^{page 1 note 1} The Tombs of Knossos (Archaeologia, lix, 1906).Google Scholar

^{page 1 note 2} See p. 33 seqq.

^{page 1 note 3} See below, p. 3.

^{page 3 note 1} The height of the vessel is 10-8 cm.; width at handles, 14-3 cm.

^{page 3 note 2} The drills show a central hole, as if a borer of the centre-bit kind had been used.

^{page 3 note 3} Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos (Archaeologia, lix, 1906), p. 147Google Scholar, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and fig. 152, 3, etc.

^{page 4 note 1} Müller, Sophus, Ursprung und Entwickelung der europäischen Bronzekultur (Archiv f. Anthr., 1884, p. 325Google Scholar, fig. 11). Unfortunately, a complete section is not given. A section of a sword-blade from Orchomenos, 3.1 cm. wide, published by Naue, , Die vorrömischen Schwerter, pl. iiiGoogle Scholar, fig. 11, shows a midrib 1 cm. thick.

^{page 6 note 1} Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, p. 32, fig. 28 (Archaeologia, lix)Google Scholar.

^{page 6 note 2} Cf. Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, p. 22, fig. 14.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 1} I am indebted for this information to Dr, Joseph Chatzidakis, Ephor of Cretan Antiquities.

^{page 9 note 2} This block was 0.90 m. high, 22 cm. broadband 0.45 m. deep.

^{page 9 note 3} Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, p. 167 (Archaeologia, lix)Google Scholar.

^{page 9 note 4} Five were in the form of rosettes, as Prehistoric Tombs, etc., p. 130, fig. 119, 66 a, but smaller and of somewhat finer workmanship. Five others were of the common Minoan and Mycenaean type resembling the eyes of ‘hooks and eyes’, but with the loop closed.

^{page 10 note 1} The dog as a sacred animal is continually represented on the coins of Eryx, and must surely there be connected with the Goddess. At the sister city of Segesta, the river Krimissos was said to have approached the eponymous nymph in the form of a dog.

^{page 10 note 2} Aelian, H. A., xi. 20 Κύvεs είσίν ίεροί καί οίδε θεραπευτήρες αύτού καί λατρεύοντέs οί ύπεραίροντεs τς κάλλοsτοÙs ΜολοτοÙs κύνας καί σύν τούτψ καί τò μείων τòν άριθμόν.

^{page 10 note 3} A somewhat similar object is seen in the upper part of the field of a signet-ring exhibiting a religious scene from the Vapheio Tomb (see enlarged drawing, Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Worship, p. 78, fig. 52). Religious emblems are frequent in the field of signet-rings with similar subjects–e. g. on the last-mentioned example, a combination of the double axe and ankh, on the great signet from Mycenae, the double axe and solar symbol.

^{page 11 note 1} In Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Worship, p. 74Google Scholar (J. H. S. 1901, p. 172)Google Scholar, I had erroneously taken this feature for rays emanating from the God's shoulders, like those seen in representations of the Babylonian Samas. But the parallel supplied by a descending divinity on a ‘larnax’ from Milatos as interpreted by the light of the figures with flying locks on the Knossian frescoes gave the true explanation. See Tombs of Knossos (Archaeologia, lix), p. 100Google Scholar.

^{page 11 note 2} ΕΦημ άρχ., 1889, pl. x, 12; Furtwängler, , Antike Gemmen, pl ii, 45Google Scholar.

^{page 12 note 1} Golenischeff, , Recueil des Travaux, xxi, 74 seqq.Google Scholar, and cf. Müller, W. Max, Mitth. d. vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1900, pp. 14 seqqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 13 note 1} Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Worship, p. 72, and fig. 48.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 2} ΕΦημ άρχ., 1889, pl. x, 39.

^{page 13 note 3} Ibid., 1888, pl. x, 42. It represents an antelope and tree.

^{page 13 note 4} One of these was 12.8 cm. high, by the handle, and its recipient 24 cm. wide. The proportions of the other respectively were 5.8 cm. and 12.8 cm.

