Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-94d59 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T16:02:58.152Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Management of Antarctic baleen whales amid past exploitation, current threats and complex marine ecosystems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2011

Rebecca Leaper*
Affiliation:
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
Cara Miller
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society International, PO Box 228, Suva, Fiji Islands Institute of Marine Resources, Laucala Campus, University of the South Pacific, Fiji Islands

Abstract

As baleen whales recover from severe exploitation, they are probably subject to a wide variety of threats within the Antarctic marine ecosystem, including directed take. Here we review both the management and current status of Antarctic baleen whales and consider those threats likely to impact on them. Threats range from global problems - marine pollution and climate change - to localized issues including shipping, habitat disturbance, unregulated wildlife tourism and fishery activities. We identify the most pressing anthropogenic threats to baleen whales including scientific whaling and climate change. It is unclear whether current management approaches will be able to effectively encompass all these threats while also accounting both for the differing levels of scientific understanding and for the differing recovery rates of the whale species. For management we recommend the following: 1) incorporation of both ecosystem considerations and the suite of identified threats not limited to direct take, 2) identification of measurable indicators of changes in whales that allow more certainty in monitoring of populations and the environment, and 3) recognition of significant relationships between baleen whales and habitat features to provide information on distribution and use.

Type
Review
Copyright
Copyright © Antarctic Science Ltd 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar, A.Borrell, A. 1994. Reproductive transfer and variation of body load of organochlorine pollutants with age in fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 27, 546554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar, A., Borrell, A.Reijnders, P.J.H. 2002. Geographical and temporal variation in levels of organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals. Marine Environmental Research, 53, 425452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andriolo, A., Kinas, P.G., Engel, M.H.Martins, C.C.A. 2006. Monitoring humpback whale abundance (Megaptera novaeangliae) population in the Brazilian breeding ground, 2002 to 2005. Paper SC/58/HW15, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Aronson, R.B., Thatje, S., McClintock, J.B.Hughes, K.A. 2011. Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1223, 82107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ASOC (The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition). 2008a. Protecting the Southern Ocean sanctuary: development of a management plan. Paper CCAMLR XXVII/BG/29, 5 pp. (Available from http://www.asoc.org).Google Scholar
ASOC (The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition). 2008b. Antarctic shipping. Information Paper 58, XXXI Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 13 pp.Google Scholar
Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E.Rothery, P. 2004. Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature, 432, 100103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Australia. 2008. Conservation Management Plans for Improved Cetacean Management. Paper IWC/60/15, 4 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Baker, C.S.Clapham, P.J. 2004. Modelling the past and future of whales and whaling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 365371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, C.S., Garrigue, C., Constantine, R., Madon, B., Poole, M., Hauser, N., Clapham, P., Donoghue, M., Russell, K., O'Callahan, T., Paton, D.Mattila, D. 2006. Abundance of humpback whales in Oceania (South Pacific) 1999 to 2004. Paper SC/A06/HW51, 10 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Bannister, J.L. 2008. Population trend in right whales off southeastern Australia 1993–2007. IWC Paper SC/60/BRG14, 13 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Bannister, J.L.Hedley, S.L. 2001. Southern Hemisphere Group IV humpback whales: their status from recent aerial survey. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 47, 587598.Google Scholar
Barrie, L.A., Gregor, D., Hargrave, B., Lake, R., Muir, D., Shearer, R., Tracy, B.Bidleman, T. 1992. Arctic contaminants: sources, occurrence and pathways. Science of the Total Environment, 122, 174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, P.B., Brandão, A.Butterworth, D.S. 2005. Updated estimates of demographic parameters for southern right whales off South Africa. Paper SC/57/BRG2, 17 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Best, P.B., Peddemors, V.M., Cockcroft, V.G.Rice, N. 2001. Mortalities of right whales and related anthropogenic factors in South African waters, 1963–1998. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2, 171176.Google Scholar
