Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T15:46:07.795Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Management of black pod rot in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2011

Yanelis Acebo-Guerrero ,
Annia Hernández-Rodríguez ,
Mayra Heydrich-Pérez ,
Mondher El Jaziri  and
Ana N. Hernández-Lauzardo
Yanelis Acebo-Guerrero
Affiliation:
Fac. Biol., Univ. La Habana, Calle 25, No 455, entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
Annia Hernández-Rodríguez
Affiliation:
Fac. Biol., Univ. La Habana, Calle 25, No 455, entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
Mayra Heydrich-Pérez
Affiliation:
Fac. Biol., Univ. La Habana, Calle 25, No 455, entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
Mondher El Jaziri
Affiliation:
Lab. Biotechnol. Veg., Univ. Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
Ana N. Hernández-Lauzardo
Affiliation:
Cent. Desarro. Prod. Biót., Inst. Politéc. Nac., Carret. Yautepec-Jojutla km 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, CP 62731, Yautepec, Morelos, México. anhernandez@ipn.mx
Get access

Abstract

Introduction Theobroma cacao L. is economically speaking the most important species of the genus Theobroma. Cacao is cultured in tropical regions and its yield is affected by several diseases, such as black pod. Black pod rot in cacao. Cacao black pod, particularly, is an economically serious problem in all areas of the world where cacao is grown, causing significant pod losses of up to 30% and killing up to 10% of the trees annually. The disease is caused by different species of the stramenopile genus Phytophthora and, once it has infected a cacao field, its control is fairly difficult. Black pod rot control strategies. Several approaches are used to manage black pod: chemical control, phytosanitary and cultural methods, genetic resistance, and biological control. Losses in yield due to black pod could be reduced through integrated management practices, although the results may vary for each cacao-growing region. Main challenges and new approaches Black pod control could be achieved if an integrated management strategy is established, with the combination of biological and chemical methods, genetic control, and adequate cultural methods in an integrated program.

Keywords

CubaTheobroma cacaoplant diseasesPhytophthorarotsdisease controlalternative methodsCubaTheobroma cacaomaladie des plantesPhytophthorapourriturecontrôle de maladiesméthode alternativeCubaTheobroma cacaoenfermedades de las plantasPhytophthorapodredumbrescontrol de enfermedadesmétodos alternativos
Type
Review
Information
Fruits , Volume 67 , Issue 1 , January 2012 , pp. 41 - 48
Copyright
© 2012 Cirad/EDP Sciences

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Motamayor J.C., Lachenaud P., da Silva e Mota J.W., Loor R., Kuhn D.N., Brown J.S., Schnell R.J., Geographic and genetic population differentiation of the Amazonian chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao L.), PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e3311.
Hasna S., Fleming E., Villano R.A., Patrick I., The potential of cacao agribusiness for poverty alleviation in West Sumatra, in: Proc. 55th Ntl. Conf. Aust. Agric. Resour. Econ. Soc., Aust. Agric. Resour. Econ. Soc, Inc., Melb., Aust., 2011, pp. 20.
Curry G., Koczberski G., Omuru E., Nailina R.S., Farming or foraging? Household labour and livelihood strategies amongst smallholder cocoa growers in Papua New Guinea, Black Swan Press, Perth, Aust., 2007.
Cheesman, E., Notes on the nomenclature, classification possible and relationships of cocoa populations, Trop. Agric. 21 (1944) 144–159. Google Scholar
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S., Umaharan, P., Iwaro, A.D., A study of genotype-isolate interaction in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): resistance of cacao genotypes to isolates of Phytophthora palmivora, Euphytica 118 (2001) 295–303. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clement, D., Risterucci, A.M., Motamayor, J.C., N’Goran,, J., Lanaud, C., Mapping QTL for yield components, vigor, and resistance to Phytophthora palmivora in Theobroma cacao L., Genome 46 (2003) 204–212. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebbar, P.K., Cacao diseases: a global perspective from an industry point of view. Phytopathology 97 (2007) 1658–1663. Google ScholarPubMed
Ploetz, R.C., Cacao diseases: Important threats to chocolate production worldwide, Phytopathology 97 (2007) 1634–1639. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guest, D., Black pod: diverse pathogens with a global impact on cocoa yield, Phytopathology 97 (2007) 1650–1653. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adomako, B., Causes and extent of yield losses in cocoa progenies, Trop. Sci. 47 (2007) 22–25. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dormon, E.N.A., Huis, A.V., Leeuwis, C., Obeng-Ofori, D., Sakyi-Dawson, O., Causes of low productivity of cocoa in Ghana: farmers’ perspectives and insights from research and the socio-political establishment, NJAS 52 (2004) 237–259. Google Scholar
Anon., Diversity and management of Phytophthora in Southeast Asia, Drenth A., Guest D.I. (Eds.), ACIAR Monogr. 114, Canberra, Aust., 2004.
