 1928. Das larvale Muskelsystem und die Entwicklung der imaginalen Flugmuskulatur von Psychoda alternata Say. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 11: 182228.Google Scholar
Doeksen, J. 1941. Bijdrage tot de vergelijkende morphologie der Thysanoptera. Meded. LandbHoogesch. Wageningen 45: 1113.Google Scholar
Dogs, W. 1908. Metamorphose der Respirationsorgane bei Nepa cindera. Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neuvorpomm. (Rugen) 40: 152.Google Scholar
Dönges, J. 1954. Der Kopf von Cionus sacrophulariae L. (Curculionidae). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 74: 176.Google Scholar
Doyen, J. T. 1966. The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Misc. Publs ent. Soc. Am. 5: 103150.Google Scholar
Duncan, C. D. 1939. A contribution to the biology of North American vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Publ. biol. Sci. 8(1): 1272, 54 pls.Google Scholar
DuPorte, E. M. 1919. The propleura and the pronotal sulci of the Orthoptera. Can. Ent. 51: 147153.Google Scholar
DuPorte, E. M. 1920. The muscular system of Gryllus assimilis F. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 13: 1752, 7 pls.Google Scholar
DuPorte, E. M. 1960. Evolution of cranial structure in adult Coleoptera. Can. J. Zool. 38: 655675.Google Scholar
DuPorte, E. M. 1962. Origin of the gula in insects. Can. J. Zool. 40: 381384.Google Scholar
DuPorte, E. M. 1965. The lateral and ventral sclerites of the insect thorax. Can. J. Zool. 43: 141154.Google Scholar
Dürken, B. 1907. Die Tracheenkiemen der Ephemeriden, unter Berücksichtigung der Morphologie des Insektenflügels. Z. wiss. Zool. 87(3): 435550.Google Scholar
Dürken, B. 1923. Die postembryonale Entwicklung der Tracheenkiemen und ihrer Muskulatur bei Ephemerella ignita. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 44: 439614.Google Scholar
Eastham, L. E. S. 1930. The embryology of Pieris rapae. — Organogeny. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (London) (B) 219: 150, 9 pls.Google Scholar
Eastop, V. F. 1953. An apparently undescribed structure in the Dermaptera. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 28(4–6): 4546.Google Scholar
Edmunds, G. F., and Traver, J. R.. 1954. The flight mechanics and evolution of the wings of Ephemeroptera, with notes on the archetype insect wing. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 44(12): 390400.Google Scholar
Ege, R. 1915. On the respiratory conditions of the larva and pupa of Donacia. København Nath. Medd. 66: 186196.Google Scholar
Eggers, F. 1919. Das thorakale bitympanale Organ einer Gruppe bei Lepidoptera Heterocera. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 41: 273376.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R. 1958 a. The integumental anatomy of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaiidae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 38: 13151349.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R. 1958 b. The comparative morphology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the butterflies (Lepidoptera. Papilionoidea). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 39: 305370.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R., and Davidson, S. E.. 1961. The internal anatomy of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Microentomology 24: 87133.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R., and Ehrlich, A. H.. 1963. The thoracic and basal abdominal musculature of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Microentomology 25: 91126.Google Scholar
El Kifl, A. H. 1953. Morphology of the adult Tribolium conjusum Duv. and its differentiation from Tribolium (Stene) castaneum Herbst. Bull. Soc. Fouad I. Ent. 37: 173249.Google Scholar
El Sayed, M. T. 1940. The morphology, anatomy and biology of Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer (Coleoptera Anthribidae). Bull. Soc. Fouad I. Ent. 24: 82126.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. 1907. Über die Segmental-Apotome der Insekten und zur Kenntnis der Morphologie der lapygiden. Zool. Anz. 31: 629635.Google Scholar
Esaki, T., and China, W. E.. 1928. A monograph of Helotrephidae, subfamily Helotrephinae (Hem. Heteroptera). Eos 4: 129172.Google Scholar
Esaki, T., and Miyamoto, S.. 1955. Veliidae of Japan and adjacent territory (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). I: Microvelia Westwood and Pseudovelia Hoberlandt of Japan. Sieboldia 1: 169204, pls. 24–29.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1939. The morprology of the thorax of the Peloridiidae. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8: 143150.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1940. The morphology of Tettigarcta tomentosa White (Homoptera, Cicaddae). Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1940, pp. 3549.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1942. The morphology of Nannochorista maculipennis Tillyard (Mecoptera). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 66(2): 218225.Google Scholar
Evans, M. E. G. 1961. The muscular and reproductive systems of “Atontaria ruficornis” (Marsham) (Coleoptera, Cryptophagidae). Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 64(14): 297399.Google Scholar
Evans, M. E. G. 1965. An interpretation of gular size in some adult Coleoptera. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 144: 403413.Google Scholar
Ewald, J. 1963. Vergleichende Studien an Nepiden und Belostomatiden über eine Haftvorrichtungen zwischen den Vorderflügeln (Ins. Heteroptera). Senckenberg. biol. 44(5): 417430.Google Scholar
Ewer, D. W. 1953. The anatomy of the nervous system of the tree locust Acanthacris ruficornis (Fabr.) I. Ann. Natal Mus. 12: 367381.Google Scholar
Ewar, D. W. 1954 a. A note on the comparative anatomy of the pterothorax of macropterous and brachypterous forms of the grasshopper, Zonocerus elegans Thunb. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 17: 237240.Google Scholar
Ewar, D. W. 1954 b. On the nymphal musculature of the pterothorax of certain Acrididae (Orthoptera). Ann. Natal Mus. 13: 7989.Google Scholar
Ewar, D. W. 1954 c. The anatomy of the nervous system of the tree locust, Acanthacris ruficornis (Fabr.), II. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 17(1): 2737.Google Scholar
Ewar, D. W. 1955. The prothoracic musculature of certain acridids. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 18: 4247.Google Scholar
Ewar, D. W. 1958. Notes on acridid anatomy. V. The pterothoracic musculature of Lentula callani Dirsch. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 21: 132138.Google Scholar
Ewar, D. W. 1964. Notes on the acridid anatomy. VI. On the pterothoracic musculature of Bullacris Roberts and Pneumora Stål (Orthoptera Pneumoridae). J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 26: 411424.Google Scholar
Ewer, D. W., and Nayler, L. S.. 1967. The pterothoracic musculature of Deropeltis erythrocephala, a cockroach with a wingless female, and the origin of wing movements in insects. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 30: 1833.Google Scholar
Ewing, H. E. 1928. The legs and leg-bearing segments of some primitive arthropod groups, with notes on leg-segmentation in the Arachnida. Smithson. misc. Collns 80(11): 741, 12 pls.Google Scholar
Ezzat, Y. M. 1956. The thoracic sclerotization of coccid adult males as a promising taxonomic character. Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte 40: 357363.Google Scholar
Férrière, C. 1914. L'organe tracheoparenchymateux de quelques Hémiptères aquatiques. Rev. suisse Zool. 22: 121145.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. 1935. The prothoracic pleurites of Coleoptera. Ent. News 46: 6368, 93–95.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. 1940 a. The morphology of Plega signala (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Mantispidae). Microentomology 5: 3556.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. 1940 b. The myth of the thoracic sternites of insects. Microentomology 5: 8790.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. 1950. External morphology of the adult. In: Demerec, (Ed.), Biology of Drosophila, pp. 368420. London.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. 1951. The sucking lice. Mem. Pacific ent. Soc, No. 1, 320 pp.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F., and Pennebaker, P.. 1939. The morphology of Agulla adnixa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Raphidiidae). Microentomology 4: 121142.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F., and Rees, B. E.. 1939. The morphology of Panorpa nuptialis (Gerstecker) (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Microentomology 4: 79108.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F., and Usinger, R. L.. 1937. The family Polyctenidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Microentomology 4: 150.Google Scholar
Feuerborn, J. 1922. Das Labialsegment, die Gliederung des Thorax und die Stigmenverteilung der Insekten in neuer Beleuchtung. Zool. Anz. 73: 97111.Google Scholar
Forbes, W. T. M. 1914. A structural study of the caterpillars: III. The somatic muscles. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 7: 109124.Google Scholar
Forbes, W. T. M. 1916. On the tympanum of certain Lepidoptera. Psyche, Camb. 23: 183192.Google Scholar
Forbes, W. T. M. 1928. The Protocoleoptera. Psyche, Camb. 35: 3235.Google Scholar
Forbes, W. T. M. 1943. The origin of wings and venational types in insects. Am. Midl. Nat. 29: 381405.Google Scholar
Fowler, J. W. 1964. On the origin of flight in insects. J. Insect Physiol. 10: 8188.Google Scholar
Fox, I. 1941. The siphonapteran thorax. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 43: 610, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Francois, J. 1964. Le squelette thoracique des protoures. Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 55, pp. 155, 18 figs.Google Scholar
Freeman, T. N. 1947. The external anatomy of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Tortricidae). Can. Ent. 79(2): 2131.Google Scholar
Füller, H. 1954. Das Thorakalskelett von Boreus westwoodi Hagen. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 73: 425449.Google Scholar
Füller, H. 1955. Die Muskulatur des Thorax von Boreus westwoodi Hagen. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 74: 189210.Google Scholar
Füller, H. 1963 a. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Skelettmuskelsystems der Chilopoden. Abh. dt. Akad. Wiss. Berl. (Kl. Chemie, Geologie, u. Biologie, Jahrg. 1962) 3: 198.Google Scholar
Füller, H. 1963 b. Die Bedeutung der Chilopodenmorphologie für die Subcoxaltheorie. Zool. Anz. 170: 176186.Google Scholar
Fuller, C. 1924. The thorax and abdomen of winged termites, with special reference to the sclerites and muscles of the thorax. Union S. Afr. Dep. Agrie. Ent. Mem., No. 2, pp. 4778.Google Scholar
Gangrade, G. A. 1964. The repugnatorial glands of Necroscia sparaxes Westwood (Phasmida: Phasmidae). Curi: Sci. 33: 717718.Google Scholar
Gangrade, G. A. 1966. Studies on thorax and abdomen of Necroscia sparaxes (Phasmida: Phasmidae). Indian J. Ent. 33: 155170.Google Scholar
Ganin, M. 1876. Materialien zur Kenntnis der postembryonalen Entwicklungsgeschichte der Insekten (In Russian). Warsaw, pp. 476, 4 pls.Google Scholar