Boyd, I. 2009. Antarctic marine mammals. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B.&Thewissen, J.G.M.,eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 4245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, T.A. 2006. Abundance estimates for Antarctic minke whales from three completed circumpolar sets of surveys, 1978/79 to 2003/04. Paper SC/58/IA18, 28 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Branch, T.A. 2007. Abundance of Antarctic blue whales south of 60°S from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 9, 253262.Google Scholar
Branch, T.A. in press. Humpback whale abundance south of 60°S from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 4.Google Scholar
Branch, T.A.Butterworth, D.S. 2001. Southern Hemisphere minke whales: standardized abundance estimates from the 1978/79 to 1997/98 IDCR/SOWER surveys. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 3, 143174.Google Scholar
Branch, T.A., Matsuoka, K.Miyashita, T. 2004. Evidence for increases in Antarctic blue whales based on Bayesian modelling. Marine Mammal Science, 20, 726754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, T.A., Stafford, K.M., Palacios, D.M., Allison, C., Bannister, J.L., Burton, C.L.K., Cabrera, E., Carlson, C.A., Vernazzani, B.G., Gill, P.C., Hucke-Gaete, R., Jenner, K.C.S., Jenner, M., Matsuoka, K., Mikhalev, Y., Miyashita, T., Morrice, M., Nishiwaki, S., Sturrock, V.J., Tormosov, D., Anderson, R.C., Baker, A.N., Best, P.B., Borsa, P., Brownell, R.L., Childerhouse, S., Findlay, K., Gerrodette, T., Ilangakoon, A.D., Joergensen, M., Kahn, D.K., Ljungblad, B., Maughan, B., McCauley, R.D., McKay, S., Norris, T.F., Omanwhale & Dolphin Research Group, Rankin, S., Samaran, F., Thiele, D., van Waerebeek, K.Warneke, R.M. 2007. Past and present distribution, densities and movements of blue whales in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean. Mammal Review, 37, 116175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bravington, M.V.Hedley, S.L. 2009. Antarctic minke whale abundance estimates from the second and third circumpolar IDCR/SOWER survey data using the SPLINTR model. Paper SC/61/IA14, 25 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Brownell, R.L. JrYablokov, R.L. 2009. Whaling illegal and pirate. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B.&Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 12351238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterworth, D.S.Punt, A.E. 1999. Experiences in the evaluation and implementation of management procedures. ICES Journal Marine Science, 56, 985998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellini, M. 2009. Thermoregulation. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B.&Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 11661171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerchio, S., Ersts, P., Pomilla, C., Loo, J., Razafindrakoto, Y., Leslie, M., Andrianrivelo, N., Mindon, G., Dushane, J., Murray, A., Collins, T.Rosenbaum, H. 2009. Updated estimates of abundance for humpback whale breeding stock C3 off Madagascar, 2000–2006. Paper SC61/, 23 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Childerhouse, S., Jackson, J., Baker, C.S., Gales, N., Clapham, P.J.Brownell, R.L. Jr 2008. Megaptera novaeangliae (Oceania subpopulation). In IUCN 2010. IUCN red list of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Clapham, P., Mikhalev, Y.U., Franklin, W., Paton, D., Baker, C.S., Ivashchenko, Y.V.Brownell, R.L. Jr 2009. Catches of humpback whales by the Soviet Union and other nations in the Southern Ocean, 1947–1973. Marine Fisheries Review, 71, 3943.Google Scholar
Collins, T., Cerchio, S., Pomilla, C., Loo, J., Carvalho, L., Ngouessono, S.Rosenbaum, H.C. 2008. Revized estimates of abundance using mark-recapture data for breeding stock 1B: Gabon. Paper SC60/SH28, 8 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Cooke, J.G., Rowntree, V.J.Payne, R. 2001. Estimates of demographic parameters for southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) observed off Península Valdés, Argentina. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2, 125132.Google Scholar
Courchamp, F., Clutton-Brock, T.Grenfell, B. 1999. Inverse density dependence and the Allee effect. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 405410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curran, M.A.J., Ommen, T.D.V., Morgan, V.I., Phillips, V.L.Palmer, A.S. 2003. Ice core evidence for sea ice decline since the 1950s. Science, 302, 12031206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Currie, D. 2007. International governance of the conservation and management of whales. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 16, 4557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La Mare, W.K. 1997. Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature, 389, 5760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La Mare, W.K. 2009. Changes in Antarctic sea-ice extent from direct historical observations and whaling records. Climate Change, 92, 461493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, G.P. 1995. The International Whaling Commission and the revized management procedure. In Hallenstvedt, E.&Blichfeldt, G., eds. Additional essays on whales and man. Lofoten, Norway: High North Alliance, 410.Google Scholar