^{page 13 note 5} Preh. Tombs of Knossos (Archaeologia, lix), p. 49, fig. 46Google Scholar.

^{page 13 note 6} Colophonium is turpentine from which the oil has been distilled away.

^{page 17 note 1} Small vessels (white on the black ground) are occasionally introduced into the field of vases of the first Middle Minoan period. Conical ‘skytotes’ also appear in company with double axes and other sacred objects on vases of the ‘Palace Style’ (L.M.II) from Knossos. But otherwise such types seem to be quite unknown to the repertory of the Minoan vase painters.

^{page 17 note 2} Pernice, E., Geometrische Vasen aus Athen (Mitth. d. k. d. Inst., xvii (1892), p. 205 seqq.).Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 3} An identical breccia, as Monsieur L. Franchet kindly informed me, is found at Kakon Oros near Candia. It is similar to that used for the Early Minoan Vases found at Mochlos, but contains less peroxide of iron.

^{page 17 note 4} See my Nine Minoan Periods, pp. 15, 16, and fig. 15.

^{page 18 note 1} I may refer to what I have already said on the diffusion of these beads in Proc. Soc. Ant., xxii (1907), p. 123 seqqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 22 note 1} The stratification here shown is based on very careful observations made by Dr. Mackenzie.

^{page 24 note 1} The measurements, as shown in Mr. C. T. Doll's plan (pl. Ill), are: width of front wall, 5.12 m.; back, 5.0 m.; north side, 5.50 m.; south side, 5.45 m.

^{page 25 note 1} Thanks to the skill of Mr. W. H. Young, of the Ashmolean Museum, these were reconstituted from a promiscuous mass of fragments. One is now in the Museum at Candia, the other in the Ashmolean.

^{page 26 note 1} p. 72, no. 66, h-m.

^{page 27 note 1} A complete specimen of one of these is exhibited in the Candia Museum.

^{page 28 note 1} The width of the basin was 24.5 cm., and its height 19 cm.

^{page 28 note 2} The width of the pan of this vessel was 24 cm.; its height 12.5 cm.

^{page 29 note 1} Mr. Heaton observes with regard to an idea that had suggested itself in relation to this black coating, ‘there is no indication of after decoration with bituminous or other materials to produce the black’.

^{page 32 note 2} Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, pp. 56, 57 (Archaeologia, lix)Google Scholar.

^{page 35 note 1} For all details reference must be made to the very exact measurements of Mr. C. T. Doll's plans and sections (pl. V and figs. 47, 50, 51, 53, 72).

^{page 36 note 1} By Monsieur E. Gilliéron.

^{page 40 note 1} See Tombs of Knossos (Archaeologia, 1906), p. 117Google Scholar, and cf. p. 51, fig. 50.

^{page 43 note 1} Schuchardt, , Schliemann's Excavations (Seller's, transl.), p. 196.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 2} A further proof of the diffusion of amber at this time in Crete is afforded by a discovery that came under my notice some years since. In 1894 I obtained part of a bronze sword-blade, cornelian beads, and other small relics belonging to the early part of the Late Minoan Age (L. M. I or II), found, together with an amber bead, in a grave near Arvi, on the south-east coast of Crete.

^{page 44 note 1} Mosso, A., Le Origini delta Civilta mediterranea, p. 200.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 2} ‘Si fuse in una goccia che sembrava olio, e bolliva; mando un fumo odoroso, e disparve senza lasciare alcuna traccia di cenere.’ He adds, ‘l'ambra fonde a 287, ed, essendo fatta di ossigeno, idrogeno e carbonio, brucia completamente senza lasciare alcun residue Si è certi, che era ambra.’ It is to be noted that Professor Mosso fails to say at what temperature the fragment burnt by him began to melt, but makes in place of this a general statement about the melting-point of amber.

^{page 44 note 3} Principally in the environs of Kiev, between Mezigorie and Tripolje. It lies in Tertiary beds amidst greyish-yellow or white sands. Professor V. Chvojkaof Kiev, to whose kindness this information is due (obligingly supplied to me through Mr. Ellis H. Minns of Cambridge), adds that the peasants find it in the beds of dried-up ponds and lakes or washed out by the rain in hollows, or, again, catch pieces in their nets when fishing in pools. They take it in to Kiev for sale when thus discovered; after dry seasons, in considerable quantities. Professor Chvojka adds, ‘That in the Grand-Ducal Period (i. e. before the Mongol invasion) amber was an export of Kiev is known from historical sources; besides, it is found here in abundance in Slavonic town-sites (Gorodišča) as well as in burials, not only of the Slavonic but of the Scythic period, in the form of beads, pendants, etc., and in unwrought pieces. Since the dwellers on the Middle Dniepr had a very lively intercourse with the Greek Colonies of the Euxine–witness the Greek objects found in this region–it is almost certain that even in those days amber was exported as a matter of regular trade.’ Samples of the Kiev amber analysed by Professor Olshausen proved to be pure succinite like the Baltic amber, and contained from 6 to 6.20 per cent, of amber acid.

^{page 45 note 1} Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, p. 58, fig. 60, and cf. pp. 130, 131.

^{page 45 note 2} Ibid., pp. 25,26. In the case of the ‘Chieftain’ the beads lay actually over the middle of the face, the necklace having shifted from below.

^{page 51 note 1} During some early disturbance of the tomb a fragment of this vessel had been separated from the rest and was found just inside the doorway.

^{page 52 note 1} Hogarth, D. G., Phylakopi, p. 18.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 1} Edgar, C. C., Phylakopi, pp. 137, 138Google Scholar, and fig. no.

^{page 53 note 2} See p. 79 seqq., below.

^{page 54 note 1} See below, p. 72.

^{page 54 note 2} This suggestion was made by me at the Oxford Meeting of the Oriental Congress.

^{page 58 note 1} In the case (s) of broken objects, the fragments of which were somewhat scattered, the position given is that occupied by the principal portion.

^{page 59 note 1} See E, A. J.., Knossos, Report, 1905, p. 2Google Scholar seqq. (B. School Annual, xi).

^{page 60 note 1} The present plan–an improvement on the provisional sketch given in Knossos, Report, 1905, p. 9Google ScholarPubMed (B. S. A. xii)–was executed for me by the architect Mr. Christian C. T. Doll, to whom the plans and sections of the ‘Little Palace’ are due.

^{page 63 note 1} Brit. Sch. Annual, xi, p. 6 seqqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 64 note 1} The base was 80 cm. square, and 38 cm. high; the blocks 70 cm. square, and 92 cm. and 45 cm. high respectively.

^{page 66 note 1} In the case of the south pillar the socket itself was obliterated, but the basin on this side as well as considerations of symmetry warrant the conclusion that it had originally existed.

^{page 66 note 2} See above, p. 51, fig. 69.

^{page 66 note 3} Hogarth, , B.S.A, vi, pp. 71, 76Google Scholar, and pl. vi.

^{page 66 note 4} Report, Knossos, 1900 (B. S.A., vi, p. 32 seqq.)Google Scholar; Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult, pp. 12, 13 (J.H.S., xxi, pp. no, in)Google Scholar.

^{page 68 note 1} Signs were otherwise absent on the blocks of this room.

^{page 68 note 2} See below, p. 72, fig. 82.

^{page 68 note 3} See my forthcoming Nine Minoan Periods, p. 128 and fig. 97.

^{page 69 note 1} For illustrations of this I may still refer to my work on Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult, published in 1900 (Quaritch), though much new corroborative material has since come to light.

^{page 69 note 2} Plutarch, , De hide et Osiride, c. 15, 16.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 1} Knossos, Report, 1903, p. 151, and pl. i (B. S. A., vol. ix)Google Scholar.

^{page 74 note 1} See p. 79 seqq.

^{page 74 note 2} See E, A. J.., Knossos, Report, 1905, p. 6, fig. 2 (B. S. A., xi)Google Scholar.

^{page 75 note 1} Above a gypsum course, 56 cm. high, there is set at this point an upright limestone slab of the same height, which seems to have been in relation with the sill of a window (see fig. 85).

^{page 75 note 2} The north wall of the north-western angle of the building was in the same way of gypsum construction. The remains of the sill of a window are also clearly visible at this point.

^{page 78 note 1} This bastion was cut through, apparently in the last Minoan Age, L. M. Ill, to allow sufficient space for a shallow stone drain in connexion with an olive press, set in the south-west corner of the paved yard.

^{page 82 note 1} e.g. by Dr. Karo, , Minoische Rhyta, Jahrbuch d. k. d. Arch. Inst., 1911, pp. 250 seqqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 83 note 1} Dr. Karo, , Minoische Rhyta, l. c, p. 252Google Scholar, observes of this, ‘Vorn auf der Stirn ist eine Figur eingraviert die am ehesten an minoische “Palladien”, aber mit spitzen Ecken, erinnert: doch wohl auch ein religiöses Symbol.’

^{page 83 note 2} Archaeologia, vol. lix, p. 62, fig. 66Google Scholar.

^{page 84 note 1} Minoische Rhyta, Jahrb. d. k. d. Arch. Inst., B. xxvi, 1911, pp. 249 seqq.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 2} The following comparative measurements are given by Dr. Karo, loc. cit., from nozzle to forehead: Myc. head 155 mm., Knossian 175; between spring of horns, Myc. -08 mm., Knossian 105.

^{page 84 note 3} Karo, , op. cit., p. 251, and see p. 250, fig. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 4} Op. cit., p. 251. Dr. Karo lays stress on the near relation of the ‘rhyton’ from the ‘Little Palace’ to that from the fourth Shaft Grave. At the same time the associated finds on the West Staircase of the ‘Little Palace’ indicate a somewhat later date.

^{page 84 note 5} Knossos, Report, 1900, p. 31 (B. S. A., vi)Google Scholar; P. et C, Histoire de l'Art, viii, p. 161 and fig. 87 (from my photograph)Google Scholar; Karo, op. cit., p. 253. In my original Report it was described as possibly the outlet for a fountain, but its true character has been long apparent.

^{page 85 note 1} Cf. Mot, De, Rev. Arch., 1904, p. 214Google Scholar, and Dr. Karo's remarks, op. cit., pp. 253, 254.

^{page 87 note 1} Perdrizet, , Fouilles de Delphes, v, 3, fig. 13.Google ScholarCf. Mot, De, Rev. Arch., 1904, pp. 214, 215Google Scholar; Karo, op. cit., pp. 254, 255, and p. 256, fig. 7.

^{page 88 note 1} Tombs of Knossos, p. 147 and pl. xcix, S. 5 (Archaeologia, vol. lix)Google Scholar.

^{page 88 note 2} Boyd-Hawes, Gournià, plate H.

^{page 89 note 1} Illustrated by Mot, De, Rev. Arch., 1904, p. 215Google Scholar, and p. 216, fig. 4. It is there called a ‘dogs' head’, but the pointed snout and ears are more typical of a fox. It was acquired by me in Athens, and was said to have been found at Tiryns.

^{page 89 note 2} Karo, , Minoische Rhyta, pp. 259 seqq.Google Scholar

^{page 89 note 3} Paton, , J. H. S., viii (1887), p. 449Google Scholar, pl. 83, q; Mot, De, Rev. Arch., 1904, p. 215.Google Scholar The escape-hole is here in the base.

^{page 89 note 4} Karo, op. cit., p. 252, n. 2, has summarized these finds. The examples cited are from Phaestos, Palaikastro, and Gournià.

^{page 89 note 5} Boyd-Hawes, , Gournia, p. 60Google Scholar, and pl. i. 1. It had ‘a hole of 2 cm. diam. in the top of the head and 8 mm. diam. in the muzzle’. This latter hole was in this case rather in the nozzle than the lower lip.

^{page 89 note 6} The stratum in which this fragment was found lay between the gypsum pavement and the face of a cutting into the Neolithic, and had a depth of 80 cm. The bull's eye was black with a red rim, the cheek below black with red slip and white. The deposit contained both M. M. III and M. M. II fragments, but the colours on the fragment of the rhyton recurred on one of the undoubted M. M. II sherds.

^{page 90 note 1} Seager, , Excavations in the Island of Pseira, pl. ix.Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 2} Ibid., p. 23, fig. 7.

^{page 90 note 3} Hogarth, , B. S. A., vi, p. 104Google Scholar and fig. 33.

^{page 90 note 4} By the kindness of Dr. Xanthudides I am able to reproduce these specimens. That with the two acrobats is from Kumasa, the other from Porti. The head of the first was figured by Mosso, (Escursioni nel Mediterraneo, p. 184Google Scholar, fig. 95). The other has not been hitherto reproduced. Another rhyton of the same type was found at Kumasa, and a further specimen at Mochlos in a tomb (no. xi) of the M. M. I period (Seager, , Explorations in Mochlos, 1912, p. 60Google Scholar, fig. 29). This specimen presented the peculiarity of having the eyes as well as the mouth perforated.

^{page 90 note 5} Two examples from Dali are figured by Cesnola, , Cyprus, pl. viiiGoogle Scholar.

^{page 92 note 1} A marble vase, however, of early Cycladic fabric, in the form of a sheep, with three cavities in its back, was found at Amorgos. It is now in the Ashmolean Museum.

^{page 92 note 2} Scripta Minoa, p. 206, no. 61Google Scholar.

^{page 92 note 3} Ibid., nos. 62, 63.

^{page 92 note 4} The sacrifice of a Cretan ibex or Agrimi is seen on a lentoid in the Berlin Museum (Cat., pl. i, 22Google Scholar), of which an enlarged representation is given in Scripta Minoa, i, p. 169, fig. 99Google Scholar. The sacrifice of a boar is illustrated by a gem from the lower town of Mycenae (ΕΦημ άρχ., 1888, pl. x, 36; Furtwängler, , Ant. Gemmen, pl. ii, 18: vol. I, p. 9).Google Scholar The animals are laid in the first case on an altar with bucrania: in the second case on a kind of table.

^{page 93 note 1} See Mot, De, Vases égéens en forme d'animaux, Rev. Arch., 1904, pp. 201Google Scholar seqq. The vessels in the form of animals' heads on the Rekhmarà Tomb were, however, first recognized as rhytons by Karo, , Minoische Rhyta, op. cit., p. 264Google Scholar.

^{page 93 note 2} B. M. Excavations in Cyprus, p. 33 and pl. iii (Tomb 86).

^{page 93 note 3} If the glazed ware rhyton in the shape of an equine head from Enkomi (B. M. Excavations in Cyprus, pp. 33, 34, and pl. iii) is, as it appears to me, rather that of an ass than a horse, it would fit in with the sanctity of that animal in the neighbouring Hittite regions.

^{page 93 note 4} See Hogarth, D. G. and Welch, F. B., Primitive Painted Pottery in Cretexs, J. H. S., vol. xxi (1901), p. 78Google Scholar and p. 79, fig. 1.

^{page 93 note 6} B. M. Excavations in Cyprus, p. 37, fig. 65 (1077).Google Scholar From Tomb 67, Enkomi.

^{page 93 note 7} Keftian craftsmen also worked for the Syrian princes. In Thothmes III's record of the battle of Megiddo, a chief of Tunep is seen followed by an artist (‘he who makes alive’) in Keftian garb, holding up what appears to be a gold rhyton in the form of a goat's head) Petrie, , Hist, of Egypt, XVIIth-XVIIIth dynasties, p. 109Google Scholar, fig. 52).

^{page 94 note 1} This rhyton is in the Ashmolean Museum.