Gaumont, R. 1967. Le thorax des formes ailés des Chermesidae. Les ailes et les mouvements alaires. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (N.S.) 3: 635654.Google Scholar
Gaumont, R., and Moreau, R.. 1961. Les coaptations élytrales et la constitution de reserve d'air chez Plea minutissima (Heteroptera: Pleidae). C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 253: 24042406.Google Scholar
Geigy, R. 1931. Erzeugung rein imaginaler Defekte durch ultraviolette Eibestrahlung bei Drosophila melanogaster. Arch. EntwMech. Org. 125: 406447.Google Scholar
Giles, E. T. 1963. The comparative external morphology and affinities of the Dermaptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 115: 95164.Google Scholar
Giliomee, J. H. 1967. The morphology and relationships of the male of Lecaniodiaspis elytropappi Munting and Giliomee. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 30: 185197.Google Scholar
Giliomee, J. H. 1968. Morphology and relationships of the male of an Asterolecanium species (Homoptera; Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae). J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. 31: 297307.Google Scholar
Glasgow, J. P., and Glasgow, S.. 1962. Histology of the growth of flight muscles in Glossina (Diptera: Muscidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 37: 3536.Google Scholar
Goel, S. C. 1967. The thorax of adult Coridius janus Fabricius (Heteroptera: Dinidoridae). Ann. Soc. ent. Queb. 12(2): 6996.Google Scholar
Goldschmidt, R. B. 1945. The structure of Podoptera, a homoeotic mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Morph. 77: 71103.Google Scholar
Goodrich, A. L. 1935. The thoracic sclerites of trichopterous pupa, Dicosmoecus atripes Hagen (Limnophilidae). Trans. Am. microsc. Soc, Menasha 54: 5764.Google Scholar
Gouin, F. J. 1959. Le thorax imaginai des insectes à la lumière des travaux recents. Ann. Biol. 35: 270303.Google Scholar
Gouin, F. J. 1968. Morphologie, Histologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Insekten und der Myriapoden. IV: Die Strukturen des Kopfes. In: Fortschritte der Zoologie, Vol. 19, pp. 194282.Google Scholar
Grandi, M. 1942. Contributi allo studio degli Efemeroidei Italiani, IV. Boll. Ist. Ent. Vniv. Bologna 13: 137171.Google Scholar
Grandi, M. 1947 a. Gli scleriti ascellari degli Odonati, loro morfologia e miologia comparate. Boll. Ist. Ent. univ. Bologna 16: 254278.Google Scholar
Grandi, M. 1947 b. Contributi allo studio degli “Efemeroidei” Italiani VIII. Gli scleriti ascellari (pseudopteralia) degli Efemeroidei, loro morfologia e miologia comparate. Boll. Ist. Ent. univ. Bologna 16: 85114.Google Scholar
Grandi, M. 1948. Contributi allo studio dei Plecotteri I. Reperti di morfologia e di miologia toracica di Perla marginata Panz. Boll. Ist. Ent. univ. Bologna 17: 130157.Google Scholar
Grandi, M. 1950. Contributi allo studio dei Plecotteri II. Morfologia comparata del torace di alcune specie di Plecotteri. Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna 18: 3057.Google Scholar
Grant, V. J. I. 1960. The mesothoracic indirect flight muscles of Simuliidae and Psychodidae (Diptera), with a note on the tergal depressor of the trochanter. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35: 168169.Google Scholar
Grassé, P. P. 1949. Ordre des Isoptères ou termites. In: Grassé (Ed.), Traité de Zoologie, T. IX, pp. 408544. Mason et Cie, Paris.Google Scholar
Griffith, M. 1945. The environment, life history and structure of the waterboatman, Rhamphocorixa acuminata (Uhler) (Hemiptera, Corixidae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 30(2): 241365.Google Scholar
Grüner, H. E. 1954. Über das Coxalglied der Pereiopoden der Isopoden. Zool. Anz. 152: 312317.Google Scholar
Günther, K., and Deckert, K.. 1933. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Gelenkung und Muskulatur der Beine bei Orthopteren. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Univ. Berlin 19: 377405.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. P. 1961. A critical review of the studies on the so-called stink glands of Heteroptera with further comments. Can. Ent. 93: 482486.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. P. 1963. Comparative morphology of the Saldidae and Mesoveliidae (Heteroptera). Tijdschr. Ent. 106: 169196.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. P. 1965. A consideration of the pterothorax of Leptocorisa costalis H. S. (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 40(1–3): 1518.Google Scholar
Gurney, A. B. 1938. A synopsis of the order Zoraptera, with notes on the biology of Zorotypus hubbardi Caudell. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 40: 5787.Google Scholar
Haeckel, E. H. P. A. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin. 2 Bd.Google Scholar
Hagemann, J. 1910. Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Corixa. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 30: 373426.Google Scholar
Hakim, Z. M. 1963. Comparative anatomy of the cervix and thorax of the adult Odonata, II. Indian J. Ent. 25: 355368.Google Scholar
Hakim, Z. M. 1964. Comparative anatomy of the cervix and thorax of the adult Odonata, II. Indian J. Ent. 26: 152175.Google Scholar
Hamon, J., et Ovazza, M.. 1948. Morphologie thoracique des Dermaptères. Bull. Mus. Nat, Paris 20: 147177.Google Scholar
Handlirsch, A. 19061908. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Leipzig, 1430 SS, 50 Taf.Google Scholar
Handlirsch, A. 1930. In: Kükenthal's Handbuch der Zoologie. IV: Insecta. SS. 801–892.Google Scholar
Hannemann, H. I. 1956. Die Kopfmuskulatur von Micropteryx calthella (L.). Morphologie und Funktion. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 75: 177206.Google Scholar
Hänsel, S. 1913. Die Histogenèse der Flugmuskulatur der Dipteren. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 36: 465512.Google Scholar
Hansen, H. I. 1893. Zur Morphologie der Gliedmassen und Mundteile bei Crustaceen und Insekten. Zool. Anz. 16: 193198, 201–212.Google Scholar
Hansen, H. J. 1925, 1930. Studies of Arthropoda, II and III. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Hanson, J. F. 1946. Comparative morphology and taxonomy of the Capniidae (Plecoptera). Am. Midl. Nat. 35: 193249.Google Scholar
Hardas, K. S. G. 1961. The dorsal metathoracic spines of Labidura ripara Pallas (Labiduridae, Dermaptera) and their functional significance. J. zool. Soc. India (Calcutta) 12 (1960): 133136.Google Scholar
Hasenoehrl, G., and Cook, P. P. Jr. 1965. A clarification of certain structures in the thoracic region of Oxyrhachis (Homoptera: Membracidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 58: 219221.Google Scholar
Hasken, W. 1939. Der Thorax von Panorpa communis L. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 65: 295338.Google Scholar
Hassan, A. A. G. 1944. The structure and mechanism of the spiracular regulatory apparatus in the adult Diptera and certain other insects. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 94: 103153, 22 pls.Google Scholar
Hatch, G. 1966. Structure and mechanics of the dragonfly pterothorax. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 59: 702714.Google Scholar
Hatch, M. H. 1926. Morphology of Gyrinidae. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 7: 311350.Google Scholar
Haupt, H. 1941. Die ältesten geflügelten Insekten und ihre Beziehungen zur Fauna der Jetztzeit. Z. Naturw. (Halle) 94: 60121.Google Scholar
Heberdey, R. F. 1938. Beiträge zum Bau des Subelytralraums und zur Atmung der Coleopteren. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 33: 667735.Google Scholar
Heider, K. 1889. Die Embryonalentwicklung von Hydrophilus piceus L. Kgl. Acad. Wiss., Berlin.Google Scholar
Heidermann, C. 1931. Reizphysiologische Untersuchungen an Libellenflugmuskulatur von Aeschna coerulea. Zool. Jb. (Allg. Zool.) 50: 130.Google Scholar
Heitmann, H. 1935. Die Tympanalorgane flugunfähigen Lepidopteren und die Korrelation in der Ausbildung der Flügel und der Tympanalorgane. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 59: 135200.Google Scholar
Hendel, F. 1928. Zweiflügler der Diptera. In: Dahl's, (Ed.), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. 11 Teil, 135 SS.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1941. Die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Pupiparen und die Morphologie der Sternalregion des Thorax der Dipteren. Arb. morph. taxon. Ent. Berl. 8: 231249, Taf. 8–11.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1950. Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Berlin. 370 SS.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1953. Kritische Bemerkungen zum phylogenetischen System der Insekten. Beitr: Ent. (Sonderheft) 3: 185.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. Univ. Illinois Press, 263 pp.Google Scholar
Henrici, H. 1940. Die Hautdrüsen der Landwanzen (Geocorisae), ihre mikroskopische Anatomie, ihre Histologie und Entwicklung. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 66: 371402.Google Scholar
Henry, L. M. 1958. Musculature of the cervical region in insects. Microentomology 23: 95105.Google Scholar
Henson, H. 1951. The wings of Forficula auricularia Linn. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 26: 135142.Google Scholar
Herbst, H. G. 1952. Studien über die Flügeldecken der Rutelinen und Cetoniinen (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 72: 166.Google Scholar
Hering, E. M. von. 1956. Die Tegula der Lepidoptera, ihre Funktion und taxonomische Verwertbarkeit. Proc. tenth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 303312.Google Scholar
Hewitt, C. G. 1914. The horsefly Musca domestica Linn. Its structure, habits, development, relation to disease and control. Cambridge Press, 382 pp.Google Scholar
Heymons, R. 1895. Die Embryonalentwicklung von Dermapteren und Orthopteren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Keimblätterbildung. Monographisch bearbeitet. Jena, 136 SS, 12 Taf.Google Scholar
Heymons, R. 1897 a. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Lepisma saccharina. Z. wiss. Zool. 62: 583631.Google Scholar
Heymons, R. 1897 b. Über die Organisation und Entwicklung von Bacillus rossii Fabr. Sb. Königl. preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1897, SS. 363373.Google Scholar
Heymons, R. 1898. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chilopoden. Sber. preuss. Akad. Wiss. SS. 241251.Google Scholar
Heymons, R. 1899. Beiträge zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Rhynchoten. Nova Acta. Abh. kaisl. Leop.-Carol. dt. Akad. Naturf. Halle 74(3): 353456, 3 Taf.Google Scholar
Heymons, R. 1901. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Scolopender. Zoologica, Stuttg. 13: 1244.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1939. An inquiry into the natural classification of the Dryopoidea, based partly on a study of their internal anatomy (Col.). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 89: 133184.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1947. On the reduction of functional spiracles in the aquatic larvae of the Holometabola, with notes on the moulting process of spiracle. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 98: 449473.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1948. On the origin and function of the pupal stage. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 99: 395409.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1959 a. Origin of indirect flight muscles in primitive flies. Nature 183: 557558.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1959 b. How the insect flight muscles of insects grow. Sci. Progr. 47: 321333.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1961. The role of the epidermis in the disposition of tracheae and muscles. Sci. Progr. 49: 329339.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1963. The origin of flight in insects. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (C.) 28: 2425.Google Scholar
Holdsworth, R. P. 1942. The wing development of Pteronarcys proteus Newman (Pteronarcidae: Plecoptera). J. Morph. 70: 431462.Google Scholar
Holmgren, E. 1910. Untersuchungen über die morphologisch nachweisbaren stofflichen Umsetzungen der quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Arch. mikr. Anat. 75: 240336.Google Scholar
Holmgren, N. 1909. Termitenstudien, 1. Anatomische Untersuchungen. Kgl. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 44(3): 1225, 3 Taf.Google Scholar
Holste, G. 1910. Das Nervensystem von Dytiscus marginalis. Z. wiss. Zool. 99: 419476.Google Scholar
Hoppe, J. 1912. Die Atmung von Notonecta glauca. Zool. Jb. (Allg. Zool.) 31: 189247.Google Scholar
Hubbell, T. H. 1936. A monographie revision of the genus Ceutophilus. Univ. Fla Publ. Biol, ser. 2: 1551, 38 pls.Google Scholar
Hulst, F. A. 1906. The histolysis of the musculature of Culex pungens during metamorphosis. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 11: 227303.Google Scholar
Hungerford, H. 1948. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kans.Sci. Bull. 32: 1827.Google Scholar
Huxley, H. E. 1958. The contraction of muscle. Scient. Am. 1958: 313.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, M. M. 1958. Grundzüge der Organbildung im Embryo von Tachycines (Insecta, Saltatoria). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 76: 541594.Google Scholar
Ide, F. P. 1936. The significance of the outgrowth of the prothorax of Ecdyonurus venosus Fabr. (Ephemeroptera). Can. Ent. 68: 234238.Google Scholar
Imms, A. D. 1951. General textbook of entomology. 8th ed., 726 pp. London.Google Scholar
Ivanova-Kasas, O. M. 1959. Die embryonale Entwicklung der Blattwespe Pontania caperae L. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 77: 193238.Google Scholar
Jaboulet, M. C. 1960. Contribution à ľétude des larves ďHaliplides. Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 31, pp. 117, 30 figs.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. J. 1928. The inheritance of long and short wings in the weevil Sitona hispidula with a discussion of wing reduction among beetles. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 55: 665735.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. J. 1933. Observation on the flight muscles of Sitona weevils. Ann.appl. Biol. 20: 731770.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. J. 1952. Observation on the capacity for flight of water beetles. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 27: 5770.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. J. 1956 a. Observation on flying and flightless water beetles. J. Linn. Soc, Zool. 43: 1842.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. J. 1956 b. Dimorphism of the metasternal wings in Agabus raffrayi and A. labiatus Brahm (Col., Dytiscidae) and its relation to capacity for flight. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 31(1–3): 111.Google Scholar
Jacobson, H. 1940. Über die Sprungmuskulatur des Uferschwalbenflöhes Ceratophyllus styx Roth. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 37: 144154.Google Scholar
Janet, C. 1907. Anatomie du corselet et histolyses des muscles vibrateurs, après le vol nuptial, chez la reine de la fourmi (Lasius niger). Limoges: Decourtieux et Gout., 149 pp.Google Scholar
Janin, M. 1947. Contribution à ľétude du thorax des Collemboles. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 225: 646647.Google Scholar
Jannone, G. 1939. Studio morfologica anatomico e istologico del Dociostaurus maroccanus. Boll. Lab. Ent. agr. Portici 4: 1433.Google Scholar
Jeannel, R. 1945. Sur la position systematique des Strépsiptères. Rev. franc. Ent. 11: 111118.Google Scholar
Jeannel, R. 1949. Classification et phylogénie des insectes. In: Grassé (Ed.), Traité de Zoologie T. IX, pp. 185. Mason et Cie, Paris.Google Scholar
Jeannel, R. 1951. Ordre des Strépsiptères. In: Grassé (Ed.),Traité de Zoologie, T. XI, pp. 12771297. Mason et Cie, Paris.Google Scholar
Jeuniaux, C. 1950. Ľappareil de saut des taupins (Coleoptères Elatérides). Nat. belges 31: 154159.Google Scholar
Jeziorski, L. 1918. Der Thorax von Dixippus morosus (Carausius). Z. wiss. Zool. 117: 727815, Taf. 17–19.Google Scholar
Joesting, E. A. 1942. Die Innervierung des Skelettmuskelsystems des Mehlwurms (Tenebrio molitor L., Larva). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 67: 381460.Google Scholar
Johnson, B. 1957. Studies on the degeneration of the flight muscles of alate aphids, I. A comparative study of the occurrence of muscle breakdown in relation to reproduction in several species. J. Insect Physiol. 1: 248256.Google Scholar
Johnson, B. 1959. Studies on the degeneration of the flight muscles of alate aphids — II. Histology and control of muscle breakdown. J. Insect Physiol. 3: 367377.Google Scholar
Jones, T. 1954. The external morphology of Chirothrips hamatus Trybom (Thysanoptera). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 105: 163187.Google Scholar
Jordan, H. E. 1933. The structural changes in striped muscle during contraction. Physiol. Rev. 13: 301324.Google Scholar
Jordan, H. E. 1955. The comparative histology of the striated muscles of leg, wing and elytra of the Japanese beetle. J. Morph. 96: 513530, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Jordan, K. 1928. On some Lepidoptera of special interest, with remarks on morphology andnomenclature. Novit. zool. 34: 132146.Google Scholar
Jusbaschjanz, S. 1910. Zur Kenntnis der nachembryonalen Entwicklung der Stratiomyiden. Jena. Z. Naturw. 46: 681731, Taf. 25–27.Google Scholar
Kawai, T. 1967. Plecoptera (Insecta). In: Fauna Japonica, 211 pp.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. 1924. Sur la position primitive des stigmates chez les insectes et sur le sort des stigmates thoraciques. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., pp. 125128.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. 1944. Respiratory system and respiratory adaptations in larvae and pupae of Diptera. Parasitology 36: 166.Google Scholar
Kéler, S. von. 1963. Entomologisches Wörterbuch, Berlin, 774 SS, 33 Tafs.Google Scholar
Kelsey, L. P. 1954. The skeleto-motor mechanism of the dobsonfly, Corydalus cornutus. 1: Head and prothorax. Mem. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn, No. 334, 51 pp.Google Scholar
Kelsey, L. P. 1957. The skeleto-motor mechanism of the dobsonfly, Corydalus cornutus. 2: Pterothorax. Mem. Cornell Univ. Exp. Stn, No. 346, 31 pp., 55 figs.Google Scholar
Kessel, E. L. 1939. The embryology of fleas. Smithson. misc. Collns 98(3): 178, 12 pls.Google Scholar
Khanna, S. 1963 a. Skeletal system of the thorax of Dysdercus koenigii (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Indian J. Ent. 25: 6384.Google Scholar
Khanna, S. 1963 b. Musculature of thorax in Dysdercus koenigii (Fabr.). Indian J. Ent. 25: 123135.Google Scholar
Khanna, S. 1963 c. Postembryonic development of thoracic muscles in Dysdercus koenigii (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Naturwissenschaften 50(20): 13.Google Scholar
Khanna, S. 1963 d. Postembryonic development of pterothoracic sclerites in Dysdercus koenigii (F.) (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Curr. Sci. 32: 508510.Google Scholar
Narain, Khattar, and Srivastava, R. P.. 1962. Morphology of the pterothorax of Schizodactylus monstrosus Don. (Orthoptera). J. zool. Soc. India 14(1–2): 93108.Google Scholar
Kim, C. W. 1959. The differentiation centre inducing the development from larval to adult leg in Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera). J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 7: 572582.Google Scholar
Kim, K. C, and Cook, E. F.. 1966. A comparative external morphology of adult Sphaerocoridae (Diptera). Misc. Publ. ent. Soc. Am. 5(2): 78100.Google Scholar
Kinzelbach, R. K. 1967. Zur Kopfmorphologie der Fächerflügler (Strepsiptera, Insecta). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 84: 559684.Google Scholar
Kinzelbach, R. K. In press. Zur systematischen Stellung der Strepsipteren. Thirteenth Intern. Congr. Ent.Google Scholar
Kiriakoff, S. G. 1952. Les organes tympaniques des Lepidoptères comme caractère systématique et phylogénétique. Trans, ninth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 7175.Google Scholar
Kiriakoff, S. G. 1963. The tympanic structures of the Lepidoptera and the taxonomy of the order. J. Lepidopterist's Soc. 17: 16.Google Scholar
Kleinow, W. 1966. Untersuchungen zum Flügelmechanismus der Dermapteren. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 56: 363416.Google Scholar
Knox, V. 1935. In: Needham, Traver, and Hsu's Biology of mayflies. Ithaca, pp. 135178.Google Scholar
Kolbe, H. J. 1893. Einführung in die Kenntnis der Insekten. Berlin.Google Scholar
Komp, W. H. W. 1937. The nomenclature of the thoracic sclerites in the Culicidae and their setae. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 39: 241252.Google Scholar
Korn, W. 1943. Die Muskulatur des Kopfes und des Thorax von Myrmeleon europaeus und ihre Metamorphose. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 68: 273330.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. 1944. The external morphology of the oblong-winged katydid, Amblycorypha oblongifolia (De Geer). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 37: 167192.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. 1950. The morphology and phylogeny of auchenorrhynchous Homoptera. Univ. Illinois Press. 111 pp.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. 1958(1956) Pigmentation in the thoracic musculature of cockroaches and related Orthoptera and the analysis of flight and stridulation. Proc. tenth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 569579.Google Scholar
Kristensen, N. P. 1968. The anatomy of the head and alimentary canal of adult Eriocraniidae (Lep., Dacnonypha). Ent. Meddr, 239315.Google Scholar
Kryzanowsky, S. G. 1939. Das Rekapitulationsprinzip und die Bedingungen der historischenAuffassung der Ontogenese. Acta Zool. 20: 187.Google Scholar
Kukalová, J. 1960. Palaeozoische Insekten der Tschechoslovakei. Verh. XI int. Kongr. Ent., Bd. 1, SS. 292294.Google Scholar
Kukalová, J. 1968. Permian mayfly nymphs. Psyche, Camb. 75: 310327.Google Scholar
KünckelďHerculais, J. ďHerculais, J. 1875. Recherches sur ľorganisation et le développement des Vollucelles, insectes diptères et de la famile des Syrphides. Part 1. Paris, 208 pp.Google Scholar
KünckelďHerculais, J. ďHerculais, J. 1881. Sur le développement postembryonnaire des Diptères. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 93: 901903.Google Scholar