Donovan, G., Cañadas, A.Hammond, P. 2008. Towards the development of effective conservation plans for cetaceans. Paper SC60/O17, 15 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Elfes, C.T., Vanblaricom, G.R., Boyd, I., Calambokidis, D., Clapham, P.J., Pearce, R.W., Robbins, J., Salinas, J.C., Straley, J.M., Wade, P.R.Krahn, M.K. 2010. Geographic variation of persistent organic pollutant levels in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding areas of the North Pacific and North Atlantic. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29, 824834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, J.A., Demaster, D.P., Doak, D.F., Williams, T.E.Brownell, R.L. Jr, eds. 2006. Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 402 pp.Google Scholar
Félix, F., Castro, C., Laake, J.L., Haase, B.Scheidat, M. in press. Abundance and survival estimates of the southeastern Pacific humpback whale stock from 1991–2006 photo-identification surveys in Ecuador. Journal of Cetacean Research Management, Special Issue 4.Google Scholar
Findlay, K.P., Best, P.B., Peddemors, V.M.Gove, D. 1994. The distribution and abundance of humpback whales on their southern and central Mozambique winter grounds. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 44, 311320.Google Scholar
Findlay, K., Meyer, M., Elwen, S., Kotze, D., Johnson, R., Truter, P., Uamusse, C., Sitoe, S., Wilke, C., Kerwath, S., Swanson, S., Stavarees, L.van Der Westhuizen, J. in press. Distribution and abundance of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, off the coast of Mozambique, 2004. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 4.Google Scholar
Friedlaender, A.S., Lawson, G.L.Halpin, P.N. 2009. Evidence of resource partitioning between humpback and minke whales around the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Mammal Science, 25, 402415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedlaender, A.S., Halpin, P.N., Qian, S.S., Lawson, G.L., Wiebe, P.H., Thiele, D.Read, A.J. 2006. Whale distribution in relation to prey abundance and oceanographic processes in shelf waters of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 317, 297310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambell, R. 1993. International management of whales and whaling: an historical review of the regulation of commercial and aboriginal subsistence whaling. Arctic, 46, 97107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geraci, A.R.St Aubin, D.J., eds. 1990. Sea mammals and OU: confronting the risks. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 282 pp.Google Scholar
Gille, S.T. 2003. Float observations of the Southern Ocean. Part 1: Estimating mean fields, bottom velocities, and topographic steering. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33, 11671181.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, A. 2005. Whaling diplomacy: defining issues in international environmental law. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 277 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, S.M. 2005. The applicability of international conservation instruments to the establishment of marine protected areas in Antarctica. Ocean and Coastal Management, 48, 782812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauser, N., Clapham, P. 2006. Occurrence & habitat use of humpback whales in the Cook Islands. Paper SC/A06/HW49 presented to IWC Workshop on the comprehensive assessment of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales, 4–7 April 2006, Hobart, Australia, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Hedley, S.L., Bannister, J.L.Dunlop, R.A. 2009. Group IV humpback whales: abundance estimates from aerial and land-based surveys off Shark Bay, Western Australia, 2008. Paper SC/SH23 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2009, Madeira, Portugal, 17 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Hedley, S., Reilly, S., Borberg, J., Holland, R., Hewitt, R., Watkins, J., Naganobu, M.Sushin, V. 2001. Modelling whale distribution: a preliminary analysis of data collected on the CCAMLR-IWC Krill Synoptic Survey, 2000. Paper SC/53/E9 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001, London, 38 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Holt, S.Young, N.M. 1990. Guide to review of the management of whaling prepared for the 42nd Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission. Washington, DC: Center for Marine Conservation.Google Scholar
IAATO (International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators). 2010. Overview of Antarctic tourism: 2009–10 season and preliminary estimates for 2010–11 and beyond. Information Paper 113 for XXXIII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Punta del Este, Uruguay, May 3–14, 2010.Google Scholar
IMO-MEPC (International Maritime Organisation Marine Environment Protection Committee). 2009. Guidance document for minimizing the risk of ship strikes with cetaceans. MEPC.1/Circ.674, 31 July 2009, 7 pp.Google Scholar
IUCN (World Conservation Union). 2005. Marine Protected Areas: discussions and decisions in the CCAMLR context. Information paper for the Eighth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP8), Curitiba, Brazil, 20–31 March 2006.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1987. Chairman's Report of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 37, 1059.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1991. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Second Annual Meeting. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 41, 6.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1993. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting. Appendix 2. Resolution on the need for research on the environment and whale stocks in the Antarctic region. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 43, 3940.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1996. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting. Appendix 11. IWC Resolution 1995–10. Resolution on the environment and whale stocks. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 46, 47.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1997. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting. Appendix 8. IWC Resolution 1996–8. Resolution on environmental change and cetaceans. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 47, 52.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 1999. Chairman's Report of the Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting. Appendix 8. IWC Resolution 1998–7. Resolution on coordinating and planning for environmental research in the Antarctic. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 1998, 45.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2001. Report of the workshop on the comprehensive assessment of right whales: a worldwide comparison. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2, 160.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2004. Chairman's Report of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting. Annex C. IWC Resolution 2003–1. The Berlin Initiative on Strengthening the Conservation Agenda of the International Whaling Commission. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 2003, 5877.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2005. Chairman's Report of the Fifty-Sixth Annual Meeting. Annex H. Report of the Conservation Committee. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 2004, 99105.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2006. Chairman's Report of the Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting. Annex H. Report of the Conservation Committee. Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission, 2005, 6263.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2007a. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex H. Report of the Sub-Committee on other Southern Hemisphere whale stocks. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S9, 188209.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2007b. Report of the Intersessional workshop to review data and results from special permit research on minke whales in the Antarctic, Tokyo 4–8 December 2006. Document SC/59/Rep1, 6 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2008. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex G. Report of the Sub-committee on In-Depth Assessments (IA). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S10, 167196.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2009a. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex H. Report of the sub-committee on other Southern Hemisphere whale stocks. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S11, 220247.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2009b. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex G. Report of the Sub-committee on In-Depth Assessments (IA). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, S11, 180197.Google Scholar
IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2010. A proposal from the Chair on a way forward. Document IWC/62/31, 1 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Jackson, J., Zerbini, A., Clapham, P., Constantine, R., Garrigue, C., Hauser, N., Poole, M.Baker, C.S. 2008a. Progress on a two-stock catch allocation model for reconstructing population histories of east Australia and Oceania. 2008a. Paper SC/60/SH14, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Jackson, J.A., Patenaude, N.J.Carroll, E.L.Baker, C.S. 2008b. How few whales were there after whaling? Inference from contemporary mtDNA diversity. Molecular Ecology, 17, 236251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, J.A., Carroll, E.L., Smith, T., Patenaude, N.J.Baker, C.S. 2009. Appendix 3: Taking stock: the historical demography of the New Zealand right whale (the Tohora). ZBD2005–05 Progress Report 5 to the NZ Ministry of Fisheries, 188 pp.Google Scholar
Jensen, A.S.Silber, G.K. 2004. Large whale ship strike database. NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-OPR. January 2004, 37 pp.Google Scholar
Johnston, S.J.Butterworth, D.S. 2006. Updated assessments of various breeding populations of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales. Paper SC/A06/HW22, 38 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Johnston, S.J.Butterworth, D.S. 2008. Updated assessments of Southern Hemisphere humpback whale breeding sub-stock B1. Paper SC/60/SH41, 10 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Kareiva, P., Yuan-Farrell, C.O'Conner, C. 2006. Whales are big and it matters. In Estes, J.A., Demaster, D.P., Doak, D.F., Williams, T.E.&Brownell Jr, R.L., eds. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 379387.Google Scholar