Gregory P.H., Madison A.C., Epidemiology of Phytophthora in cocoa in Nigeria, Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, Surrey, Engl., 1981.
Matos, G., Blaha, G., Rodriguez, F., Cabrera, M., Marquez, J., Martinez, F., Lotode, R., Cilas, C., Losses due to Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) and other agents on cocoa plantations in Baracoa, Cafe Cacao (Cuba) 1 (1998) 7–11. Google Scholar
Anon., Phytophthora diseases worldwide, Erwin D., Ribeiro O.K. (Eds.), Am. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN, 1996.
Deberdt, P., Mfegue, C.V., Tondje, P.R., Bon, M.C.Ducamp, M., Hurard, C., Begoude, B.A.D., Ndoumbe-Nkeng, M., Hebbar, P.K., Cilas, C., Impact of environmental factors, chemical fungicide and biological control on cacao pod production dynamics and black pod disease (Phytophthora megakarya) in Cameroon, Biol. Control 44 (2008) 149–159. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matos, G., Cabrera, M., Perez, P., Blaha, G., Influence of ants (Pseudonymex pallidus) to the onset of Phytophthora palmivora in cacao. Preliminary notes, Cafe Cacao (Cuba) 1 (1998) 30–35. Google Scholar
Soberanis, W., Rios, R., Arevalo, E., Zuñiga, L., Cabezas, O., Krauss, U., Increased frequency of phytosanitary pod removal in cacao (Theobroma cacao) increases yield economically in eastern Peru, Crop Prot. 18 (1999) 677–685. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ndoumbe-Nkeng, M., Cilas, C., Nyemb, E., Nyasse, S., Bieysse, D., Flori, A., Sache, I., Impact of removing diseased pods on cocoa black pod caused by Phytophthora megakarya and on cocoa production in Cameroon, Crop Prot. 23 (2004) 415–424. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, A.A., Valle, R.R., Ecophysiology of the cacao tree, Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 19 (2007) 425–448. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appiah, A.A., Opoku, I.Y., Akrofi, A.Y., Natural occurrence and distribution of stem cankers caused by Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa, Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110 (2004) 983–990. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, G.V.H., Sources of Phytophthora palmivora inoculum in Solomon Island cocoa plantations, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 71 (1978) 239–249. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onesirosan, P.T., The survival of Phytophthora palmivora in a cacao plantation during the dry season, Phytopathol. 61 (1971) 975–977. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opoku, I.Y., Appiah, A.A., Akrofi, A.Y., Phytophthora megakarya: A potential threat to the cocoa industry in Ghana, Ghana J. Agric. Sci. 33 (2000) 237–248. Google Scholar
McGregor A., Evaluation of five systemic fungicides for control of Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa, in: Proc. Int. Cocoa Res. Conf., Cartagena, Colombia, Cocoa Producers’ Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria, 1982, pp. 295–299.
