Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T22:00:53.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anticoccidial drug resistance in fowl coccidia: the state of play revisited

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2011

R.Z. ABBAS ,
Z. IQBAL ,
D. BLAKE ,
M.N. KHAN  and
M.K. SALEEMI
R.Z. ABBAS*
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
Z. IQBAL
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
D. BLAKE
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, RG20 7NN, UK
M.N. KHAN
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
M.K. SALEEMI
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
*
Corresponding author: raouaf@hotmail.com
Get access

Abstract

The development of drug resistance in Eimeria is common because of extensive use of anticoccidial drugs for the control of avian coccidiosis. The significance of chemotherapy is evident from the fact that, in spite of advancement in the field of immunological, biotechnological and genetic methods, prophylactic chemotherapy with anticoccidial drugs is still widely used for the control of coccidiosis. In such situations, new drugs should be available to replace the older ones against which resistance has developed, however it takes a long time to develop any new compounds. It is therefore currently necessary to develop strategies to minimise the emergence of resistance in Eimeria strains and to prolong the effect of available anticoccidial drugs. This paper summarises the resistance status of Eimeria species in different parts of the world and reviews different types of resistance, mechanism of resistance development, factors involved in the development and spread of resistance, management of resistant strains and strategies to preserve the efficacy of the available anticoccidial drugs. Use of vaccines, synthetic and botanical anticoccidials and educating farmers about recommended coccidiosis control practices are discussed in this review, along with the integration of currently available options for the management of drug resistance and, ultimately, the control of coccidiosis.

Keywords

poultrycoccidia (or Eimeria)drug resistanceanticoccidial drugs
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , June 2011 , pp. 337 - 350
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z., KHAN, M.N., ZAFAR, M.A. and ZIA, M.A. (2010) Anticoccidial activity of Curcuma longa L. in Broiler Chickens. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53: 63-67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z. and KHAN, M.N. (2009) Studies on the development of resistance in coccidian field isolates against commonly used ionophores. Proceedings of the 5th International Poultry Conference, Egypt, pp. 1314-1322.Google Scholar
ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z., SINDHU, Z.D., KHAN, M.N. and ARSHAD, M. (2008a) Identification of cross-resistance and multiple resistance in Eimeria tenella field isolates to commonly used anticoccidials in Pakistan. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 17: 361-368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z., SINDHU, Z.D., KHAN, M.N., ARSHAD, M. and SALEEMI, M.K. (2008b) Sensitivity of Eimeria tenella field isolates against maduramicin. Proceedings of the 15th congress of the Federation of Asian Veterinary Associations, FAVA-OIE Joint symposium on emerging diseases, Thailand, pp. 01-02.Google Scholar
ALFARO, D.M., SILVA, A.V.F., BORGES, S.A., MAIORKA, F.A., VARGAS, S. and SANTIN, E. (2007) Use of Yucca schidigera Extract in Broiler Diets and Its Effects on Performance Results Obtained with Different Coccidiosis Control Methods. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 248-254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ALLEN, P.C. and FETTERER, R.H. (2002) Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15: 58-65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ANTHONY, J.P., FYFE, L. and SMITH, H. (2005) Plant active components—a resource for antiparasitic agents? Trends in Parasitology 21: 462-468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ATHANASIADOU, S., GITHIORI, J. and KYRIAZAKIS, I. (2007) Medicinal plants for helminth parasite control: facts and fiction. Animal 1: 1392-1400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AUGUSTINE, P.C., SMITH, C.K., DANFORTH, H.D. and RUFF, M.D. (1987) Effect of ionophorous anticoccidials on invasion and development of Eimeria: comparison of sensitive and resistant isolates and correlation with drug uptake. Poultry Science 66: 960-965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAFUNDO, K.W., O'DOHERTY, G.O., DONOVAN, D.J. and WATKINS, K.L. (1989) Anticoccidial activity of a group of 2, 4-dini benzeneamines. Poultry Science 68: 7.Google Scholar