Kennicutt, M.C., Sweet, S.T., Fraser, W.R., Stochton, W.L.Culver, M. 1991. Grounding of the Bahia Paraiso at Arthur Harbor, Antarctica. 1. Distribution and fate of oil spill related hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 509518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, K.-H., Purves, M.G.Duhamel, G. 2006. Interactions between cetacean and fisheries in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biology, 29, 379388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laist, D., Knowlton, A.R., Read, J.G., Collet, A.S.Podesta, M. 2001. Collisions between whales and ships. Marine Mammal Science, 17, 3575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leaper, R.Lavigne, D. 2007. How much do large whales eat? Journal of Cetacean Research Management, 9, 179188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leaper, R., Cooke, J., Trathan, P., Reid, K., Rowntree, V.Payne, R. 2006. Global climate drives southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) population dynamics. Biology Letters, 2, 289292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leaper, R., Zerbini, A.N., Bannister, J.L., Branch, T.A., Clapham, P.J., Donovan, G.P., Matsuoka, K.Reilly, S. 2008. A review of abundance, trends, foraging and life history parameters of baleen whales in the Southern Hemisphere. Paper CCAMLR-IWC-WS-08/4 presented to the joint CCAMLR-IWC workshop to review input data for Antarctic marine ecosystem models, 11–15 August 2008, Hobart, Australia, 29 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Lewison, R.L., Freeman, S.A.Crowder, L.B. 2004. Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology Letters, 7, 221231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughlin, T.R., ed. 1994. Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 395 pp.Google Scholar
Meredith, M.P., Murphy, E.J., Hawker, E.J., King, J.C.Wallace, M.I. 2008. On the interannual variability of ocean temperatures around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: forcing by El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode. Deep-Sea Research II, 55, 20072022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, S.E. 2009. Climate change. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B.&Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 238241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, M.J., Berrow, S.D., Jensen, B.A., Carr, P., Sears, R., Rowntree, V.J., Payne, R.Hamilton, P.K. 1999. Relative abundance of large whales around South Georgia (1979–1998). Marine Mammal Science, 15, 12871302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, M.Butterworth, D.S. 2006. A first step towards modelling the krill-predator dynamics of the Antarctic ecosystem. CCAMLR Science, 13, 217277.Google Scholar
Moy, A.D., Howard, W.R., Bray, S.G.Trull, T.W. 2009. Reduced calcification in modern Southern Ocean planktonic foraminifera. Nature Geoscience, 2, 276280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, E.J., Clarke, A., Symon, C.Priddle, J. 1995. Temporal variation in Antarctic sea-ice: analysis of a long-term fast-ice record from the South Orkney Islands. Deep-Sea Research I, 42, 10451062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicol, S.Foster, J. 2003. Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill. Aquatic Living Resources, 16, 4245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicol, S.Robertson, G. 2003. Ecological consequences of Southern Ocean harvesting. In Gales, N., Hindell, M.&Kirkwood, R., eds. Marine mammals: fisheries, tourism and management issues. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 4861.Google Scholar
Nicol, S., Foster, J.Kawaguchi, S. 2011. The fishery for Antarctic krill: recent developments. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00406.x.Google Scholar
Nicol, S., Worby, A.Leaper, R. 2008. Changes in the Antarctic sea ice ecosystem: potential effects on krill and baleen whales. Marine and Freshwater Research, 59, 361382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noad, M.J., Dunlop, R.A., Paton, D.Cato, D.H. in press. Absolute and relative abundance estimates of Australian east coast humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 4.Google Scholar
Northridge, S.P. 1991. An updated world review of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 251. Rome: FAO, 58 pp.Google Scholar
Nowacek, D.P., Friedlaender, A.S., Halpin, P.N., Hazen, E.L., Johnston, D.W., Read, A.J., Espinasse, B., Zhou, M.Zhu, Y. 2011. Super-aggregations of krill and humpback whales in Wilhelmina Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. PLoS ONE, 6(4), 10.1371/journal.pone.0019173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H.Knowles, T. 2009. Whale watching worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits. Yarmouth Port, MA: International Fund for Animal Welfare, 295 pp.Google Scholar
Okamura, H.Kitakado, T. 2009. Abundance estimates and diagnostics of Antarctic minke whales from the historical IDCR/SOWER survey data using the OK method. Paper SC/61/IA6, 58 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Palumbi, J.Roman, S.R. 2006. The history of whales read from DNA. In Estes, J.A., Demaster, D.P., Doak, D.F., Williams, T.E.&Brownell Jr, R.L., eds. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 102115.Google Scholar
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M., Nishiwaki, S., Yoshida, H.Kanda, N. 2006. Genetic characteristics and population structure of humpback whales in the Antarctic feeding ground as revealed by mitochondrial DNA control region sequencing and microsatellite analyses. Paper SC/D06/J9, JARPA Review Workshop, Tokyo, 4–8 December 2006, 22 pp. (Available from http://www.icrwhale.org).Google Scholar
Pew Environment Group. 2009. Policy guide for the Pew Whales Commission. www.pewwhales.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Poole, M.M. in press. An update on the occurrence of humpback whales in French Polynesia. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 4.Google Scholar
Punt, A.E.Donovan, G.P. 2007. Developing management procedures that are robust to uncertainty: lessons from the International Whaling Commission. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 603612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, A.J., Drinker, P.Northridge, S. 2006. Bycatch of marine mammals in U.S. and global fisheries. Conservation Biology, 20, 163169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeves, R.R. 2009. Conservation efforts. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B.&Thewissen, J.G.M.,eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 275289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reijnders, P.J.H.Aguilar, A. 2006. Pollution and marine mammals. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B.&Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 948956.Google Scholar
Reilly, S., Hedley, S.L., Borberg, J., Hewitt, R., Thiele, D., Watkins, J.Naganobu, M. 2004. Biomass and energy transfer to baleen whales in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II, 51, 13971409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell, R.L. Jr, Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J.Zerbini, A.N. 2008a. Megaptera novaeangliae. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell, R.L. Jr, Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J.Zerbini, A.N. 2008b. Balaenoptera musculus ssp. intermedia. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell, R.L. Jr, Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J.Zerbini, A.N. 2008c. Balaenoptera physalus. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell, R.L. Jr, Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J.Zerbini, A.N. 2008d. Balaenoptera borealis. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell, R.L. Jr, Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J.Zerbini, A.N. 2008e. Balaenoptera bonaerensis. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell, R.L. Jr, Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J.Zerbini, A.N. 2008f. Eubalaena australis. In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell, R.L. Jr, Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J.Zerbini, A.N. 2008g. Eubalaena australis (Chile–Peru subpopulation). In IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of threatened species, ver. 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 12 February 2010.Google Scholar
Republic of Liberia. 2009. Decision of the Commissioner of Maritime Affairs, R. L., and the Report of Investigation in the Matter of Sinking of Passenger Vessel EXPLORER (O.N. 8495) 23 November 2007 in the Bransfield Strait near the South Shetland Islands. Monrovia, Liberia: Bureau of Maritime Affairs, 97 pp.Google Scholar
Rintoul, S.R. 2007. Rapid freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 10.1029/2006GL028550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, J., Dalla Rosa, L., Allen, J.M., Mattila, D.K., Secchi, E.R., Friedlaender, A.S., Stevick, P.T., Nowacek, D.P.Steel, D. 2011. Return movement of a humpback whale between the Antarctic Peninsula and American Samoa: a seasonal migration record. Endangered Species Research, 13, 117121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruegg, K., Anderson, E., Baker, C.S., Vant, M., Jackson, J.Palumbi, S.R. 2010. Are Antarctic minke whales unusually abundant because of 20th century whaling? Molecular Ecology, 19, 281291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santora, J.A., Reiss, C.S., Loeb, V.J.Veit, R.R. 2010. Spatial association between hotspots of baleen whales and demographic patterns of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba suggests size-dependent predation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 405, 255269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCAR (Scientific Committee On Antarctic Research). 2006. SCAR report on marine acoustics on the Southern Ocean. Paper WP41, XXIX Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 17 pp.Google Scholar
SC-CCAMLR. 2009. Report of the Twenty-eighth Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart, TAS: CCAMLR, 584 pp.Google Scholar
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L.Chen, Z.eds. 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 996 pp.Google Scholar
