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INTOXICANTS AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2011

PHIL WITHINGTON*
Affiliation:
Christ's College, Cambridge
*
Christ's College, Cambridge CB2 3BUpjw1003@cam.ac.uk

Abstract

The article considers the rapid increase in the English market for alcohol and tobacco in the 1620s and the set of concurrent influences shaping their consumption. It suggests that intoxicants were not merely a source of solace for ‘the poor’ or the lubricant of traditional community, as historians often imply. Rather, the growth in the market for beer, wine, and tobacco was driven by those affluent social groups regarded as the legitimate governors of the English commonwealth. For men of a certain disposition and means, the consumption of intoxicants became a legitimate – indeed valorized and artful – aspect of their social identity: an identity encapsulated by the Renaissance concept of ‘wit’. These new styles of drinking were also implicated in the proliferation (in theory and practice) of ‘societies’ and ‘companies’, by which contemporaries meant voluntary and purposeful association. These arguments are made by unpacking the economic, social, and cultural contexts informing the humorous dialogue Wine, beere, ale and tobacco. Contending for superiority. What follows demonstrates that the ostensibly frivolous subject of male drinking casts new light on the nature of early modern social change, in particular the nature of the ‘civilizing process’.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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Footnotes

*

This article was written with the support of an Economic and Social Research Council Research Fellowship. Earlier versions were given at Buckfast Abbey, University of Cambridge, Binghampton University, Lincoln College, Oxford, and Utrecht. I'd like to thank the editors and anonymous readers of The Historical Journal for their comments.

References

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20 Paul Rycaut, The present state of the Ottoman Empire (1668), p. 114.

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29 Notable stage representations include Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker, The roaring girle (1611); Ben Jonson, Bartholomew Fayre (1614; published 1631). See Pollard, Tanya, Drugs and theatre in early modern England (Oxford, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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46 Phil Withington, ‘Intoxicants and the early modern city’, in Steve Hindle, Alexandra Shepard and John Walter, eds., Remaking English society: social change and social relations in early modern England (Woodbridge, forthcoming).

47 Calculated from Muldrew, Economy of obligation, and Wrigley and Schofield, Population history, p. 528. For the development of the tobacco retail trade see Withington, ‘Intoxicants and the early modern city’.

48 Wrightson, English society, pp. 169–70; idem, ‘Alehouses’, pp. 15–16.

49 Borthwick Institute of Historical Research (BI), CPG 2840, 1595.

50 BI, CPH 2161, 1637.

51 BI, CPH 1833, 1630, CPH 2265, 1638.

52 BI, CPH 2074, 1635.

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59 Thomas Smith, De republica Anglorum, edited and introduced by Mary Dewar (Cambridge, 1982; first published 1583), pp. 64–77, 157–62; Harrison, William, The description of England, ed. Edelen, Georges (2nd edn,Ithaca, NY, 1968)Google Scholar, ch. 5; Wrightson, English society, pp. 18–23.

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61 Smith, De republica Anglorum, pp. 64–77.

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63 Smith, De republica Anglorum, pp. 70–3.

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70 Contending, sig. D2r–v.

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77 These are available on the English short title catalogue (ESTC), which can be consulted in conjunction with the Early English books online (EEBO), to create a database of meanings and applications. See Withington, Society in early modern England, pp. 106–22.

78 John Barston, The safeguard of societie (1576).

79 Withington, Society in early modern England, pp. 113–16; Mark Hailwood, ‘Alehouses and sociability in seventeenth-century England’ (Ph.D. thesis, Warwick, 2010), pp. 51–7.

80 William Prynne, Healthes: sickness (1628), sigs. B, B2, A7r.

81 Contending, sigs. A, B.

82 Ibid., sig. B3.

83 Ibid., sigs. B2, C4.

84 Ibid., sigs. C2r–C4.

85 Barston, The safeguard of societie, pp. 60–6.

86 Contending, sig. A3.

87 Withington, Society in early modern England, pp. 104–5.

88 BI, CPG 3041, 1598.

89 BI, CPH 4, 1600.

90 BI, CPH 2345, 1640.

91 Cedric C. Brown, ‘Sons of beer and sons of Ben: drink as a social marker in seventeenth-century England’, in Smyth, ed., A pleasinge sinne, pp. 18–21.

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93 BI, CPH 2924, 1674.

94 BI, CPH 1823, 1629. The case is discussed in more detail in Withington, ‘Intoxication and the early modern city’.

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99 Ibid., pp. 50, 53.

100 Ibid., pp. 51, 52.

101 Ibid., p. 52 (my italics).

102 Ibid., p. 55.

103 O'Callaghan, English wits, p. 1.

104 Hanford, ‘Wine’, pp. 13, 16; Warren, Jason Scott, Early modern English literature (Cambridge, 2005), p. 86Google Scholar.

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106 Ira Clark, ‘Shirley, James (bap. 1596, d. 1666)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. See in particular James Shirley, The triumph of peace (1634), sold by William Cooke in Furnivall Inn Gate.

107 O'Callaghan, English wits, p. 5.

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109 Ibid., p. 162.

110 Raylor, Cavaliers, p. 71; O'Callaghan, English wits, p. 13.

111 Raylor, Cavaliers, pp. 77–78.

112 Contending, sig. D.

113 Ibid., sig. D2.

114 Ibid., sig. C3.

115 Wrightson, English society, p. 192.

116 Robert Greene, Greens groatsworth of wit, bought with a million of repentance: describing the folly of youth, the falshood of make-shift flatterers, the miserie of the negligent, and mischiefes of deceiuing curtezans. Published at his dying request, and newly corrected, and of many errors purged (1628), sigs. F3, A3.

117 Nicholas Ling, Politeuphia. Wits common-wealth, newly corrected and amended (1630).

118 William Brereton, Wits priuate wealth. Stored vvith choyse commodities to content the minde (1629); William Basse, A helpe to discourse: or, A misselany of seriousnesse with merriment: consisting of witty philosophicall, grammaticall, and astronomicall questions and answers: as also, of epigrams, epitaphs, riddles, and iests: together with The countreymans counsellour, next his yearely oracle or prognostication to consult with: containing diuers necessary rules and obseruations, of much vse and consequence being knowne (1630); Robert Hayman, Quodlibets, lately come ouer from New Britaniola, old Newfound-land. Epigrams and other small parcels, both morall and diuine. The first foure bookes being the authors owne: the rest translated out of that excellent epigrammatist, Mr. Iohn Owen, and other rare authors: wit two epistles of that excellently wittie doctor, Francis Rablais: translated out of his French at large (1628).

119 Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and his world, trans. Helene Iswolsky (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Bowen, Barbara C., Enter Rabelais, laughing (Nashville, TN, 1998), p. 101Google Scholar. See also Hadfield, Andrew, ‘Spenser and jokes’, in Spenser studies: a Renaissance poetry annual, 25 (2010), pp. 119CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

120 John Taylor, Wit and mirth, chargeably collected out of tauernes, ordinaries, innes, bowling greenes, and allyes, alehouses, tobacco shops, highwayes, and water-passages. Made vp, and fashioned into clinches, bulls, quirkes, yerkes, quips, and ierkes. Apothegmatically bundled vp and garbled at the request of old Iohn Garrets ghost (1629).

121 Ibid., title-page and preface.

122 For a useful discussion of the genre see Hadfield, ‘Spenser and jokes’.

123 Taylor, Wit and mirth, sigs. B4r–B5.

124 Ibid., sig. T8.

125 John Chartres, ‘No English calvados’, p. 324.

126 Daniel Defoe, The true-born Englishman (1701), pp. 28, 29, 30, 31.

127 Porter, Roy, ‘The drinking man's disease: the pre-history of alcoholism in Georgian Britain’, British Journal of Addiction, 80 (1985), pp. 385–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

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129 Prynne, Healthes: sicknesse, sigs. A2r–A3, A8.

130 Ibid., sigs. B2r–B3.

131 Quentin Skinner, ‘The state’, in Terence Ball, James Farr, and Russell L. Hanson, eds., Political innovation and conceptual change (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 90–131.

132 Daniel Defoe, The poor man's plea (1700), p. 16.

133 Josiah Woodward, An account of the societies for reformation of manners in London and Westminster, and other parts of the kingdom (1699), pp. 154–5.

134 Defoe, Poor man's plea, p. 11.