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Factors influencing aestivation in Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a predator of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

A.B. Lamb ,
S.M. Salom  and
L.T. Kok
A.B. Lamb*
Affiliation:
Entomology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0319, United States of America
S.M. Salom
Affiliation:
Entomology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0319, United States of America
L.T. Kok
Affiliation:
Entomology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0319, United States of America
*
1 Corresponding author (e-mail: aslamb@vt.edu).
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Abstract

Laricobius nigrinus Fender is being reared for release as a biological control agent for hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand. HWA is an introduced insect lethal to hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. and T. caroliniana Engelm.) in the eastern United States. In nature, the predator (Laricobius nigrinus) and its prey (HWA) undergo a dormant period in the summer (aestivation). In the laboratory, the aestivation of L. nigrinus has not been synchronized with that of HWA, resulting in significant predator mortality. Four factors (genetics, temperature, photoperiod, and moisture) were investigated for their effects on aestivation in L. nigrinus. Both the number of individuals and the time at which they emerged from aestivation were measured in response to these factors. Temperature was the most important cue for termination of aestivation, and photoperiod was a modifying factor. High temperature and long day length delayed emergence and high moisture levels resulted in greater emergence but did not affect emergence time. Genetics, as represented by broods, was not a major factor in aestivation termination. These results have led to improvement in rearing L. nigrinus, since emergence from aestivation can now be synchronized with the active period of HWA. Increased success in rearing has expedited field releases of L. nigrinus in the eastern United States.

Résumé

Nous faisons l'élevage de Laricobius nigrinus Fender dans le but de le libérer comme agent de lutte biologique contre le puceron lanigère de la pruche (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand. HWA est un insecte introduit qui est destructeur des pruches (Tsuga canadensis et T. caroliniana) dans l'est des États-Unis. En nature, le prédateur, Laricobius nigrinus, et sa proie (HWA) subissent une période de dormance en été (estivation). En laboratoire, l'estivation de L. nigrinus n'est pas synchronisée à celle d'HWA, ce qui cause une importante mortalité du prédateur. Nous avons examiné les effets de quatre facteurs (génétique, température, photopériode et humidité) sur l'estivation chez L. nigrinus; nous avons noté le nombre d'individus qui émergent de l'estivation et le moment de leur émergence en réaction à ces facteurs. La température est le signal le plus important pour la terminaison de l'estivation; la photopériode agit comme facteur modulateur. Les températures élevées et les photopériodes longues retardent l'émergence; les niveaux élevés d'humidité accroissent l'émergence, mais n'affectent pas le moment de l'émergence. La génétique, représentée par les diverses couvées, n'est pas un facteur important dans la terminaison de l'estivation. Ces résultats ont permis d'améliorer l'élevage de L. nigrinus, puisqu'il est possible de synchroniser l'émergence de l'estivation avec la période d'activité d'HWA. Ce succès accru de l'élevage a accéléré les libérations de L. nigrinus en nature dans l'est des États-Unis.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 139 , Issue 4 , August 2007 , pp. 576 - 586
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2007

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