Hislop, E.C., Studies on the chemical control of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. on Theobroma cacao L. in Nigeria, 4: Further laboratory and field trials of fungicides, Ann. Appl. Biol. (RU) 52 (1963) 465–480. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holderness, M., Comparison of metalaxyl/cuprous oxide sprays and potassium phosphonate as sprays and trunk injections for control of Phytophthora palmivora pod rot and canker of cocoa, Crop Prot. 11 (1992) 141–147. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opoku, I.Y., Akrofi, A.Y., Appiah, A.A., Assessment of sanitation and fungicide application directed at cocoa tree trunks for the control of Phytophthora black pod infections in pods growing in the canopy, Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 117 (2007) 167–175. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opoku, I.Y., Assuah, M.K., Aneani, F., Management of black pod disease of cocoa with reduced number of fungicide application and crop sanitation, Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2 (2007) 601–604. Google Scholar
Akrofi, A.Y., Appiah, A.A., Opoku, I.Y., Management of Phytophthora pod rot disease on cocoa farms in Ghana, Crop Prot. 22 (2003) 469–477. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulibaly, O., Mbila, D., Sonwa, D.J., Adesina, A., Bakala, J., Responding to economic crisis in sub-Saharan Africa: New farmer-developed pest management strategies in cocoa-based plantations in Southern Cameroon, Integr. Pest Manag. Rev. 7 (2002) 165–172. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aikpokpodion, P.E., Lajide, L., Aiyesanmi, A.F., Heavy metals contamination in fungicide treated cocoa plantations in Cross River State, Nigeria, Am.-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 8 (2010) 268–274. Google Scholar
Pokou, N.D., N’Gorana, J.A.K., Kébé, I., Eskes, A., Tahia, M., Sangaré, A., Levels of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot in cocoa accessions selected on-farm in Côte d’Ivoire, Crop Prot. 27 (2008) 302–309. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, G.Y., Tan, W.K., Additive inheritance of resistance to pod rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora in cocoa, Theor. Appl. Genet. 80 (1990) 258–264. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyassé, S., Cilas, C., Herail, C., Blaha, G., Leaf inoculation as an early screening test for cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) resistance to Phytophthora black pod disease, Crop Prot. 14 (1995) 657–663. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N., Umaharan, P., Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in Theobroma cacao, Plant Dis. 81 (1997) 619–624. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N., Umaharan, P., Phytophthora resistance in cacao (Theobroma cacao): Influence of pod morphological characteristics, Plant Pathol. 46 (1997) 557–565. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N., Umaharan, P., Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity, Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104 (1998) 11–15. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyassé, S., Despréaux, D., Cilas, C., Validity of a leaf inoculation test to assess the resistance to Phytophthora megakarya in a cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) diallel mating design, Euphytica 123 (2002) 395–399. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwaro, A.D., Thévenin, J.M., Butler, D.R., Eskes, A.B., Usefulness of the detached pod test for assessment of cacao resistance to Phytophthora pod rot, Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 113 (2005) 173–182. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tahi, G.M., Kébé, B.I., Sangare, A., Cilas, C., Eskes, A.B., Foliar resistance of cacao (Theobroma cacao) to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in the field: the effect of light intensity and time of day of leaf collection, Plant Pathol. 56 (2007) 219–226. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efombagn, M.I.B., Bieysse, D., Nyassé, S., Eskes, A.B., Selection for resistance to Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Cameroon: Repeatability and reliability of screening tests and field observations, Crop Prot. 30 (2011) 105–110. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tahi, M., Kebe, I., Eskes, A., Ouattara, S., Sangare, A., Mondeil, F., Rapid screening of cacao genotypes for field resistance to Phytophthora palmivora using leaves, twigs and roots, Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106 (2000) 87–94. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tahi, G., Kébé, B., N’Goran, J., Sangaré, A., Mondeil, F., Cilas, C., Eskes, A., Expected selection efficiency for resistance to cacao pod rot (Phytophthora palmivora) comparing leaf disc inoculations with field observations, Euphytica 149 (2006) 35–44. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouzillat, D., Phillips, W., Fritz, P., Pétiard, V., Quantitative trait loci analysis in Theobroma cacao using molecular markers. Inheritance of polygenic resistance to Phytophthora palmivora in two related cacao populations, Euphytica 114 (2000) 25–36. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, D.N., Heath, M., Wisser, R.J., Meerow, A., Brown, J.S., Lopes, U., Schnell, R.J., Resistance gene homologues in Theobroma cacao as useful genetic markers, Theor. Appl. Genet. 107 (2003) 191–202. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanaud, C., Risterucci, A.M., Pieretti, I., N’Goran, J.A.K., Fargeas, D., Characterisation and genetic mapping of resistance and defence gene analogs in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), Mol. Breed. 13 (2004) 211–227. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antúnez-de-Mayolo G., Genetic engineering of Theobroma cacao and molecular studies on cacao defense responses, Pa State Univ., PhD thesis, Pa, USA, 2003, 154 p.
