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Timing acaricide treatments to prevent Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) from causing economic damage to honey bee colonies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

R. W. Currie*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
P. Gatien
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
*
1 Corresponding author (e-mail: Rob_Currie@Umanitoba.ca).

Abstract

This study consisted of two field experiments designed to assess the effects of acaricide treatment timing on the mean abundance of the mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman and its impact on honey production and colony survival in honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). In the first experiment, replicated colonies with different levels of infestation by V. destructor were given one of six treatments: untreated, with a low level of infestation by V. destructor; untreated, with a moderate level of infestation by V. destructor; exposed to fluvalinate for 42 days; exposed to two applications of Perizin®; or exposed to four applications of a pour-on formulation of formic acid at 4- or 10-day intervals. The six treatments were applied in either spring or fall. In experiment two, replicated colonies with a high level of infestation by V. destructor were left untreated, exposed to fluvalinate for 42 days, exposed to five applications of formic acid at 7-day intervals, or exposed to an equivalent amount of formic acid applied as a slow-release formulation. For each experiment, V. destructor densities, measured by alcohol wash, and colony survival were monitored for 1 year, and honey production was assessed in the year in which the spring treatment was applied. The results showed that all of the acaricide treatments were effective in reducing the mean abundance of V. destructor. However, efficacy varied with season. Fluvalinate was effective in controlling varroa under either spring or fall treatment conditions. Fall applications of Perizin® provided better control than spring applications. Formic acid provided consistent control of V. destructor in spring applications, regardless of the interval between treatments or whether pour-on or slow-release formulations were used, but was ineffective in the fall. Honey production was improved by spring acaricide treatments in both years. When the mean abundance of V. destructor was 0.02 ± 0.005 mites per bee (2 mites per 100 bees) in mid-April, honey production increased from 66 ± 17 kg per colony in untreated colonies to up to 116 ± 23 kg per colony in colonies treated with acaricide. When V. destructor levels were 0.21 ± 0.02 mites per bee (21 mites per 100 bees) in mid-May, spring acaricide treatments increased honey production from 1.3 ± 2.3 kg per untreated colony to up to 48 ± 17 kg per acaricide-treated colony. For the prairie region of Canada, producers will need to assess colonies in both spring and fall and treat when the mean abundance of V. destructor is more than 0.02 mites per bee (2 mites per 100 bees) in spring to prevent losses in honey production. Producers should treat when the mite level is greater than 0.04 mites per bee (4 mites per 100 bees) in late August to early September to prevent fall or winter colony loss. In this study, tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi (Rennie)) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) levels were very low, so interactions between mites were not studied. If both tracheal and varroa mites are present, lower fall thresholds might be required. In the absence of tracheal mites, colonies with varroa mite levels of more than 0.17 mites per bee (17 mites per 100 bees) in late fall experienced significant winter loss.

Résumé

Notre étude comprend deux expériences qui visent à évaluer les effets du moment de l'année de deux traitements acaricides sur les niveaux d'abondance moyenne de l'acarien Varroa destructor (Anderson et Trueman) et leur impact sur la production de miel et la survie de la colonie chez Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae). Dans une première expérience, nous avons prodigué à des colonies appariées ayant des niveaux d'infestation différents de V. destructor l'un de six traitements: aucun traitement dans des colonies à infestation faible de V. destructor, aucun traitement dans des colonies à infestation moyenne de V. destructor, exposition au fluvalinate pendant 42 jours, exposition à deux traitements au Perizin®, exposition à quatre applications d'une formulation à déverser d'acide formique à intervalles de 4 jours ou de 10 jours. Les six traitements ont été utilisés soit au printemps, soit à l'automne. Dans une seconde expérience, nous avons laissé des colonies appariées à fort niveau d'infestation de V. destructor sans traitement, les avons exposées au fluvalinate pendant 42 jours, les avons traitées à cinq reprises à l'acide formique à intervalles de 7 jours ou les avons exposées à une dose équivalente d'acide formique par application d'une formulation à libération lente. Dans chaque expérience, nous avons estimé les densités de V. destructor par lavages à l'alcool, suivi la survie des colonies pendant 1 année et déterminé la production de miel pendant l'année qui a suivi le traitement de printemps. Tous les traitements acaricides réussissent à réduire l'abondance moyenne de V. destructor. Cependant, le niveau d'efficacité varie en fonction de la saison. Le fluvalinate est un moyen efficace de contrôle du varroa, tant dans les traitements de printemps que d'automne. Les traitements au Perizin® sont plus efficaces à l'automne qu'au printemps. L'acide formique fournit un contrôle uniforme de V. destructor lors des applications de printemps, quel que soit l'intervalle de temps entre les traitements ou quelle que soit la formulation (à déverser ou à libération lente); il est cependant inefficace à l'automne. La production de miel a été améliorée par les traitements acaricides au printemps pendant les deux années. Lorsque l'abondance moyenne de V. destructor est de 0,02 ± 0,005 acarien par abeille (2 acariens par 100 abeilles) à la mi-avril, la production de miel augmente de 66 ± 17 kg par colonie chez les colonies non traitées jusqu'à 116 ± 23 kg par colonie dans les colonies traitées à l'acaricide. Lorsque les densités de V. destructor sont de 0,21 ± 0,02 acariens par abeille (21 acariens par 100 abeilles) à la mi-mai, les traitents acaricides du printemps augmentent la production de miel de 1,3 ± 2,3 kg chez les colonies non traitées jusqu'à 48 ± 17 kg chez les colonies traitées à l'acaricide. Dans les prairies canadiennes, les producteurs devront évaluer les colonies au printemps et à l'automne et appliquer un traitement lorsque la densité moyenne de V. destructor dépasse 0,02 acarien par abeille (2 acariens par 100 abeilles) au printemps afin d'empêcher les pertes de production de miel. Les producteurs devraient appliquer un traitement lorsque les densités d'acariens dépassent 0,04 acarien par abeille (4 acariens par 100 abeilles) entre la fin d'août et le début de septembre pour éviter la perte de colonies en automne ou en hiver. Dans notre étude, les densités de l'acarien des trachées, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari : Tarsonemidae), étaient très faibles et les interactions entre les acariens n'ont pas été prises en considération. Si les acariens des trachées et les varroas sont tous les deux présents, il faudrait peut-être utiliser des seuils plus bas à l'automne. En l'absence d'acariens des trachées, les colonies infestées de varroas à une densité supérieure à 0,17 acarien par abeille (17 acariens par 100 abeilles) en fin d'automne connaissent des pertes significatives en hiver.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2006

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