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Prospective relationships of ADHD symptoms with developing substance use in a population-derived sample

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2011

E. Sihvola ,
R. J. Rose ,
D. M. Dick ,
T. Korhonen ,
L. Pulkkinen ,
A. Raevuori ,
M. Marttunen  and
J. Kaprio
E. Sihvola*
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
R. J. Rose
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
D. M. Dick
Affiliation:
Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
T. Korhonen
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
L. Pulkkinen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
A. Raevuori
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
M. Marttunen
Affiliation:
Unit for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
J. Kaprio
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland Unit for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
*
*Address for correspondence: E. Sihvola, M.D., Department of Public Health (5th floor), Mannerheimintie 172, PO Box 41 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland. (Email: elina.sihvola@helsinki.fi)
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Abstract

Background

Clinically ascertained reports suggest that boys and girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may differ from each other in their vulnerability to substance use problems.

Method

A total of 1545 Finnish adolescents were assessed for DSM-IV-based ADHD symptoms by their parents and classroom teachers using standardized rating scales at age 11–12 years. At age 14, substance use disorders and psychiatric co-morbidity were assessed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism, providing DSM-III-R/DSM-IV diagnoses for Axis I disorders. At age 17.5, substance use was assessed by multi-item questionnaire.

Results

Although baseline ADHD symptoms were less common among females, they were more predictive of adverse substance use outcomes once conduct disorder and previous substance use were controlled for. Only in females were baseline ADHD symptoms significant predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence and illicit drug use at age 14. At the age of 17.5, parents' reports of inattentiveness and hyperactivity were significant predictors for frequent alcohol use in both sexes, but they were more predictive of frequent alcohol and illicit drug use in girls. Impulsivity in teachers' ratings predicted frequent alcohol use and illicit drug use in boys. Parental reports of inattentiveness in their 11-/12-year-old daughters were a consistent predictor for illicit drug use across adolescence.

Conclusions

Inattentiveness and hyperactivity may be more predictive of alcohol use disorders and maladaptive patterns of alcohol and illicit drug use among girls than boys. The importance of these behavioural symptoms should be assessed further in the community, as they could jeopardize adolescents' successful transitioning into adult roles.

Keywords

ADHD symptomsalcohol use disordersgirlsillicit drug use
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 41 , Issue 12 , December 2011 , pp. 2615 - 2623
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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