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Spatial clustering and longitudinal variation of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in a river of the Amazon: the importance of the forest fringe and of obstructions to flow in frontier malaria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2011

F.S.M. Barros ,
M.E. Arruda ,
H.C. Gurgel  and
N.A. Honório
F.S.M. Barros*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
M.E. Arruda
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brazil
H.C. Gurgel
Affiliation:
Secretaria de Diversidade e Floresta, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília-DF, Brazil
N.A. Honório
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
*
*Author for correspondence Fax: +55 81 21268353 E-mail: fsaito1@yahoo.com.br
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Abstract

Deforestation has been linked to a rise in malaria prevalence. In this paper, we studied longitudinally 20 spots, including forested and deforested portions of a temporary river in a malarigenous frontier zone. Larval habitat parameters influencing distribution of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were studied. We observed that larvae were clustered in forested-deforested transitions. For the first time in the literature, it was verified that parameters determining larval distribution varied from deforested to forested areas. The proximity to human dwellings was also a significant factor determining distribution, but larvae was most importantly associated with a previously undescribed parameter, the presence of small obstructions to river flow, such as tree trunks within the river channel, which caused pooling of water during the dry season (‘microdams’). In deforested areas, the most important factor determining distribution of larvae was shade (reduced luminance). Larvae were absent in the entire studied area during the wet season and present in most sites during the dry season. During the wet-dry transition, larvae were found sooner in areas with microdams, than in other areas, suggesting that flow obstruction prolongs the breeding season of An. darlingi. Adult mosquito densities and malaria incidence were higher during the dry season. Our data correlate well with the published literature, including the distribution of malaria cases near the forest fringes, and has permitted the creation of a model of An. darlingi breeding, where preference for sites with reduced luminance, human presence and microdams would interact to determine larval distribution.

Keywords

Anopheles darlingbreedingmalarialarvaedeforestationAmazonfrontier zones
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 101 , Issue 6 , December 2011 , pp. 643 - 658
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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