Kuske, G. 1963. Untersuchungen zur Metamorphose der Schmetterlingsbeine. Arch. EntwMech. Org. 154: 354377.Google Scholar
Kuske, G., Penner, M. L., and Piepho, H.. 1961. Zur Metamorphose des Schmetterlingsbeines. Biol. Zbl. 80: 347351.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1938. La muscolatura di Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.). Arch. Zool.Ital. 27: 217318.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1947 a. La forma del pronoto degli ortotteri Saltatori e la sua funzione neimovimenti di apertura e chiusura delle tegmine. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli 56: 37.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1947 b. Morfologia funzionale delľarticolazione alare degli Ortotteri. Arch. Zool. Ital. 32: 271327.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1948. I nervi motori e sensori degli organi di volo degli Acrididi. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat. Soc. Sci. Lett. Art. Napoli, ser. 4, 15: 110.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1949 a. Ľevoluzione delle pleure pterotoraciche degli insetti Blattoteroidei. Boll. Zool. Ital. 32: 271327.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1949 b. Il brachitterismo negli Insetti. II: Morfologia della regione ascellare delle forme macrottera e brachittera di Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.). Annali Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 1(1): 117.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1954. Riduzione e scomparsa delle ali negli Insetti pterigoti. Arch. Zool. Ital. 39: 361440.Google Scholar
La Greca, M. 1961. Sulla struttura della cuticola degli insetti osservata al microscopioelettronico. Atti Accad. gioenia Sci. nat. (Catania), ser. 6, 8(2): 2026.Google Scholar
La Greca, M., e Cesaro, R.. 1951. Morfologia del dermascheletro del torace di Tropidothorax leucopterus (Goeze). Ann. Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 3(2): 123.Google Scholar
La Greca, M., e Raucci, A.. 1949. Il dermascheletro e la muscolatura del torace di Mantis religiosa. Ann. Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 1(3): 141.Google Scholar
Lameere, A. 1935. Précis de Zoologie, IV. Paris. 468 pp.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1924. Zur Kenntnis von Aphelocheirus aestivalis Fabr. Ark. Zool. 16: 121.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1942. Bisher unbeachtete wichtige Züge im Bau der Metathorax bei den Heteropteren. K. fysiogr. Sällsk. Lund Förh. 12(13): 149163.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1945 a. Das Meron der Insekten. K. fysiogr. Sällsk. Lund Förh. 15(11): 19.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1945 b. Die hintere Region der Insektenhüfte. K. fysiogr, Sällsk.Lund Förh. 15(12): 111.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1945 c. Das thorakale Skelettmuskelsystem der Heteropteren. Lunds Univ. Ãrsskr., N.F. Avd. 2, 41(11): 183.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1945 d. Der Thorax der Heteropteren. Skelett und Muskulatur. Lunds Univ. Ãrsskr., N.F. Avd. 2, 41(3): 196.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1948. Die dorsoventralen Muskeln im Pterothorax der neuropteroiden Insekten. Opuse. Ent. 13: 2735.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1949 a. Die Ortsbewegungen von Ranatra linearis L. Lunds Univ. Ãrsskr., N.F., 45(6): 183.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1949 b. Ein Carabus clathratus L. mit hochgradig asymmetrischen Entwicklung der Alae. Opusc. Ent. 14: 113119.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1950. Die Veränderungen im Bau der Heteropteren bei der Reduktion des Flugapparates. Opusc. Ent. 15: 1751.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1954. Die Flugorgane der Gyriniden (Col.). Opusc. Ent. 15: 517.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1955. Der Bau des Flugapparats bei Nepa cinera L. Ein Vergleich zwischen der flügelfähigen Imago und der gewöhnlichen Form mit reduzierten Flugorgane. Opusc. Ent. 20: 170173.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1957. Truncale Scolopalorgane in den pterothorakalen und den beiden ersten abdominalen Segmenten der aquatilen Heteropteren. Lunds Univ. Ãrsskr., N.F. Avd. 2, 53(1): 166.Google Scholar
Larsen, O. 1966. On the morphology and function of the locomotor organs of the Gyrinidae and other Coleoptera. Opusc. Ent., Suppl. 30, 242 pp.Google Scholar
Laurent, L. 1961. Sur la suture meso-metasternale chez les Elatéridae (Coleoptera). Bull. Soc. r. Sci. Liège 30: 7290.Google Scholar
Lauck, D. R. 1959. The locomotion of Lethocerus (Hemiptera, Belostomatidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 62: 9399.Google Scholar
Leclercq, J. 1957. Sur les éléments du mesopectus des Hyménoptères sphecides. Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 33(34): 18.Google Scholar
Leech, H. B. 1942. Dimorphism in the flying wings of a species of water beetle, Agabus bifarius (Kirby). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 35: 7680.Google Scholar
Lefeuvre, J. C. 1965. Le polymorphisme alaire chez les Blattes (Insectes Dictyoptères). Proc. twelfth int. Congr. Ent., p. 136. Google Scholar
Lehmann, F. E. 1924. Über den Bauplan des Tracheensystems bei den Insekten. Verh. Schweiz. naturf. Ges. (Luzern), ser. II, SS. 195196.Google Scholar
Lehmann, F. E. 1926. In: Zur Kenntnis der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Carausius morosus Br. IV. Jena. SS. 330–414.Google Scholar
Lemche, H. 1940. The origin of winged insects. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 104: 127168.Google Scholar
Lemche, H. 1942. The wings of cockroaches and the phylogeny of insects. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 106: 287318.Google Scholar
Lendenfeld, R. 1881. Der Flug der Libellen. Sber. kaisl. Akad. Wiss. Wien 83: 289376.Google Scholar
Leston, D. 1963. The origin of flight in insects. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (C) 28: 2332.Google Scholar
Levereault, P. 1936. The morphology of the Carolina Mantis. Section 1. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 24(13): 205259.Google Scholar
Levereault, P. 1938. The morphology of the Carolina Mantis. Section 2. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 25(11): 577633.Google Scholar
Levine, H. R. 1957. Anatomy and taxonomy of the mature naiads of the dragonfly genus Plathemis (family Libellulidae). Smithson. misc. Collns 134(11): 128.Google Scholar
Lew, G. L. 1960. The external morphology of the last instar nymph of Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Ent. Am. 39: 101179.Google Scholar
Lewis, R. E. 1961. The thoracic musculature of the Indian rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 54: 387397.Google Scholar
Lindroth, C. H. 1948(1946). The wing dimorphism in the family Carabidae. Arch. Soc. zool. bot. fenn., Helsinki 1: 7072.Google Scholar
Littig, K. S. 1942. External anatomy of the Florida walking stick Anisomorpha buprestoides Stoll. Fla Ent. 25: 3341.Google Scholar
Lowne, B. T. 18901895. The anatomy, physiology, and development of the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala). A study in the comparative anatomy and morphology of insects. London. 2 vols.: 350 pp., 21 pls.; 428 pp., 32 pls.Google Scholar
Lubbock, J. 1879. On the anatomy of ants. Trans. Linn. Soc., Lond., ser. 2, 11: 141154.Google Scholar
Luks, C. 1883. Über die Brustmuskulatur der Insekten. Z. Naturwiss. (Jena) 16: 529549.Google Scholar
Lyonet, P. 1760. Traité anatomique de la chenille qui ronge le bois de Saule. La Haye, 1760. xxii + 587 pp., 18 pls. Google Scholar
Mackerras, I. M. 1967. Grades in the evolution and classification of insects. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 6: 311.Google Scholar
Madden, A. H. 1944. The external morphology of the adult tobacco-worm (Lep. Sphingidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 37: 145160.Google Scholar
Magnan, A. 1934. Le vol des insectes. Paris. 186 pp., 209 figs.Google Scholar
Mäkel, M. 1942. Metamorphose und Morphologie des Pseudococcus Männchen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Skelettmuskelsystems. Zool. Jb. 67: 461511.Google Scholar
Maki, T. 1935. A study of the musculature of the phasmid Megacrania tsudai Shiraki. Mem. Fac. Sci. Agric. Taihoku imp. Univ. 12: 181279, 5 pls.Google Scholar
Maki, T. 1936. Studies of the skeletal structure, musculature and nervous system of the alderfly, Chauliodes formosanus Peterson. Mem. Fac. Sci. Agric. Taihoku imp. Univ. 16: 117243, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Maki, T. 1938. Studies of the thoracic musculature of insects. Mem. Fac. Sci. Agric. Taihoku imp. Univ. 24: 1343, 17 pls.Google Scholar
Maloeuf, N. S. 1932. The skeletal motor mechanism of the thorax of the stink-bug, Nezara viridula L. Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte (n.s.) 16: 161203.Google Scholar
Maloeuf, N. S. 1935 a. The postembryonic history of the somatic musculature of the dragonfly thorax. J. Morph. 58: 87106, 4 pls.Google Scholar
Maloeuf, N. S. 1935 b. The role of muscular contraction in the production of configurations in the insect skeleton. J. Morph. 58(1): 4175, 5 pls.Google Scholar
Märkl, H. 1966. Peripheres Nervensystem und Muskulatur der Arbeiterin von Apis mellifera L., Formica polyctena Foerster und Vespa vulgaris L., und der Grundplan der Innervierung des Insektenthorax. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 83: 107184.Google Scholar
Marcus, H. 1920. Über die Struktur und die Entwicklung quergestreifter Muskelfasern, besonders bei Flügelmuskeln der Libellen. Anat. Anz. 52: 410416.Google Scholar
Marquardt, F. 1939. Beiträge zur Anatomie der Muskulatur und peripheren Nerven von Carausius (Dixippus) morosus Br. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 66: 63128.Google Scholar
Martin, J. F. 1916. The thoracic and cervical sclerites in insecta. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 9: 3583.Google Scholar
Martynov, A. V. 1924. Uber zwei Grundtypen der Flügel bei den Insekten und ihre Evolution. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 4: 465501.Google Scholar
Martynov, A. V. 1938. Etude sur l'histoire géologique des ordres des insectes (Pterygota). Ie partie. Palaeoptera et Neoptera-Polyneoptera). Trav. Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sci. URSS (Leningrad) 7(4): 1150.Google Scholar
Marvillet, C. 1960. Contribution à la connaissance des formations squelettiques de la larve de Riolus (Coleoptera-Dryopidae). Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 32, pp. 131, 43 figs.Google Scholar
Mathur, A. C. 1956. A new stage in the evolution of the postnotal plates of insects. Curr. Sci (Bangalore) 25(4): 127128.Google Scholar
Mathur, P. N., and Joseph, A. N. T.. 1961. Observations on the external morphology of Liburnia furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Araeopidae). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Bangalore (B) 53: 263273.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1956 a. The comparative morphology of the thorax in two species of insects. Microentomology 21: 165.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1956 b. Morphology of the thoracic exoskeleton and musculature of mayfly Siphlonurus columbianus McDunnough (Siphlonuridae, Ephemeroptera). J. Kansas ent. Soc. 29: 92113.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1960 a. Morphology of the pleurosternal region of the pterothorax in insects. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 53: 712731.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1960 b. A new interpretation of the pleurosternal region of the hymenopterous thorax. Acta Hymen. 1: 109113.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1960 c. Morphology, evolution and classification of the Gerridae. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 41: 25631.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1962. Morphology and evolution of the pleurosternal region of the pterothorax in Notonectidae and related families. J. Kansas ent. Soc. 35: 235242.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1963 a. Some evolutionary aspects of the insect thorax. A. Rev. Ent. 8: 5976.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1963 b. Evolution of the thoracic musculature in insects. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 44: 509534.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1965. Morphology and evolution of the insect head. Mem. Am. ent. Inst., No. 4. 334 pp.Google Scholar
Mayer, C. 1954. Vergleichende Untersuchungen am Skelett-Muskelsystem des Thorax der Mallophagen unter Berücksichtigung des Nervensystems. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 74: 77131.Google Scholar
Melis, A. 1935 a. Tisanotteri italiani. Studio anatomo-morfologico del Liothripidae dell'Olivo (Liothrips oleae Costa). Redia 21: 1187.Google Scholar
Melis, A. 1935 b. Nuove osservazioni anatomo-istologiche sui diversi stati postembrionali del Liothrips oleae (Costa). Redia 21: 263334.Google Scholar
Menon, K. R., and Joshi, N. K.. 1957. On the flight muscles and the associated skeletal parts in Stenocera chrysis var. chrysidoides (Fam. Buprestidae, Order Coleoptera). J. Anim. Physiol. 4(2): 6980.Google Scholar
Menon, K. R., and Joshi, N. K.. 1958. On the coxodorsalis metathoracis muscle in beetles and its possible function. J. Anim. Morph. Physiol. 5(2): 7578.Google Scholar
Mercier, M. L. 1924. L'atrophie des muscles du vol après la chute des ailes chez Lipoptena cervi (Diptere Pupipare). C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 178: 591594.Google Scholar
Mercier, L., et Poisson, R.. 1923. Contribution à l'étude de l'atrophie des ailes et des muscles du vol chez les Forficulidae. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 117: 11421145.Google Scholar
Michener, C. D. 1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 82: 151326.Google Scholar
Michener, C. D. 1952. The Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) of the Western Hemisphere. Morphology, phylogeny, and classification. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 98(5): 338501.Google Scholar
Mickoleit, G. 1961. Zur Thoraxmorphologie der Thysanoptera. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 79: 192.Google Scholar
Mickoleit, G. 1962. Die Thoraxmuskulatur von Tipula vernalis Meigen. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Dipterenthorax. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 80: 213244.Google Scholar
Mickoleit, G. 1965. Über die morphologische Deutung des caudalen Sternocoxalmuskels im Pterothorax der Neuropteroiden. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 82: 521531.Google Scholar
Mickoleit, G. 1966. Zur Kenntnis einer neuen Spezialhomologie (Synapomorphie) der Panorpoidea. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 83: 483497.Google Scholar
Mickoleit, G. 1967. Das Thorakalskelett von Merope tuber Newman (Protomecoptera). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 84: 313342.Google Scholar
Mickoleit, G. 1968. Zur Thoraxmuskulatur der Bittacidae. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 85: 386410.Google Scholar
Mihalyi, F. 1936. Untersuchungen über Anatomie und Mechanik der Flugorgane an der Stubenfliege. Magy. biol. Kutaté Intézet 8: 107119.Google Scholar
Miller, A. 1950. The internal anatomy and histology of the imago of Drosophila melanogaster. In: Demerec, (Ed.), Biology of Drosophila, pp. 420543.Google Scholar
Miller, F. W. 1933 a. Musculature of the lacewing (Chrysopa plorabunda) Neuroptera. J. Morph. 55: 2952.Google Scholar
Miller, F. W. 1933 b. The musculature of the woolly aphid of the elm (Schizoneura americana). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 26: 473489.Google Scholar
Miller, P. L. 1964 In: Rockstein (Ed.), The physiology of insects. Vol. 3, pp. 557615.Google Scholar
Misra, S. D. 1946. Studies on the somatic musculature of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). II. The neck and prothorax. Indian J. Ent. 8(1): 129.Google Scholar
Misra, S. D. 1947. Studies on the somatic musculature of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål), phase gregaria. Part III: The pterothorax. Indian J. Ent. 9: 1972.Google Scholar
Miyake, T. 1913. Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan. J. Coll. Agric. imp. Univ. Tokyo 4: 263394.Google Scholar
Morison, G. D. 1927. The muscles of the adult honey bee (Aphis mellifera L.), 1. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 71: 395463.Google Scholar
Morison, G. D. 1928. The muscles of the adult honey bee (Aphis mellifera L.), 2. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 71: 563651.Google Scholar
Müller-Blumenau, W. 1884. Über einige im Wasser lebende Schmetterlingsraupen Brasiliens. Arch. Naturgesch. 50(1): 194212.Google Scholar
Murray, F. V., and Tiegs, O. W.. 1935. The metamorphosis of Calandra oryzae. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 77: 405495.Google Scholar
Mutuura, A. 1961. Some aspects of the morphology of the insect cervix and the cervical sclerite (in Japanese). Univ. Osaka Pref. Coll. Agric. Ent. Lab. Publ. 6, pp. 129136.Google Scholar
Myers, J. G. 1928. The morphology of the Cicadidae (Homoptera). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1928, pp. 365472.Google Scholar
Needham, J. G., and Anthony, M. H.. 1903. The skewness of the thorax in Odonata. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 11(3): 117124, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. A. 1915. Embryology of the honey bee. Princeton. 282 pp.Google Scholar
Neville, A. C. 1960. Aspects of flight mechanics in anisopterous dragonflies. J. exp. Biol. 37: 631656.Google Scholar
Nüesch, H. 1953. The morphology of the thorax of Telea polyphemus (Lep.). I. Skeleton and muscles. J. Morph. 93: 589604, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Nüesch, H. 1954. Segmentierung und Muskelinnervation bei Telea polyphemus Cr. Rev. suisse Zool. 61: 420428.Google Scholar
Nüesch, H. 1965. Über die strukturelle und funktionelle Entwicklung der Muskeln bei Antheraea (Lepidoptera). Z. Naturf. 20b: 343347.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, R. 1960. Der Thorax von Basilia nana (Diptera, Nycteribiidae). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 78: 313368.Google Scholar
Onesto, E. 1959 a. La regione articolare delle ali di Blatta orientalis L. Annali Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 11(6): 140.Google Scholar
Onesto, E. 1959 b. Morfologia della regione articolare delle ali di Anthocaris cardamines (L.). Annali Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 11(1): 140.Google Scholar
Onesto, E. 1960. La regione articolare di Ameles decolor (Charp.) (Insecta, Mantoidea) e il suo significato morfologico per la filogenesi dei Blattotteroidei. Annali Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 12(2): 127.Google Scholar
Onesto, E. 1961. Morfologia della regione articolare alare di Forficula auricularia L. (Insecta, Dermaptera). Annali Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 13(4): 131.Google Scholar
Onesto, E. 1963. Studio sulla morfologia comparata del dermascheletro dei Tettigonioidei. I: II torace di Tylopsis liliifolia e di Platycleis intermedia. Annali Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 15(6): 138.Google Scholar
Onesto, E. 1965. Morfologia della regione articolare e delle pleure nei Plecotteri. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli 74: 2239.Google Scholar
Paclt, J. 1956. Biologie der primär flügellosen Insekten. Jena. 258 SS.Google Scholar
Pantel, J. 1917. A propósito de un Anisolabis alado, contribucion al estudio de los organo voladores y de los esclerites toracicos en los Dermapteros; datos para la interpretacion del macropterismo excepcional. Mem. Acad. Ci. Barcelona 14(1): 1160.Google Scholar
Parsons, M. C. 1960 a. Skeleton and musculature of the thorax of Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 122(7):299357.Google Scholar
Parsons, M. C. 1960 b. The nervous system of Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 123(5):131199.Google Scholar
Parsons, M. C. 1962. Scolopophorous organs in the pterothorax and abdomen of Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 127(3):207237.Google Scholar
Parsons, M. C. 1963. Thoracic skeleton and musculature of adult Saldula pallipes (F.) (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. bond. 115: 137.Google Scholar
Parsons, M. C. 1967. Modifications of the prothoracic pleuron in Hydrocorisae. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 119: 215234.Google Scholar
Parsons, M. C. 1968. The cephalic and prothoracic skeletomusculature and nervous system in Lethocerus (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae). J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 47(312):349406.Google Scholar
Partmann, W. 1948. Untersuchungen über die komplexe Auswirkung phylogenetischer Körpergrössenänderungen bei Dipteren. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 69: 507558.Google Scholar
Pérèz, C. 1910. Recherches histologiques sur la métamorphose des Muscides, Calliphora erythrocephala Mg. Archs Zool. exp. gén., ser. 5, 4: 1274. Pérèz, C. 1912. Observations sur ľhistologie et histogénése dans la métamorphose des Vespides. (Polistes gallica L.). Mem. Acad. r. Bruxelles, ser. ii, 3 fasc. 8, 1912.Google Scholar
Pierce, D. 1918. The comparative morphology of the order Strepsiptera, with records and descriptions of insects. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 54: 391501.Google Scholar
Pierce, W. D. 1964. The Strepsiptera are true order, unrelated to Coleoptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 57: 603605.Google Scholar
Pipa, R. I, and Cook, E. F.. 1959. Studies on the hexapod nervous system. I. The peripheral distribution of the thoracic nerves of the adult cockroach. Periplaneta americana. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 52: 695710.Google Scholar
Poisson, R. 1924. Contribution à ľétude des Hémiptèresaquatiques. Bull. Biol. 58: 49395, 13 pls.Google Scholar
Poletaiew, N. 1881. Du développement des muscles ďailes chez les Odonates. Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 16: 1037.Google Scholar
Popham, E. J. 1959. The anatomy in relation to feeding habits of Forficula auricularia L. and other Dermaptera. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 133: 251300.Google Scholar
Popham, E. J. 1960 a. Proprioceptive setae in the neck of the common earwig (Forficula auricularia L.). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35: 163167.Google Scholar
Popham, E. J. 1960 b. On the respiration of aquatic Hemiplera with special reference to the Corixidae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 135: 209242.Google Scholar
Prell, H. 1913. Das Chitinskelett von Eosentomon. Zoologica, Orig. Abh. Gesamtgeb. Zool, Stuttg., Heft. 64, 58 SS., 6 Taf.Google Scholar
Priesner, H. 1957. Zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Endothorax der Thysanoptera. Zool. Anz. 159: 159167.Google Scholar
Pringle, J. W. S. 1948. The gyroscopic mechanism of the halteres of Diptera. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 233: 347384.Google Scholar
Pringle, J. W. S. 1957 a. Insect flight. Cambridge Univ. Press. 133 pp.Google Scholar
Pringle, J. W. S. 1957 b. Myogenic rhythms. In: Scheer, (Ed.), Recent advances in invertebrate physiology, pp. 99115.Google Scholar
Pringle, J. W. S. 1961 (1960). The function of the direct flight muscle in the bee. Verh. XI int. Kongr. Ent., Vol. 1, p. 660.Google Scholar
Puchkova, L. V. 1961. Plechovi plastinki zadnogo krila napivtvepedokrilikh. Dopov. Akad. Nauk, Ukr. RSR, Kiev (1961), no. 1, p. 104107.Google Scholar
Quennedey, A. 1965. Contribution à la connaissance de quelques types larvaires de Sphaeridiinae. Trav. Lab. Zool. Fac. Sci., Dijon, No. 65, 156, 41 figs.Google Scholar
Ragge, D. R. 1955. The wing venation of the order Phasmida. Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 106(9):375392.Google Scholar
Rakshpal, R. 1954. Studies on Gryllotalpa africana Beauvois. 1, Skeletomuscular mechanism (head and its appendages). Indian J. Ent. 16: 3754.Google Scholar
Rakshpal, R. 1955. Studies on Gryllotalpa africana Beauvois. part II, Skeletomuscular mechanism (neck, thorax and appendages). Indian J. Ent. 16: 373390; 17: 25–39.Google Scholar
Raw, F. 1956. Origin of winged insects. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, 9: 673685.Google Scholar
Rawat, B. L. 1939. Notes on the anatomy of Naucoris cimicoides L. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 65: 535600.Google Scholar
Reeks, W. A. 1937. The morphology of the adult of Diprion polytomum (Hartig). Can. Ent. 69: 257264.Google Scholar
Rees, B. E., and Ferris, G. F.. 1939. The morphology of Tipula reesi Alexander (Diptera: Tipulidae). Microentomology 4: 143178.Google Scholar
Reid, J. A. 1941. The thorax of wingless and short-winged Hymenoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc.Lond. 91: 367446.Google Scholar
Reid, R. W. 1958. Internal changes in the female mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., associated with egg laying and flight. Can. Ent. 90: 464468.Google Scholar
Remane, A. 1952. Die Grundlagen des natürlichen Systems der vergleichenden Anatomie und der Phylogenetik. Leipzig, 364 SS.Google Scholar
Remane, A. 1960. Die Beziehungen zwischen Phylogenie und Ontogenie. Zool. Anz. 164: 306337.Google Scholar
Remane, A. 1963. Über die Homologisierungsmöglichkeiten bei Verbindungsstrukturen (Muskeln, Blutgefässen, Nerven) und Hohlraumen. Zool. Anz. 170: 481489.Google Scholar
Rensch, B. 1959. Evolution above the species level. Columbia Univ. Press. 419 pp.Google Scholar
Ribaga, G. 1901. Anatomia del Trichopsocus dalii. Riv. Patol. veg., Padova 9: 130176.Google Scholar
Richards, A. G. 1932. Comparative skeletal morphology of the noctuid tympanum. Ent. Am. (n.s.) 13: 144.Google Scholar
Richards, A. M. 1955. The anatomy and morphology of the cave-orthopteran Macropathus filifer Walker, 1869. Trans. R. Soc. New Zealand 83: 405452.Google Scholar
Richards, O. W. 1956. An interpretation of the ventral region of the hymenopterous thorax. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 31: 99104.Google Scholar
Richards, O. W., and Davies, R. G.. 1957. A general textbook of entomology. London. 886 pp.Google Scholar
Richmond, E. A. 1931. The external morphology of Hydrophilus obtusatus Say. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 39: 191252.Google Scholar
Riek, E. F. 1967. Structures of unknown, possibly stridulatory, function on the wing and body of Neuroptera; with an appendix on other endopterygote orders. Aust. J. Zool. 15: 337348.Google Scholar
Riha, P. 1955. Studies on the metathoracic furca of the palearctic Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). Acta ent. Mus. nat. Pragae 30: 341398.Google Scholar
Riley, W. A. 1904. The embryological development of the skeleton of the head of Blatta. Am. Nat. 38: 777810.Google Scholar
Rilling, G. 1960. Das Skelettmuskelsystem der ungeflügelten Reblaus (Dactylosphaera vitifolii Shimer). Vitis 2: 222240.Google Scholar
Rings, R. W. 1942. The external anatomy of Sandalus niger Knoch (Coleoptera, Rhipiceridae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 35: 411425.Google Scholar
Ritter, W. 1911. The flying apparatus of the blowfly. A contribution to the morphology and physiology of the organs of flight in insects. Smithson. misc. Collns 56(12):176.Google Scholar
Rivard, I. 1955. Contribution to the morphology of the pine web-spinning sawfly Cephalcia marginata Middlekauff (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). Can. Ent. 87: 382399.Google Scholar
Rivnay, E. 1928. External morphology of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 36: 125145.Google Scholar
Rodendorf, B. B. 1961. Opisaniye pervogo krylatogo nasekomogo iz devonskikh otlozhenii Timana (Insecta, Pterygota). Ént. Obozr. 40: 485489.Google Scholar
Rodendorf, B. B. 1962. Podklass Pterygota. In Orlov, Yu. A. (Ed.), Osnovy paleontologii (Arthropoda, Tracheata, Chelicerata), pp. 29374.Google Scholar
Roonwal, M. L. 1937. Studies on the embryology of the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides Reiche and Frm. II, Organogeny. Philos. Trans. R. Soc.Lond. (B) 227: 175244.Google Scholar
Roonwal, M. L. 1946. On a new phase character, the metasternal interspace in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 21(1–3): 1315.Google Scholar
Ross, H. H. 1936. The ancestry and wing-venation of the Hymenoptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 29: 99111.Google Scholar
Ross, H. H. 1937. A generic classification of the nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyla). Ill. Univ. Biol. Monogr. 15. 173 pp.Google Scholar
Ross, H. H. 1955. The evolution of the insect orders. Ent. News 66: 197208.Google Scholar
Ross, M. H. 1964. Prenotai wings in Blattella germanica (L.) and their possible evolutionary significance. Am. Midl. Nat. 71: 161180.Google Scholar
Rothschild, W., and Jordan, K.. 1902. A revision of the lepidopterous family Sphingidae. Nov. Zool., vol. 9, suppl., 972 pp., 67 pls.Google Scholar
Rowell, H. F. 1961. The structure and function of the prothoracic spine of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål. J. exp. Biol. 38: 457469.Google Scholar
Rüschkamp, P. F. 1927. Der Flugapparat der Käfer. Zoologica, Stuttg. 75: 188, 8 Tafs.Google Scholar
Russenberger, H., and Russenberger, M.. 19591960. Bau und Wirkungsweise des Flugapparates von Libellen. Mitt. naturf. Ges. Schaffhausen 27: 188Google Scholar
Saksena, R. D. 1959. The muscular system of Polistes hebraeus (Fabr.). Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. India (B) 29: 7393.Google Scholar
Sander, K. 1956. Bau und Funktion des Sprungsapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Homoptera-Fulgoridae). Zool. Zb. (Anat.) 75: 383388.Google Scholar
Sarà, M., and Smerdel, A.. 1953. Morfologia del dermascheletro del torace di Asilus crabroniformis L. (Dipt. Asilidae). Annali Ist. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli 5(3):131.Google Scholar
Sargent, W. D. 1937. The internal thoracic skeleton of the dragonflies. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 30: 8193.Google Scholar
Saxena, O. N. 1953. Musculature of Mylabris pustulata Thunb. (Coleoptera). AgraUniv. J. Res. (Sci.) 2: 285307.Google Scholar
Saxena, O. N. 1955. The external morphology and skeleton on Mylabris pustulata (Thunb.) (Meloidea: Coleptera). Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.) 4: 4166.Google Scholar
Schaefer, C. 1962. The occurrence of an axillary spur in the Heteroptera and its functionin the Coreinae. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 55: 675678.Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. 1929. Die Histolyse und Histogenese der Muskulatur von Psychoda alternata Say. Z. morph. Ökol. Tiere 13: 117143.Google Scholar
Schmitt, J. B. 1959. The cervicothoracic nervous system of a grasshopper. Smithson. misc. Collns 137: 307329.Google Scholar
Schmitt, J. B. 1962. The comparative anatomy of the insect nervous system. A. Rev. Ent. 7: 137156.Google Scholar
Schneider, G. 1953. Die Halteren der Schmeiszfliege (Calliphora) als Sinnesorgane und als mechanische Flugstabitisatoren. Z. vergl. Physiol. 35: 416458.Google Scholar
Schultz, H. 1914. Das Pronotum und die Patagia der Lepidopteren. Dt. ent. Z. 1914: 1742, 11 Taf.Google Scholar
Schwanwitsch, B. N. 1943. Subdivision of Insecta Pterygota into subordinate groups. Nature 152: 727728.Google Scholar
Schwanwitsch, B. N. 1946. On the interrelations of the orders of the Insecta Pterygota asdependent on the origin of flight. Zool. Zhur. 25: 529542.Google Scholar
Schwanwitsch, B. N. 1956. Alary musculature as a basis of the system of pterygote insects. Proc. tenth int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 605610.Google Scholar
Sellier, R. 1950. Sur le retournement des ptérothèques chez les Orthoptères Gryllides. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 231: 923924.Google Scholar
Setty, L. R. 1940. Biology and morphology of some North American Bittacidae (Order Mecoptera). Am. Midl. Nat. 23(2):257353.Google Scholar
Sewertzov, A. N. 1931. Morphologische Gesetzmässigkeiten der Evolution. Jena. 371 SS.Google Scholar
Shafiq, S. A. 1954. A study of the embryonic development of the gooseberry sawfly Pteronidea ribesii. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 95: 93114.Google Scholar
Sharov, A. G. 1966. Basic arthropodan stock. Pergamon Press. 271 pp.Google Scholar
Sharplin, J. 1963 a. Wing base structure in Lepidoptera. I: Forewing base. Can. Ent. 95: 10241050.Google Scholar
Sharplin, J. 1963 b. Wing base structure in Lepidoptera. II: Hind wing base. Can. Ent. 95: 11211145.Google Scholar
Sharplin, J. 1963 c. A flexible cuticle in the wing bases of Lepidoptera. Can. Ent. 95: 96100.Google Scholar
Sharplin, J. 1964 a. Wing folding in Lepidoptera. Can. Ent. 96: 148149.Google Scholar
Sharplin, J. 1964 b. Wing base structure in Lepidoptera. III: Taxonomie characters. Can. Ent. 96: 943949.Google Scholar
Shatoury, H. H. El. 1956. Developmental interactions in the development of imaginal muscles of Drosophila. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 4: 228239.Google Scholar
Shepard, H. H. 1930. The pleural and sternal sclerites of the lepidopterous thorax. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 28: 237260.Google Scholar
Short, J. R. T. 1953. On the musculature of the legs of Corixa punctata (Illiger) (Hemiptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 28: 3135.Google Scholar
Smart, J. 1957. Coxo-subalar muscle in the mesothorax of Diptera. Nature 180: 339340.Google Scholar
Smart, J. 1958. The tergal depressor of the trochanter muscle in the Diptera. Proc. tenth int. Congr. Ent., pp. 551555.Google Scholar
Smart, J. 1959. Notes on the mesothoracic musculature of Diptera. Smithson. misc. Collns 137: 331364.Google Scholar
Smit, W. A. 1958. Muscle fibres of the fast and the slow contrasting muscles of the mesothoracic leg of the american cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.). Nature (No. 4615): 10731074.Google Scholar
Smith, D. S. 1964. The structure and development of flightless Coleoptera: A light and electron microscopic study of the wings, thoracic exoskeleton and rudimentary flight muscles. J. Morph. 114: 107184.Google Scholar
Smith, D. S. 1965. The flight muscles of insects. Scient. Am. 1965 (June): 7788.Google Scholar
Smreczinski, S. 1932. Embryologische Untersuchungen über die Zusammensetzung des Kopfes von Silpha obscura L. (Coleopt.). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 55: 233314.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1909. The thorax of insects and articulation of the wings. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 36: 511595.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1910. The thorax of the Hymenoptera. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 39(1774): 3791.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1925. Anatomy and physiology of the honey bee. New York. 327 pp.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1927. Morphology and mechanism of the insect thorax. Smithson. misc. Collns 80(1): 1108.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1929 a. The thoracic mechanism of a grasshopper and its antecedents. Smithson. misc. Collns 82(2): 1111.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1929 b. How insects fly. Smithson. Rep. for 1929, pp. 383421.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. New York. 667 pp.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1942. The skeletomuscular mechanism of the honey bee. Smithson. misc. Collns 103(2): 1120.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1946. The skeletal anatomy of fleas. Smithson. misc. Collns 104(18): 189, 21 pls.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1952. A textbook of arthropod anatomy. Ithaca. 363 pp.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1956. Anatomy of the honey bee. Cornell Univ. Press. 334 pp.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1958. Evolution of arthropod mechanisms. Smithson. misc. Collns 138(2): 177.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1959. The anatomical life of the mosquito. Smithson. misc. Collns 139(8): 187.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1960. Facts and theories concerning the insect head. Smithson. misc. Collns 142: 161.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1961. The caterpillars and the butterfly. Smithson. misc. Collns 143(6): 151.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1963. A contribution toward an encyclopedia of insect anatomy. Smithson. misc. Collns 146: 118.Google Scholar
Speyer, W. 1922. Die Muskulatur der Larve von Dytiscus marginalis L. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der Insektenkörpers. Z. wiss. Zool. 119: 423492, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Sprague, I. B. 1956. The biology and morphology of Hydrometra martini Kirkaldy. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 38: 579603.Google Scholar
Srivastava, K. P. 1961. Studies on lemon-butterfly Papilio demoleus L. (Lepidoptera). Part 2. Indian J. Ent. 23: 202213.Google Scholar
Srivastava, K. P. 1962. Studies on lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. (Lepidoptera). Part 3. Indian J. Ent. 24: 114134.Google Scholar
Steiner, P. 1937. Beitrag zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie und Morphologie des Genitalapparates von Boreus hiemalis L. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 32: 270288.Google Scholar
Stellwaag, F. 1910. Bau und Mechanik des Flugapparates der Biene. Z. wiss. Zool. 95: 518550, Tafs. 19–20.Google Scholar
Stellwaag, F. 1914 a. Der Flugapparat der Lamellicornier. Z. wiss. Zool. 108: 359429. Tafs. 11–14.Google Scholar
Stellwaag, F. 1914 b. Die Alulae der Käfer. Dt. ent. Z. SS. 419434.Google Scholar
Storch, R. H. 1968. The adult cervicothoracic musculature of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Oliver). J. Morph. 126: 107122.Google Scholar
Storch, R. H., and Chadwick, L. E.. 1967. The embryonal and nymphal cervicothoracic musculature of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Blattaria: Blattidae). Can. Ent. 99: 113143.Google Scholar
Storch, R. H., and Chadwick, L. E.. 1968. Thoracic structure of the adult mecopteron, Bittacus strigosus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). J. Morph. 126: 199210.Google Scholar
Subba Rao, B. R. 1953. Articulation of propectus with head in Lestodryinus pyrillae Kieff. (Dryinidae Hymenoptera). Curr. Sci. 22: 87.Google Scholar
Sundermeier, W. 1940. Der Hautpanzer des Kopfes und des Thorax von Myrmeleon europaeus und seine Metamorphose. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 66: 291348.Google Scholar
Tait, N. N. 1962. The anatomy of the sawfly Perga affinis Kirby (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Aust. J. Zool. 10: 652683.Google Scholar
Tannert, W. 1958. Die Flügelgelenkung bei Odonaten. Dt. ent. Z. (N.F.) 5: 394455.Google Scholar
Tannert, W. 1961. Die Flügelgelenkung der Odonata, ein Beispiel phylogenetischer Entwicklungstendenzen. Verh. XI int. Kongr. Ent., Bd. 1, SS. 328332.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. H. 1918. The thoracic sclerites of Hemiptera and Heteroptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 11: 225249.Google Scholar
Theron, J. G. 1958. Studies on the morphology and relationships of male Apiomorpha and Opisthoscelis (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Aust. J. Zool. 16: 8799.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. G. 1952. A comparison of the pterothoracic skeleton and flight muscles of male and female Lamarckiana species (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. 27(1–3): 112.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. G. 1953. A comparison of the flight muscles of Acrididae with different wing development. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 28(4–6): 4756.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. G. 1954 a. The postembryonic development of the flight muscles of Lamarckiana sp. (Orthoptera) and a brief comparison of these with those of Saussurea stuhlmannia (Karsch) and Tanita dispar (Miller). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 29(3): 2331.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. G. 1954 b. The postembryonic development of the dorsal part of the pterothoracic skeleton and certain muscles of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairm.). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 124(2): 229238.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. G. 1954 c. On the postembryonic development of the dorsal part of the pterothoracic skeleton and certain muscles of Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. and F. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 124: 229238.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. G. 1962. The mesosternal bodies of Acridoidea. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 37(7–9): 107113.Google Scholar
Tiegs, O. W. 1922. Researches on the insect metamorphosis. I. On the structure and postembryonic development of a chalcid wasp, Nasonia. Trans. R. Soc., S. Aust. 46: 319527.Google Scholar
Tiegs, O. W. 1940. The embryology and affinities of Symphyla, based on a study of Hanseniella agilis. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 82: 1225, 9 pls.Google Scholar
Tiegs, O. W. 1955. The flight muscles of insects —their anatomy and histology, with some observations on the structure of striated muscle in general. Philos. Trans. Lond. (B) 238(656): 221348.Google Scholar
Tietze, F. 1963. Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen Flügelreduktion und Ausbildung des Metathorax bei Carabiden unter besonderer Burücksichtigung der Flugmuskulatur. Beitr. Ent. 13(1–2): 88167.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1917. The biology of Dragonflies. Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1924. Upper Permian Coleoptera and a new order from the Belmont beds, New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 49: 429435.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1927. The ancestry of the order Hymenoptera. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 73: 307318.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1930. The evolution of the class Insecta. Pap. Proc. r. Soc. Tasmania, 1930, pp. 189.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1931. Kansas Permian insects. Part 13, The new order Protelytroptera with a discussion of its relationships. Am. J. Sci. 5, ser. 21: 232266.Google Scholar
Tindall, A. R. 1963. The skeleton and musculature of the thorax and limbs of the larva of Limnephilus sp. (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 115: 409477.Google Scholar
Tindall, A. R. 1964. The skeleton and musculature of the larval thorax Triaenodes bicolor (Curtis). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 116: 151210.Google Scholar
Tindall, A. R. 1965. The functional morphology of the thorax of Limnephilus marmoratus Curtis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 117: 127166.Google Scholar
Tower, G. D. 1913. The external anatomy of the squash bug, Anasa tristis. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 6: 427441.Google Scholar
Treat, A. E. 1959. The metathoracic musculature of Crymodes devastator (Brace) (Noctuidae) with special reference to the tympanic organ. Smithson. misc. Collns 137: 365377, 16 pls.Google Scholar
Tremblay, E. 1958. Studio morfobiologico sulla Necrobia rufipes De G. Boll. Lab. Ent. agr. Portici 16: 49140, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Tremblay, E. 1965. Studio morfobiologica sulla Trioza tremblayi Wagner (Hemiptera-Homoptera, Psyllidae). Boll. Lab. Ent. agr. Portici 23: 37136.Google Scholar
Tulloch, G. S. 1929. The proper use of the terms parapsides and parapsidal furrows. Psyche, Camb. 36: 376382.Google Scholar
Tulloch, G. S. 1930. Thoracic modifications accompanying the development of subaptery and aptery in the genus Monomorium. Psyche, Camb. 37: 202206.Google Scholar
Tulloch, G. S. 1935. Morphological studies of the thorax of the ant. Entomologica am. 15: 93130, 8 pls.Google Scholar
Tuxen, S. L. 1931. Monographie der Proturen. I. Morphologie nebst Bemerkungen über Systematik und Ökologie. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 22: 671720.Google Scholar
Ulrich, W. 1930. Die Strepsipterenmännchen als Insekten mit Halteren an Stelle der Voderflügel. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 17: 552624, 2 Taf.Google Scholar
Ulrich, W. 1943. Die Mengeiden (Mengenillini) und die Phylogenic der Strepsipteren. Z. Parasitk. 3: 62101.Google Scholar
Usinger, R. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. 7. 585 pp.Google Scholar
Usinger, R., and Matsuda, R.. 1959. Classification of Aradidae. Brit. Mus. Monogr. 410 pp.Google Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. 1922. Rice grasshopper of the genus Hieroglyphus and their nearest allies. Bull. ent. Res. 13: 225241.Google Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. 1923. Notes on locust of economic importance with some new data on the periodicity of locust invasion. Bull. ent. Res. 14: 3139.Google Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. 1966. Grasshoppers and locusts. A handbook of general Acridology. Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press. 481 pp.Google Scholar
Uvarov, B. P., and Thomas, J. G.. 1942. The probable mechanism of phase variation in the pronotum of locusts. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 17: 113118.Google Scholar
van Rees, J. 1889. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Metamorphose von Musca vomitoria. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 3: 134.Google Scholar
Vasvary, L. M. 1966. Musculature and nervous system of the thorax, of the sound mechanism, and of a typical pregenital abdominal segment of the male of the annual cicada, Tibicen chloromera (Walker) (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 74(1): 255.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1902. Über Dermapteren, I Aufsatz: Versuch eines neuen natürlichen Systems auf vergleichend-morphologischer Grundlage und den Mikrothorax der Insekten. Zool. Anz. 35: 181208.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1902 b. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Thorax der Insekten mit Berücksichtigung der Chilopoden, Nova Acta. Abh. kaisl. Leop.-Carol. dt. Akad. Naturf. Halle 81(2): 65109.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1903. Uber die Interkalarsegmente des Körpers der Chilopoden, mit Berücksichtigung der Zwischensegmente der Insekten. Arch. Naturgesch. 69(1): 427441.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1904. Zur vergleichende Morphologie und Systematik der Embiiden. Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. dt. Akad. Naturf. Halle 82(2): 141214.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1905. Uber die Entwicklungsstufen der Steinlaüfer, Lithobiiden. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) Suppl. 8: 195298.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1906. Vergleichend-morphologische Studie über die Coxopleuralen. Morperteile der Chilopoden. Abh. kaisl. Leop.-Carol. dt. Akad. Naturf., Halle 86(2): 349501.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1917. Uber Bau und Funktion von Forficula auricularia L. Arch. Naturgesch. 83(7A): 123.Google Scholar
Viallanes, S. 1882. Recherches sur l'histologie des insectes et sur les phénomène histologique qui accompagnent le développement postembryonnaire des ces animaux. Annls Sci. nat., 6 ser., 14: 1348, 4 pls.Google Scholar
Voss, F. 1905. Uber den Thorax von Gryllus domesticus, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Flügelgelenks und dessen Bewegung. I: Das Skelett. Z. wiss. Zool. 78: 268–243, 355–521, 645–696, 697–759.Google Scholar
Voss, F. 1912. Über den Thorax von Gryllus domesticus. Die nachembryonale Morphologie im ersten Stadium. Z. wiss. Zool. 100: 589834.Google Scholar
Wada, S. 1966. Analyse der Kopf-Hals-Region von Tachycines (Saltatoria) in morphologenetischen Einheiten. I. II, Mitteilungen Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 83: 185234, 235–326.Google Scholar
Wagner, J. 1939. Aphaniptera. In: Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Vol. 5, Abt. 3, Buch 13, Teil f, 114 SS.Google Scholar
Walker, E. M. 1938. On the anatomy of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker. 3 Exoskeleton and musculature of neck and thorax. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 31: 588640.Google Scholar
Walker, I. J., and Gurney, A. B.. 1967. The metanotal gland as a taxonomic character in Oecanthus of the United States. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 69: 157161.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, D. F., and Gilby, A. R.. 1964. The adult scent glands and scent of nine bugs of the superfamily Coreoidea. J. Insect Physiol. 10: 979987.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1923. Zur Gliederung des Insektenthorax. Zool. Anz. 57: 97116.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1924a. Das Thorakalskelett der Lepidopteren. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Insekten-thorax. Z. Anat. Entwickgesch. 73: 277331.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1924b. Das Grundschema des Pterygotenthorax. Zool. Anz. 60: 1737, 47–82.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1925. Der Thorax der Hornisse. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Insektenthorax. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 47: 1100.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1926. Das Problem der Gliederung des Insektenthorax I-III. Zool. Anz. 65: 233258; 66: 9–31, 115–132.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1927a. Die Gliederung der Sternalregion des Tehthredinidenthorax. Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 22: 204310.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1927b. Das Problem der Gliederung des Insektenthorax. Zool. Anz. 69: 311332; 70: 105–126.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1928a. Die Gliederung der Sternopleuralregion des Lepidopterenthorax. Eine vergleichende morphologische Studie zur Subcoxaltheorie. Z. wiss. Zool. 131: 181254.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1928b. Skelett, Muskulatur und Darm der schwarzen Blattlaus, Aphis fabae. Zoologica, Stuttg. 28: 1116, 12 Tafs.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1929. Kopf und Thorax von Psylla mali Schmidb. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 14: 60165.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1930. Biologie der Hemipteren. Berlin. 543 SS.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1933. Lehrbuch der Entomologie. Jena. 726 SS.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1935. Der Bau der Imago der Aleurodinen. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Insekten-Körpers. Zoologica, Stuttg. 33: 171, Taf. 1–14.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1952. Morphologie, Histologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Articulaten. Fortschr. Zool., N.F., 9: 18231.Google Scholar
Weis-Fogh, T. 1960. A rubber-like protein in insect cuticle. J. exp. Biol. 37: 889907.Google Scholar
Weis-Fogh, T. 1964. Functional design of the tracheal system of flying insects as compared with the avian lung. J. exp. Biol. (Cambridge) 41: 207227.Google Scholar
Weismann, A. 1864. Die nachembryonale Entwicklung der Musciden nach Beobachtungen an Musca vomitoria und Sarcophaga carnaria. Z. wiss. Zool. 14: 187336.Google Scholar
Weismann, A. 1866. Die Metamorphose der Corethra plumicornis. Z. wiss. Zool. 16: 45127.Google Scholar
Wefelscheid, H. 1912. Über die Biologie und Anatomie von Plea minutissima Leach. Zool. Jb. (Syst.) 32: 389471.Google Scholar
Wells, M. J. 1954. The thoracic glands of Hemiptera Heteroptera. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 95: 231244.Google Scholar
Wellman, M. H. 1894. A study of the prothorax of butterflies. Kansas Univ. Quart. 3: 137142.Google Scholar
Wenk, P. 1953. Der Kopf von Ctenocephalus canis (Curt.) (Aphaniptera). Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 73: 103164.Google Scholar
Wheeler, W. M. 1889. The embryology of Blatta germanica and Doryphora decemlineata. J. Morph. 3: 291386.Google Scholar
Wiesend, P. 1957. Die postembryonale Entwicklung der Thoraxmuskulatur bei einigen Feldheuschrecken mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Flugmuskeln. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 46: 529570.Google Scholar
Wiesmann, R. 1926. Zur Kenntnis der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus Bd. IV–V, Jena. SS. 123328.Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. 1963a. Origin of wings in insects. Nature 197: 9798.Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. 1963b. The origin of flight in insects. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (C) 28: 2324.Google Scholar
Wilfried, W. 1965. Bemerkungen zur Hypertrophie des Pronotumus bei Membraciden (Homopt.). NachrBl. bayer. Ent. 14: 123125.Google Scholar
Wille, A. 1956. Comparative studies of the thoracic musculature of bees. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 38: 439499.Google Scholar
Wille, A. 1960. The phylogeny and relationships between the insect orders. Rev. Biol. Trop. 8(1): 93123.Google Scholar
Willem, V. 1900. Recherches sur les Collemboles et les Thysanuoures. Mem. cour. Sav. etr., Akad. Roy. Belg., No. 58, 148 pp., 17 pls. Google Scholar
Williams, I. W. 1933. The external morphology of the primitive dipteron Protoplasa fitchii O. S., with notes on the other Tanyderidae. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 41(1–2): 1–22, 7 pls. Google Scholar
Williams, C. M., and Williams, M. V.. 1943. The flight muscles of Drosophila repleta J. Morph. 72: 589599, 2 pls. Google Scholar
Wilson, D. M. 1962. Bifunctional muscles in the thorax of grasshoppers. J. exp. Biol. 39: 669677.Google Scholar
Winkler, D. 1959. Die Muskulatur der Larve von Limnophilus ftavicornis Fabr. Dt. ent. Z. 6: 112128.Google Scholar
Wittig, G. 1955. Untersuchungen am Thorax von Perla abdominalis Burm. (Larve und Imago) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des peripheren Nervensystems und der Sinnesorgans. Zool. Jb. (Anat.) 74: 491570.Google Scholar
Wong, H. R. 1963. The external morphology of the adult and ultimate larval instar of the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Can. Ent. 95: 897921.Google Scholar
Woodland, J. T. 1957. A contribution to our knowledge of lepismatid development. J. Morph. 101: 523577.Google Scholar
Woodring, J. P. 1962. Oribatid (Acarina) pteromorphs, Pterogastrine phylogeny and evolution of wings. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 55: 394403.Google Scholar
Young, B. P. 1921. Attachment of the abdomen to the thorax in Diptera. Mem. Cornell Univ. agrie. Exp. Sin, No. 44, pp. 255282.Google Scholar
Young, E. C. 1961. Degeneration of flight-musculature in the Corixidae and Notonectidae. Nature 189(4761): 328329.Google Scholar
Young, E. C. 1965 a. The incidence of flight polymorphism in British Corixidae and description of the morphs. J. Zool. 146: 567576.Google Scholar
Young, E. C. 1965 b. Flight muscle polymorphism in British Corixidae: Ecological observations. J. Anim. Ecol. 34: 335390.Google Scholar
Young, E. C. 1965 c. Teneral development in British Corixidae. Proc. R. ent. Soc. hond. 40: 159160.Google Scholar
Yu-Pei-yu, , and Luh, Chin-jen. 1964. The skeletomuscular system of the asiatic migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis. II: Thorax (in Chinese). Acta ent. sin. 13: 510535, 715–736.Google Scholar
Zalessky, Iu., M. 1958. Morfo-funktsionalnii skladibania krilev i Drebnekrilikh nasekomykh. Zool. Zhur. 37: 845854.Google Scholar
Zalokar, M. 1947. Anatomie du thorax de Drosophila melanogaster. Rev. suisse Zool. 54(2): 1753.Google Scholar
Zeuner, F. 1933. Die Stammesgeschichte der Käfer. Über die Beziehungen der Form der Organe zu ihrer Funktion. Paläont. Z. 15: 280311.Google Scholar
Zeve, V. H., and Howell, D. E.. 1963. The comparative external morphology of Trichobius corynorrhini, T. major, and T. sphaeronotus(Diptera: Streblidae). II: The thorax. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 56: 217.Google Scholar