Nyassé, S., Efombagn, M.I.B., Kébé, B.I., Tahi, M., Despréaux, D., Cilas, C., Integrated management of Phytophthora diseases on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): Impact of plant breeding on pod rot incidence, Crop Prot. 26 (2007) 40–45. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanada, R.E., Pomella, A.W.V., Soberanis, W., Loguercio, L.L., Pereira, J.O., Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma martiale against the black-pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) of cacao, Biol. Control 50 (2009) 143–149. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mpika, J., Kébé, I.B., Issali, A.E., N’Guessan, F.K., Druzhinina, S., Komon-Zélazowska, M., Kubicek, C.P., Aké, S., Antagonist potential of Trichoderma indigenous isolates for biological control of Phytophthora palmivora the causative agent of black pod disease on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Côte d’Ivoire, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8 (2009) 5280–5293. Google Scholar
Tondje, P.R., Roberts, D.P., Bon, M.C., Widmer, T., Samuels, G.J., Ismaiel, A., Begoude, A.D., Tchana, T., Nyemb-Tshomb, E., Ndoumbe-Nkeng, M., Bateman, R., Fontem, D., Hebbar, K.P., Isolation and identification of mycoparasitic isolates of Trichoderma asperellum with potential for suppression of black pod disease of cacao in Cameroon, Biol. Control 43 (2007) 202–212. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, B.A., Strem, M.D., Wood, D., Trichoderma species form endophytic associations within Theobroma cacao trichomes, Mycol. Res. 113 (2009) 1365–1376. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bae, H., Sicher, R.C., Kim, M.S., Kim, S., Strem, M.D., Melnick, R.L., Bailey, B.A., The beneficial endophyte Trichoderma hamatum isolate DIS 219b promotes growth and delays the onset of the drought response in Theobroma cacao, J. Exp. Bot. 60 (2009) 3279–3295. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barreto, T.R., da Silva, A.C.M., Soares, A.C.F., de Souza, J.T., Population densities and genetic diversity of actinomycetes associated to the rhizosphere of Theobroma cacao, Braz. J. Microbiol. 39 (2008) 464–470. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macagnan, D., Romeiro, R., de Souza, J., Pomella, A., Isolation of actinomycetes and endospore-forming bacteria from the cacao pod surface and their antagonistic activity against the witches’ broom and black pod pathogens, Phytoparasitica 34 (2006) 122–132. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhavani, R., Abraham, K., Vijayaraghavan, R., Usefulness of epiphytic microflora from pod surface on the management of Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa, Int. J. Plant Sci. (Muzaffarnagar) 2 (2007) 178–183. Google Scholar
Bhavani R., Abraham K., Efficacy of selected epiphytic microflora from pod surface against Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa, in: Keshavachandran R., Nazeem P., Girija D., John P.S., Peter K.V. (Eds.), Proc. Recent trends in horticultural biotechnology, ICAR Ntl. Symp. Biotechnological interventions for improvement of horticultural crops: issues and strategies, ICAR, Kerala, India, 2005, pp 871–875.
Aguirre-Medina, J.F., Mendoza-López, A., Cadena-Iñiguez, J., Avendaño-Arrazate, C.H., Efecto de la biofertilización en vivero del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) con Azospirillum brasilense Tarrand, Krieg et Döbereiner y Glomus intraradices Schenk et Smith, Interciencia 32 (2007) 541–546. Google Scholar
Melnick, R.L., Zidack, N.K., Bailey, B.A., Maximova, S.N., Guiltinan, M., Backman, P.A., Bacterial endophytes: Bacillus spp. from annual crops as potential biological control agents of black pod rot of cacao, Biol. Control 46 (2008) 46–56. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melnick, R.L., Suárez, C., Bailey, B.A., Backman, P.A., Isolation of endophytic endospore-forming bacteria from Theobroma cacao as potential biological control agents of cacao diseases, Biol. Control 57 (2011) 236–245. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konam, J., Guest, D., Leaf litter mulch reduces the survival of Phytophthora palmivora under cocoa trees in Papua New Guinea, Australas. Plant Pathol. 31 (2002) 381–383. CrossRefGoogle Scholar