BEDRNIK, P., JURKOVIC, P., KUCERA, S. and FIRMANOVA, A. (1989) Cross resistance to the ionophorous polyether anticoccidial drugs in Eimeria tenella isolates from Czechoslovakia. Poultry Science 68: 89-93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BUMSTEAD, N. and MILLARD, B. (1987) Genetics of resistance to coccidiosis, Response of inbred chicken lines to infection by Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima. British Poultry Science 28: 705-715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHAPMAN, H.D. (1982) The sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria acervulina type to monensin. Veterinary Parasitology 9: 179-183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHAPMAN, H.D. (1984) Drug resistance in avian coccidia (a review). Veterinary Parasitology 15: 11-27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHAPMAN, H.D. (1993) Resistance to anticoccidial drugs in fowl. Parasitology Today 9: 159-162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHAPMAN, H.D. (2000) Practical use of vaccines for the control of coccidosis. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 56: 7-20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHAPMAN, H.D. (1997) Biochemical, genetic and applied aspects of drug resistance in Eimeria parasites of the fowl. Avian Pathology 26: 221-244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHRISTAKI, E., FLOROU-PANERI, P., GIANNENEA, I., PAPZAHARIADOU, M., BOTSOGLOU, N.A. and SPAIS, A.S.B. (2004) Effect of a mixture of herbal extracts on broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Animal Research 53: 137-144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CUCKLER, A.C. and MALANGA, C.M. (1955) Studies on drug resistance in coccidia. Journal of Parasitology 41: 302-311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CURTIS, J., DURAISINGH, M.T. and WARHURST, D.C. (1998) In vivo selection for a specific genotype of dihydropteroate synthase of Plasmodium falciparum by pyrimethamine–sulfadoxine but not chlorproguanil–dapsone treatment. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177: 1429-1433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAUGSCHIES, A., GASSLEIN, U. and ROMMEL, M. (1998) Comparative efficacy of anticoccidials under the conditions of commercial broiler production and in battery trials. Veterinary Parasitology 76: 163-171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DUFFY, C.F., MATHIS, G.F. and POWER, R.F. (2005) Effects of NatustatTM supplementation on performance, feed efficiency and intestinal lesion scores in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella. Veterinary Parasitology 130: 185-190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FRY, M. and WILLIAMS, R.B. (1984) Effects of decoquinate and clopidol on electron transport in mitochondria of Eimeria tenella (Apicomplexa: coccidia). Biochemical Pharmacology 33: 229-240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GEORGHIOU, G.P. and TAYLOR, C.E. (1977) Genetic and biological influences in the evolution of insecticide resistance. Journal of Economical Entomology 70: 319-323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GILL, B.S. and BAJWA, R.S. (1979) Drug resistance in field isolates of chicken from Punjab state. Indian Journal of Parasitology 3: 132-134.Google Scholar
HACKSTEIN, J.H.P., MACKENSTEDT, U., MEHLHORN, H., MEIJERINK, J.P.P., SCHUBERT, H. and LEUNISSEN, J.A.M. (1995) Parasitic apicomplexans harbor a chlorophyll a-D I complex, the potential target for therapeutic triazines. Parasitology Research 81: 207-216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HAMET, N. (1986) Resistance to anticoccidial drugs in poultry farms in France from 1975 to 1984, in: MCDOUGALD, L.R., JOYNER, L.P. & LONG, P.L. (Eds) Research in Avian Coccidiosis, pp. 415-420 (University of Georgia, Atlanta).Google Scholar
HARDER, A. and HABERKORN, A. (1989) Possible mode of action of toltrazuril: studies on two Eimeria species and mammalian and Ascaris suum enzymes. Parasitology Research 76: 8-12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HEMSLEY, L.A. (1964) Experience of coccidiosis in young chickens fed a coccidiostat with particular reference to the incidence of coccidiosis in broiler chickens in the South of England. Veterinary Record 76: 1432-1436.Google Scholar
HENKEN, A.M., PLOEGER, H.W., GRAAT, E.A.M. and CARPENTER, T.E. (1994) Description for a simulation model for the population dynamics of Eimeria acervulina infection in broilers. Parasitology 108: 503-512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ITAGAKI, K., TSUBOKURA, M. and OTSUKI, K. (1974) Studies on methods for evaluation of anticoccidial drugs in vitro. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 36: 195-202.Google ScholarPubMed
JAMES, S. (1980a) Isolation of second-generation schizonts of avian coccidia and their use in biochemical investigations. Parasitology 80: 301-312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JAMES, S. (1980b) Thiamine uptake in isolated schizonts of Eimeria tenella and the inhibitory effects of amprolium. Parasitology 80: 313-322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JEFFERS, T.K. (1974) Eimeria acervulina and E. maxima, Incidence and anticoccidial drug resistance of isolates in major broiler producing areas. Avian Diseases 18: 331-342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JEFFERS, T.K. (1989) Anticoccidial drug resistance: a review with emphasis on the polyether ionophores, in: YVORE, P. (Ed.) Coccidia, and intestinal coccidiomorphs, Vth International Coccidiosis Conference, pp. 295-308 (Tours, France, Paris: INRA Publications).Google Scholar
JOHNSON, L.W. and EDGAR, S.A. (1986) Ea-B and Ea-C cellular antigen genes in Leghorn lines resistant and susceptible to acute cecal coccidiosis. Poultry Science 65: 241-252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JOYNER, L.P. and NORTON, C.C. (1978) The activity of methyl benzoquate and clopidol against Eimeria maxima: synergy and drug resistance. Parasitology 76: 369-377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KAWAZOE, U. and FABIO, J.D.I. (1994) Resistance to diclazuril in field isolates of Eimeria species obtained from commercial broiler flocks in Brazil. Avian Pathology 23: 305-311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KITANDU, A. and JURANOVA, R. (2006) Progress in control measures for chicken coccidiosis. Acta Veternaria Brno 75: 265-276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LI, G.Q., KANU, S., XIANG, F.Y., XIAO, S.M., ZHANG, L., CHEN, H.W. and YE, H.J. (2004) Isolation and selection of ionophores tolerant Eimeria precocious lines: E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina. Veterinary Parasitology 119: 261-276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LILLEHOJ, H.S., RUFF, M.D., BACON, L.D., LAMONT, S.J. and JEFFERS, T.K. (1989) Genetic control of immunity to Eimeria tenella. Interaction of MHC genes and non-MHC linked genes influences levels of disease susceptibility in chickens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 20: 135-148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MAES, L., COSSEMENT, W., VANPARIJS, O. and MARSBOON, R. (1988) In vivo action of the anticoccidial diclazuril (Clinacox) on the developmental stages of Eimeria tenella: A histological study. Journal of Parasitology 74: 931-938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MARTIN, A.G., DANFORTH, H.D., BARTA, J.R. and FERNANDO, M.A. (1997) Analysis of immunological cross protection and sensitivities to anticoccidial drugs among five geographical and temporal strains of Eimeria maxima. International Journal for Parasitology 27: 527-533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MATHIS, G.F., WASHBURN, K.W. and MCDOUGALD, L.R. (1984) Genetic variability of resistance to Eimeria acervulina and E. tenella in chickens. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 68: 385-389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MCDOUGALD, L.R. (1993) Chemotherapy of coccidiosis, in: BARTA, J.R. & FERNANDO, M.A. (Eds) Proceedings of the VIth International Coccidiosis Conference, pp. 45-47 (University of Guelph, Canada).Google Scholar
MCDOUGALD, L.R. and REID, W.M. (1994) Coccidiosis, in: CALNEK, B.W. (Ed) Diseases of Poultry, 9th Edition (Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi).Google Scholar
MCDOUGALD, L.R., WANG, G.T., KANTOR, S., SCHENKEL, R. and QUARLES, C. (1987) Efficacy of maduramicin against ionophore-tolerant field isolates of coccidia in broilers. Avian Diseases 31: 302-308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MCMANAS, E.C., CAMPBELL, W.C. and CUCKLER, A.C. (1968) Development of resistance to quinoline coccidiostats under field and laboratory conditions. Journal of Parasitology 54: 1190-1193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MEHLHORN, H., ORTMANN-FALKENSTEIN, E. and HABERKOM, A. (1984) The effects of sym. triazinones on development stages of Eimeria tenella, E. maxima, and E. acervulina. A light and electron microscopical study. Zeitschrift Fur Parasitenkunde 70: 173-182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NAIDOO, V., MCGAW, L.J., BISSCHOP, S.P., DUNCAN, N. and ELOFF, J.N. (2008) The value of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in attenuating coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Veterinary Parasitology 153: 214-219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PETERSON, D.S., WALLIKER, D. and WELLEMS, T.E. (1988) Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proceedings of Natural Academy of Sciences USA 85: 9114–9118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PINARD-VAN DER LAAN, M.H., MONVOISIN, J.L., PERY, P., HAMET, N. and THOMAS, M. (1998) Comparison of Outbred Lines of Chickens for Resistance to Experimental Infection with Coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella). Poultry Science 77: 185-191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RAETHER, W. and PAEFFGEN, D. (1989) Drug sensitivity of coccidia recently selected from broiler farms in Europe, in: YVORE, P. (Ed) Coccidia and intestinal coccidiomorphs, Vth International Coccidiosis Conference, pp. 309-312 (Tours, France, INRA Publications).Google Scholar
ROGERS, E.F. (1962) Thiamine antagonists. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 98: 412-429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RUFF, M.D. (1999) Important parasites in poultry production systems. Veterinary Parasitology 84: 337-347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RUFF, M.D., CHUTE, M.B. and MCLOUGHLIN, D.K. (1985) Resistance to Monensin medication in Eimeria tenella. Proceedings of the Helminthology Society of Washington 52:114-118.Google Scholar
RYLEY, J.F. (1980) Drug resistance in coccidia. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 24: 99-120.Google ScholarPubMed
RYLEY, J.F. and BETTS, M.J. (1973) Chemotherapy of chicken coccidiosis. Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 11: 221-293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RYLEY, J.R. and WILSON, R.G. (1972) Comparative studies with anticoccidials and three species of chicken coccidia in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 58: 664-668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SANGSTER, N.C. (2001) Managing parasiticide resistance. Veterinary Parasitology 98: 89-109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SANGSTER, N.C. and DOBSON, R.J. (2001) Anthelmintic resistance,. in: LEE, D.L. (Ed) The Biology of Nematodes, pp. 531-567 (Harwood, New York).Google Scholar
SMITH, C.K. and GALLOWAY, R.B. (1983) Influence of monensin on cation influx and glycolysis of Eimeria tenella sporozoites in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 69: 666-670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SMITH, C.K. and STROUT, R.G. (1979) Eimeria tenella: accumulation and retention of anticoccidial ionophores by extracellular sporozoites. Experimental Parasitology 48: 325-330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SMITH, C.K., GALLOWAY, R.B. and WHITE, S.L. (1981) Effect of ionophores on survival, penetration, and development of Eimeria tenella sporozoites in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 67: 511-516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
STEPHAN, B., ROMMEL, M., DAUGSCHIES, A. and HABERKORN, A. (1997) Studies of resistance to anticoccidials in Eimeria field isolates and pure Eimeria strains. Veterinary Parasitology 69: 19-29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TRIGLIA, T. and COWMAN, A.F. (1994) Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proceedings of Natural Academy of Sciences USA 91: 7149-7153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VERTOMMEN, M.R. and PEEK, H.W. (1993) Anticoccidial efficacy of diclazuril (Clinacox®) in broilers: sensitivity tests; resistance development; cross resistance to Baycox,. in: BARTA, J.R. & FERNANDO, M.A. (Eds) Proceedings of the VIth International Coccidiosis Conference, pp. 154-155 (Ontario: University of Guelph).Google Scholar
WALETZKY, E., NEAL, R. and HABLE, I. (1954) A field strain of Eimeria tenella resistant to sulfonamides. Journal of Parasitology 40: 24.Google Scholar
WANG, C.C. (1975) Studies of the mitochondria from Eimeria tenella and inhibition of the electron transport by quinolone coccidiostats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 396: 210-219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, C.C. (1982) Biochemistry and physiology of coccidia, in: LONG, P.L. (Ed.) The biology of the coccidia, pp:. 167-228. (Baltimore: Baltimore University Park Press).Google Scholar
WANG, C.C., STOTISH, R.L. and POE, M. (1975) Dihydrofolate reductase from Eimeria tenella rationalization of chemotherapeutic efficacy of pyrimethamme. Journal of Protozoology 22: 564-568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WEBER, G.M. (1997) Optimum use of anticoccidial products for efficacious prevention of poultry coccidiosis. Proceedings of the VII International Coccidiosis Conference, pp. 51 (Keble College Oxford, UK).Google Scholar
WEPPELMAN, R.M., OLSON, G., SMITH, D.A., TAMAS, T. and VAN IDERSTINE, A. (1977) Comparison of anticoccidial efficacy, resistance and tolerance of narasin, monensin and lasalocid in chicken battery trials. Poultry Science 56: 1550-1559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WILLIAMS, R.B. (1995) Epidemiological studies of coccidiosis in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). II. Physical condition and survival of Eimeria acervulina oocysts in poultry house liter. Applied Parasitology 36: 90-96.Google Scholar
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, (1965) Technical Report Series No. 296, pp:. 29.Google Scholar
YADAV. A., and GUPTA, S.K. (2001) Study of resistance against some ionophore in Eimeria tenella field isolates. Veterinary Parasitology 102: 69-75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZHU, G., JOHNSON, J.K. and MCDOUGALD, L. (1994) Peptides associated with monensin resistance in sporozoites of Eimeria tenella (coccidia). Journal of Parasitology 80: 284-287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed