Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T11:30:52.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Functional Response of Predators to Prey Density and its Role in Mimicry and Population Regulation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

C. S. Holling*
Affiliation:
Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Other
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1965

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Contribution No. 1126, Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Department of Forestry of Canada.

References

Bates, H. W. 1862. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. In Trans. Linnean Soc. of London (Zool.) 23: 495566.Google Scholar
Bellman, R. 1962. Mathematical experimentation and biological research. In Computer techniques in physiology. Federation Proc. 21: 109111.Google Scholar
Brock, V. E., and Riffenburgh, R. H.. 1960. Fish schooling: a possible factor in reducing predation. J. Conseil Inter. Exploration Mer 25: 307317.Google Scholar
Brower, J. Van Zandt. 1958a. Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. I. Danaus plexippus and Limenitis archippus archippus. Evolution 12: 3247.Google Scholar
Brower, J. Van Zandt. 1958b. Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. II. Battus philenor and Papilio troilus P. polyxenes and P. glaucus. Evolution 12: 123136.Google Scholar
Brower, J. Van Zandt. 1958c. Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. III. Danaus gilippus berenice and Limenitis archippus floridensis. Evolution 12: 273285.Google Scholar
Brower, J. Van Zandt. 1960. Experimental studies of mimicry. IV. The reactions of starlings to different proportions of models and mimics. Amer. Naturalist 94: 271282.Google Scholar
Chant, D. A. 1961. The effect of prey density on prey consumption and oviposition in adults of Typhlodromus (T.) occidentalis Nesbitt (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory. Canad. J. Zool. 39: 311315.Google Scholar
Gibb, J. A. 1959. Populations of tits and goldcrests and their food supply in pine plantations. Ibis 102: 163208.Google Scholar
Gibb, J. A. 1962. L. Tinbergen's hypothesis of the role of specific search images, Ibis 104: 106111.Google Scholar
Goldberg, S. 1961. Introduction to difference equations. John Wiley & Sons, Science Editions Inc., New York. 1st ed.260 pp.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1955. The selection by certain small mammals of dead, parasitized and healthy prepupae of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.). Canad. J. Zool. 33: 404419.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1958. Sensory stimuli involved in the location and selection of sawfly cocoons by small mammals. Canad. J. Zool. 36: 633653.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1959a. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. Canad. Ent. 91: 293320.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1959b. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Canad. Ent. 91: 385398.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1961. Principles of insect predation. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 6: 163182.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1963. An experimental component analysis of population processes. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 32: 2232.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1964. An analysis of complex processes. Canad. Ent. 96(1–2): 335347.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1965. The functional response of invertebrate predators to prey density. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. (In press.)Google Scholar
Ivlev, V. S. 1945. Density and distribution of food as factors determining the rations of fishes (in Russian). Zool. Zhur. 24: 112125.Google Scholar
Ivlev, V. S. 1961. Experimental ecology of the feeding of fishes. Yale University Press, New Haven. 1st edition, 302 pp.Google Scholar
Katz, D., and Katz, R.. 1936. Some problems concerning the feeding behaviour of monkeys. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1936: 579582.Google Scholar
Lotka, A. J. 1923. Contribution to a quantitative parasitology, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 13: 152158.Google Scholar
McMahon, J. W., and Rigler, F. H.. 1963. Mechanisms regulating the feeding rate of Daphnia magna Straus. Canad. J. Zool. 41: 321332.Google Scholar
Moment, G. B. 1962. Reflexive selection: a possible answer to an old puzzle. Science 136: 262263.Google Scholar
Mook, L. J. 1963. Birds and the spruce budworm. In The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations, R. F. Morris (ed.) Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 31: 268272.Google Scholar
Mook, J. H., Mook, L. J. and Heikens, H. S.. 1960. Further evidence for the role of “searching images” in the hunting behaviour of titmice. Arch. néerl. Zool. 13: 448465.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1963. The effect of predator age and prey defence on the functional response of Podisus maculiventris Say to the density of Hyphantria cunea Drury. Canad. Ent. 95: 10091020.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F. (ed.) 1963. The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 31: 1332.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F., Cheshire, W. F., Miller, C. A. and Mott, D. G.. 1958. Numerical responses of avian and mammalian predators during a gradation of the spruce budworm. Ecology 39: 487494.Google Scholar
Müller, F. 1878. Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen. Zool. Anz. 1: 5455.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. 1933. The balance of animal populations, J. Animal Ecol. 2: 132178.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J., and Bailey, V. A.. 1935. The balance of animal populations, Part I. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1935: 551598.Google Scholar
Pimentel, D., and Cranston, F.. 1960. The house cricket, Acheta domesticus, and the house fly, Musca domestica, as a model predator-prey system. J. econ. Ent. 53: 171172.Google Scholar
Rashevsky, N. 1959. Some remarks on the mathematical theory of nutrition of fishes. Bull. Math. Biophys. 21: 161182.Google Scholar
Reeve, M. R. 1963. The filter-feeding of Artemia I. In pure cultures of plant cells, J. exp. Biol. 40: 195205.Google Scholar
Remington, C. L. 1963. Historical backgrounds of mimicry. Proc. XVI Inter. Congr. Zool. 4: 145149.Google Scholar
Ricker, W. E. 1948. The consumption of young sockeye salmon by predacious fish. J. Fisheries Research Board Can. 5: 293313.Google Scholar
Rigler, F. H. 1961. The relation between concentration of food and feeding rate of Daphnia magna Straus. Canad. J. Zool. 39: 857868.Google Scholar
Ruiter, L. de. 1952. Some experiments on the camouflage of stick caterpillars. Behavior 4: 222232.Google Scholar
Ruiter, L. de. 1958. Some remarks on problems of the ecology and evolution of mimicry. Arch. néerl. Zool. 13: 351368.Google Scholar
Sheppard, P. M. 1961. Recent genetical work on polymorphic mimetic Papilios. In Insect Polymorphism, Symp. No. 1, Roy. ent. Soc. London: 2029.Google Scholar
Sheppard, P. M. 1963. The genetics of mimicry. Proc. XVI Intern. Congr. Zool. 4: 150156.Google Scholar
Solomon, M. E. 1949. The natural control of animal populations, J. Animal Ecol. 18: 135.Google Scholar
Someren, V. G. L. van, and Jackson, T. H. E.. 1959. Some comments on protective resemblance amongst African Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera). J. Lepidopterists' Soc. 13: 121150.Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. 1963. Learning and instinct in animals. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London. 2nd ed.558 pp.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, L. 1960. The natural control of insects in pinewoods. I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation by songbirds. Arch. néerl. Zool. 13: 265343.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, L., and Klomp, H.. 1959. The natural control of insects in pine woods. II. Conditions for damping of Nicholson oscillations in parasite-host systems. Arch. néerl. Zool. 13: 344379.Google Scholar
Varley, G. C. 1947. The natural control of population balance in the knapweed gall-fly (Urophora jaceana). J. Animal Ecol. 16: 139187.Google Scholar
Volterra, V. 1931. Variations and fluctuations of the number of individuals in animal species living together. In Animal Ecology, by Chapman, R. N., first edition, pp. 409448.Google Scholar
Young, P. T. 1940. Reversal of food preferences of the white rat through controlled prefeeding. J. gen. Psychol. 22: 3366.Google Scholar
Young, P. T. 1948. Appetite, palatability and feeding habit: A critical review. Psychol. Bull. 45: 289320.Google Scholar