Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T11:50:47.702Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Derivatives Use and Risk Taking: Evidence from the Hedge Fund Industry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 April 2011

Yong Chen*
Affiliation:
Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, 1016 Pamplin Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, yong.chen@vt.edu

Abstract

This paper examines the use of derivatives and its relation with risk taking in the hedge fund industry. In a large sample of hedge funds, 71% of the funds trade derivatives. After controlling for fund strategies and characteristics, derivatives users on average exhibit lower fund risks (e.g., market risk, downside risk, and event risk), such risk reduction is especially pronounced for directional-style funds. Further, derivatives users engage less in risk shifting and are less likely to liquidate in a poor market state. However, the flow-performance relation suggests that investors do not differentiate derivatives users when making investing decisions.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackermann, C.; McEnally, R.; and Ravenscraft, D.. “The Performance of Hedge Funds: Risk, Return and Incentives.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 833874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwal, V.; Daniel, N. D.; and Naik, N. Y.. “Role of Managerial Incentives and Discretion in Hedge Fund Performance.” Journal of Finance, 64 (2009), 22212256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwal, V.; Fos, V.; and Jiang, W.. “Inferring Reporting Biases in Hedge Fund Databases from Hedge Fund Equity Holding.” Working Paper, Columbia University and Georgia State University (2010).Google Scholar
Agarwal, V., and Naik, N. Y.. “Risks and Portfolio Decisions Involving Hedge Funds.” Review of Financial Studies, 17 (2004), 6398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almazan, A.; Brown, K. C.; Carlson, M.; and Chapman, D. A.. “Why Constrain Your Mutual Fund Manager?Journal of Financial Economics, 73 (2004), 289321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aragon, G. O. “Share Restrictions and Asset Pricing: Evidence from the Hedge Fund Industry.” Journal of Financial Economics, 83 (2007), 3358.Google Scholar
Aragon, G., and Martin, J. S.. “A Unique View of Hedge Fund Derivatives Usage: Safeguard or Speculation? “ Working Paper, Arizona State University (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asness, C.; Krail, R.; and Liew, J.. “Do Hedge Funds Hedge?Journal of Portfolio Management, 28 (2001), 619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baquero, G.; ter Horst, J.; and Verbeek, M.. “Survival, Look-Ahead Bias, and Persistence in Hedge Fund Performance.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 40 (2005), 493517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawa, V. S., and Lindenberg, E. B.. “Capital Market Equilibrium in a Mean-Lower Partial Moment Framework.”Journal of Financial Economics, 5 (1977), 189200.Google Scholar
Brown, K. C.; Harlow, W. V.; and Starks, L. T.. “Of Tournaments and Temptations: An Analysis of Managerial Incentives in the Mutual Fund Industry.”Journal of Finance, 51 (1996), 85110.Google Scholar
Brown, S.; Fraser, T.; and Liang, B.. “Hedge Fund Due Diligence: A Source of Alpha in a Hedge Fund Portfolio Strategy.”Journal of Investment Management, 6 (2008), 2333.Google Scholar
Brown, S. J.; Goetzmann, W. N.; and Ibbotson, R. G.. “Offshore Hedge Funds: Survival and Performance, 1989–95.”Journal of Business, 72 (1999), 91117.Google Scholar
Brown, S. J.; Goetzmann, W. N.; Ibbotson, R. G.; and Ross, S. A.. “Survivorship Bias in Performance Studies.”Review of Financial Studies, 5 (1992), 553580.Google Scholar
Brown, S. J.; Goetzmann, W. N.; and Park, J.. “Careers and Survival: Competition and Risk in the Hedge Fund and CTA Industry.”Journal of Finance, 56 (2001), 18691886.Google Scholar
Busse, J. A. “Another Look at Mutual Fund Tournaments.”Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 36 (2001), 5373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y., and Liang, B.. “Do Market Timing Hedge Funds Time the Market?Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 42 (2007), 827856.Google Scholar
Chevalier, J., and Ellison, G.. “Risk Taking by Mutual Funds as a Response to Incentives.” Journal of Political Economy, 105 (1997), 11671200.Google Scholar
Deli, D. N., and Varma, R.. “Contracting in the Investment Management Industry: Evidence from Mutual Funds.” Journal of Financial Economics, 63 (2002), 7998.Google Scholar
Ding, B.; Getmansky, M.; Liang, B.; and Wermers, R.. “Share Restrictions and Investor Flows in the Hedge Fund Industry.” Working Paper, University of Massachusetts at Amherst and University of Maryland (2010).Google Scholar
Evans, R. B. “Mutual Fund Incubation.”Journal of Finance, 65 (2010), 15811611.Google Scholar
Ferson, W. E., and Schadt, R. W.. “Measuring Fund Strategy and Performance in Changing Economic Conditions.” Journal of Finance, 51 (1996), 425461.Google Scholar
Ferson, W. E., and Warther, V. A.. “Evaluating Fund Performance in a Dynamic Market.”Financial Analysts Journal, 52 (1996), 2028.Google Scholar
Fung, W., and Hsieh, D. A.. “Empirical Characteristics of Dynamic Trading Strategies: The Case of Hedge Funds.” Review of Financial Studies, 10 (1997), 275302.Google Scholar
Fung, W., and Hsieh, D. A.. “The Risk in Hedge Fund Strategies: Theory and Evidence from Trend Followers.” Review of Financial Studies, 14 (2001), 313341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geithner, T. F. “Hedge Funds and Derivatives and Their Implications for the Financial System.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York (2006).Google Scholar
Getmansky, M.; Lo, A. W.; and Makarov, I.. “An Econometric Model of Serial Correlation and Illiquidity in Hedge Fund Returns.” Journal of Financial Economics, 74 (2004), 529609.Google Scholar
Goetzmann, W. N.; Ingersoll, J. E. Jr.; and Ross, S. A.. “High-Water Marks and Hedge Fund Management Contracts.” Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 16851717.Google Scholar
Ingersoll, J.; Spiegel, M.; Goetzmann, W.; and Welch, I.. “Portfolio Performance Manipulation and Manipulation-Proof Performance Measures.” Review of Financial Studies, 20 (2007), 15031546.Google Scholar
Jagannathan, R., and Korajczyk, R. A.. “Assessing the Market Timing Performance of Managed Portfolios.” Journal of Business, 59 (1986), 217235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorion, P.Risk Management Lessons from Long-Term Capital Management.” European Financial Management, 6 (2000), 277300.Google Scholar
Koski, J. L., and Pontiff, J.. “How Are Derivatives Used? Evidence from the Mutual Fund Industry.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 791816.Google Scholar
Lakonishok, J.; Shleifer, A.; Thaler, R.; and Vishny, R.. “Window Dressing by Pension Fund Managers.” American Economic Review, 81 (1991), 227231.Google Scholar
Li, W., and Tiwari, A.. “On the Consequences of Mutual Fund Tournaments.” Working Paper, University of Iowa (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, B.On the Performance of Hedge Funds.” Financial Analysts Journal, 55 (1999), 7285.Google Scholar
Liang, B.Hedge Funds: The Living and the Dead.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 35 (2000), 309326.Google Scholar
Liang, B.The Accuracy of Hedge Fund Returns.” Journal of Portfolio Management, 29 (2003), 111122.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. A. “Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data Sets: Comparing Approaches.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 435480.Google Scholar
Scholes, M., and Williams, J.. “Estimating Betas from Nonsynchronous Data.” Journal of Financial Economics, 5 (1977), 309327.Google Scholar
Sharpe, W. F. “Mutual Fund Performance.” Journal of Business, 39 (1966), 119138.Google Scholar
Sirri, E. R., and Tufano, P.. “Costly Search and Mutual Fund Flows.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 15891622.Google Scholar
Stock, J. H., and Yogo, M.. “Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression.” In Identification and Inference for Econometric Models, Andrews, D. W. K. and Stock, J. H., eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press (2005).Google Scholar
Teo, M.The Geography of Hedge Funds.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 35313561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, H.A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica, 48 (1980), 817838.Google Scholar