Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T00:11:25.362Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE SYSTEMATICS AND TAXONOMY OF FINAL-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE FAMILY APHIDIIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Thelma Finlayson
Get access

Abstract

Characteristics of cephalic structures and spiracles of final-instar larvae of 65 species in 18 genera of the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) are described and illustrated and keys are given for identification of genera and species. An additional seven species that were described and illustrated in an earlier paper (Mackauer and Finlayson 1967) are redescribed and included in the keys for a total of 72 species.On the basis of characteristics of final-instar larvae, taxonomic groupings of the family Aphidiidae mainly conform to those based on characteristics of adults, with the following exceptions.Within the tribe Aphidiini the genus Calaphidius appears to belong in a new subtribe because of the unusual form of the pleurostoma, and the presence of numerous small sensoria in the maxillary and labial palpi, and of an atrium in the prothoracic spiracle which is absent in all other species of this tribe.It is suggested that the tribe Trioxini (Aphidiinae) should be a separate subfamily, the Trioxinae, because of the presence of a hypostomal spur which was not found in any of the other aphidiids examined. Within this suggested new subfamily the genus Lipolexis appears to be the most primitive form examined because, in addition to a hypostomal spur, it has a complete epistoma which is lacking in all other aphidiids examined; it is suggested that this genus be placed in a separate tribe, the Lipolexini. The trioxines appear to be the most primitive of the Aphidiidae and form a bridge between the Braconidae and the Aphidiidae.The Aphidiini (Aphidiinae) appear to be at the peak of the evolutionary scale of the Aphidiidae because of the loss or reduction of the pleurostomal–hypostomal sclerite, making the identities of the pleurostoma and hypostoma less distinguishable.

Résumé

Les caractéristiques des structures céphaliques et des stigmates des larves au stade final de 65 espèces appartenant à 18 genres de la famille Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) sont décrites et illustrées. Des clés sont données pour l'identification des genres et des espèces. Sept espèces additionnelles qui furent décrites et illustrées dans une publication antérieure (Mackauer et Finlayson 1967) sont décrites une fois de plus et incluses dans les clés pour faire un total de 72 espèces.

En se basant sur les caractéristiques du dernier stade larvaire, les regroupements taxonomiques de la famille Aphidiidae se conforment principalement à ceux basés sur les caractéristiques des adultes sauf les exceptions suivantes.

A l'intérieur de la tribu Aphidiini, le genre Calaphidius semble appartenir à une nouvelle tribu à cause de la forme peu commune du pleurostome et à cause de la présence de plusieurs petites sensilles dans les palpes labiaux et maxillaires et d'un atrium dans le stigmate prothoracique qui est absent chez toutes les autres espèces de cette tribu.

Il est suggéré que la tribu Trioxini (Aphidiinae) devrait être une sous-famille séparée et appelée Trioxinae à cause de la présence d'une protubérance de l'hypostome qui ne fut pas trouvée chez les autres aphidiidés examinés. A l'intérieur de cette nouvelle sous-famille suggérée, le genre Lipolexis semble être la forme la plus primitive examinée parce qu'en plus d'avoir une protubérance de l'hypostome, il a un épistome complet qui fait défaut à tous les autres aphidiidés examinés. Il est suggéré que ce genre soit placé dans une tribu séparée nommée Lipolexini. Les trioxinés semblent être le groupe le plus primitif des Aphidiidae et forment un pont entre les Braconidae et les Aphidiidae.

Les Aphidiini (Aphidiinae) semblent être au sommet de l'échelle évolutive des Aphidiidae à cause de la perte ou réduction de la sclérite pleurosto-hypostomale, rendant les identités des pleurostomes et des hypostomes plus difficile.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 122 , Supplement S152 , 1990 , pp. 3 - 74
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Barron, J.R. 1976. Systematics of Nearctic Euceros (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Eucerotinae). Naturaliste can. 103: 285–375.Google Scholar
Beirne, B.P. 1941. A consideration of the cephalic structures and spiracles of the final instar larvae of the Ichneumonidae (Hym.). Trans. Soc. Br. Ent. 7: 123–190.Google Scholar
Beirne, B.P. 1942 a. Observations on the life-history of Praon volucre Haliday (Hym.: Braconidae), a parasite of the mealy plum aphis (Hyalopterus arundinis Fab.). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 92: 42–47.Google Scholar
Beirne, B.P. 1942 b. Observations on the developmental stages of some Aphidiinae (Hym., Braconidae). Ent. Monthly Mag. 78: 283–286.Google Scholar
Capek, M. 1970. A new classification of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) based on the cephalic structures of the final instar larva and biological evidence. Can. Ent. 102: 846–875.Google Scholar
Chow, F.J., and Sullivan, D.J.. 1984. Developmental stages of Praon pequodorum Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a pea aphid parasitoid. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 77: 319–322.Google Scholar
Eastop, V.F., and Lambers, D. Hille Ris. 1976. Survey of the World's Aphids. Dr. W. Junk, Publishers, The Hague. 573 pp.Google Scholar
Finlayson, T. 1960. Taxonomy of cocoons and puparia, and their contents, of Canadian parasites of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Can. Ent. 92: 20–47.Google Scholar
Finlayson, T. 1967. A classification of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) based on final-instar larval characteristics. Can. Ent. 99: 1–8.Google Scholar
Finlayson, T. 1975. The cephalic structures and spiracles of final-instar larvae of the Subfamily Campopleginae, Tribe Campoplegini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 94. 137 pp.Google Scholar
Finlayson, T. 1987. Hymenoptera. pp. 602–617, 649–665 in Stehr, F.W. (Ed.), Immature Insects. Vol. I. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA.Google Scholar
Finlayson, T., and Hagen, K.S.. 1977 (Revised 1979). Final-instar Larvae of Parasitic Hymenoptera. Pest Management Paper No. 10. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.111 pp.Google Scholar
Gauld, I.D. 1976. The classification of the Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (B) (Entomology) 33: 1–135.Google Scholar
Gillespie, D.R., and Finlayson, T.. 1983. Classification of final-instar larvae of the Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 124. 81 pp.Google Scholar
Johnson, J.W. 1987. A revision of the species of Praon Haliday in North America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Can. Ent. 119: 999–1025.Google Scholar
Mackauer, M. 1961. Die Gattungen der Familie Aphidiidae und ihre verwandtschaftliche Zuordnung (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Beitr. Ent. 11: 792–803.Google Scholar
Mackauer, M. 1968. Aphidiidae. In Ferrière,, Ch., and Vecht, J. van der (Eds.), Hymenopteroram Catalogus (nova editio), Part 3. Junk, The Hague. 103 pp.Google Scholar
Mackauer, M., and Finlayson, T.. 1967. The hymenopterous parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae and Aphelinidae) of the pea aphid in eastern North America. Can. Ent. 99: 1051–1082.Google Scholar
Mackauer, M., and Stary, P.. 1967. Index of Entomophagous Insects. Hym. Ichneumonoidea, World Aphidiidae. Le François, Paris. 195 pp.Google Scholar
Marsh, P.M. 1979. Family Aphidiidae. pp. 295–313in Krombein, K.V., Hurd, P.D. Jr., Smith, D.R., and Burks, B.C. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. I, Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, D.J. 1987. A comparison of techniques used to study the morphology of final instar larvae of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Syst. Ent. 12: 231–238.Google Scholar
Palmer, M.A. 1952. Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region. The Thomas Say Foundation, Vol. 5. Hirschfeld Press, Denver, CO. 452 pp.Google Scholar
Schlinger, E.I., and Hall, J.C.. 1960. The biology, behavior, and morphology of Praon palitans Muesebeck, an internal parasite of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 53: 144–160.Google Scholar
Schlinger, E.I., and Hall, J.C.. 1961. The biology, behavior, and morphology of Trioxys (Trioxys) utilis, an internal parasite of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 54: 34–43.Google Scholar
Short, J.R.T. 1952. The morphology of the head of larval Hymenoptera with special reference to the head of Ichneumonoidea, including a classification of the final instar larvae of the Braconidae. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 103: 27–84.Google Scholar
Short, J.R.T. 1953. A grouping by larval characters of some species of the genus Apanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bull. ent. Res. 44: 327–332.Google Scholar
Short, J.R.T. 1959. A description and classification of the final instar larvae of the Ichneumonidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 110(3419): 391–511.Google Scholar
Short, J.R.T. 1970. On the classification of the final instar larvae of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Supplement. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 122: 185–210.Google Scholar
Short, J.R.T. 1978. The final larval instars of the Ichneumonidae. Mem. Am. ent. Inst. 25. 508 pp.Google Scholar
Skriptshinskij, G. 1930. Zur Biologie von Aphidius granarius Marsh. und Ephedrus plagiator Nees (Braconidae), Parasiten von Aphis padi L. Rev. appl. Ent. Leningrad 4: 351–364.Google Scholar
Stary, P. 1962. Bionomics and ecology of Ephedrus pulchellus Stelfox, an important parasite of leaf-curling aphids in Czechoslovakia, with notes on the diapause (Hym., Aphidiidae). Entomophaga 7: 91–100.Google Scholar
Stary, P. 1962. 1966. Aphid parasites of Czechoslovakia. W. Junk, The Hague. 242 pp.Google Scholar
Stary, P., and Schlinger, E.I.. 1967. A revision of the far east Asian Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera). W. Junk, The Hague [Series Entomologica].Google Scholar
Ullyett, G.C. 1938. The species of Aphidius (Aphidiinae: Braconidae) as parasites of aphids in South Africa. Sc. Bull., Dep. Agr. & For., Un. S. Afr. 178: 1–28.Google Scholar
van der Hoek, G. 1971. The larval instars of Aphidius pulcher Baker (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 101: 55–59.Google Scholar
Wahl, D.B. 1986. Larval structures of oxytorines and their significance for the higher classification of some Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Syst. Ent. 11: 117–127.Google Scholar