Southall, B.L., Bowles, A.E., Ellison, W.T., Finneran, J.J., Gentry, R.L., Greene, C.R. Jr, Kastak, D., Ketten, D.R., Miller, J.H., Nachtigall, P.E., Richardson, W.J., Thomas, J.A.Tyack, P.L. 2007. Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals, 33, 411521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stammerjohn, S.E., Martinson, D.G., Smith, R.C., Yuan, X.Rind, D. 2008. Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, D., Funahashi, N., Hamner, R.M.Baker, C.S. 2009. Market surveys of whale meat in Japan 2008/2009: how many fin whales are for sale? Paper SC/61/BC8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2009, Madeira, Spain, 6 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Stevick, P.T., Neves, M.C., Johansen, F., Engel, M.H., Allen, J., Marcondes, M.C.C.Carlson, C. 2010. A quarter of a world away: female humpback whale moves 10 000 km between breeding areas. Biology Letters, 7, 299302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tin, T., Fleming, Z.L., Hughes, K.A., Ainley, D.G., Convey, P., Moreno, C.A., Pfeiffer, S., Scott, J.Snape, I. 2009. Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment: a review. Antarctic Science, 21, 333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tønnessen, J.N.Johnsen, A.O. 1982. The history of modern whaling. London: C. Hurst, 798 pp.Google Scholar
Trathan, P.N., Murphy, E.J., Forcada, J., Croxall, J.P., Reid, K.Thorpe, S. 2006. Physical forcing in the southwest Atlantic: ecosystem control. In Boyd, I.L., Wanless, S.&Camphuysen, C.J.,eds. Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tregenza, N., Aguilar, N., Carrillo, M., Delgado, I.Diaz, F. 2002. Collisions between fast ferries and whales in the Canary Islands: observational data and theoretical limits. Paper SC/54/BC4, 7 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Trites, A.W., Bredesen, E.L.Coombs, A.P. 2004. Whales, whaling and ecosystem change in the Antarctic and Eastern Bering Sea: insights from ecosystem models. CSIEM Workshop Monographs, 25, 8592.Google Scholar
Turner, J., Comiso, J.C., Marshall, G.J., Lachlan-Cope, T.A., Bracegirdle, T., Maksym, T., Meredith, M.P., Wang, Z.Orr, A. 2009. Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, 10.1029/2009GL037524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyack, P. 2008. Implications for marine mammals of large-scale changes in the marine acoustic environment. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 549558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Waerebeek, K.Leaper, R., eds. 2007. Report from the IWC vessel strike data standardization group. Paper SC/59/BC12, 6 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Van Waerebeek, K., Baker, A.N., Félix, F., Gedamke, J., Iñiguez, M., Sanino, G.P., Secchi, E., Sutaria, D., van Helden, A.Wang, Y. 2007. Vessel collisions with small cetaceans worldwide and with large whales in the Southern Hemisphere, an initial assessment. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 6, 4369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, D.G., Marshall, G.J., Connolley, W.M., Parkinson, C.L., Mulvaney, R., Hodgson, D.A., King, J.C., Pudsey, C.J.Turner, J. 2003. Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. Climatic Change, 60, 243274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, P.R. 2009. Population dynamics. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 913918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wania, F.Mackay, D. 1993. Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in Polar Regions. Ambio, 22, 1018.Google Scholar
Ward, E., Zerbini, A.N., Kinas, P.G.Engel, M.H.Andriolo, A. 2006. Estimates of population growth rates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the wintering grounds off the coast of Brazil (Breeding Stock A). Paper SC/58/SH14, 12 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Ware, C., Friedlaender, A.S.Nowacek, D.P. 2010. Shallow and deep lunge feeding of humpback whales in fjords of the West Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Mammal Science, 27, 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00427.x.Google Scholar
Williams, R.Crosbie, K. 2007. Antarctic whales and Antarctic tourism. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4, 195202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y., Zenitani, R., Tanabe, S.Kato, H. 2006. Spatial and temporal variations in organochlorine contaminants in the Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis. Paper SC/D06/J29, JARPA Review Workshop, 4–8 December, Tokyo, Japan. (Available from http://www.icrwhale.org).Google Scholar
Zerbini, A.N., Ward, E., Engel, M.H., Andriolo, A.Kinas, P.G. 2006a. A Bayesian assessment of the conservation status of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the western South Atlantic Ocean (Breeding Stock A). Paper SC/58/SH2, 25 pp. (Available from http://iwcoffice.org).Google Scholar
Zerbini, A.N., Andriolo, A., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Pizzorno, J.L., Maia, Y.G., Vanblaricom, G.R., Demaster, D.P., Simões-Lopes, P.C., Moreira, S.Bethlem, C. 2006b. Satellite-monitored movements of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 313, 295304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar