¹ Niebuhr, Reinhold, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness: A Vindication of Democracy and a Critique of Its Traditional Defense, New York, Scribner, 1944.Google Scholar

² The following, under I through VII, condenses a chapter of a larger manuscript, entitled “Political Realism and Political Idealism, A Study in Theories and Realities.”

³ See Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, Riga and Leipzig, 1784, Book IX, Chapter IV.

⁴ Bernanos, Georges, Journal d'un curé de campagne, Paris, 1936, p. 300.Google Scholar

⁵ The Duties of Man, New York, Everyman's Library, Dutton, 1907 p. 52.

⁶ Ibid., p. 55.

⁷ Maistre, Joseph de, Considérations sur la France, Lyon, 1843, p. 88.Google Scholar

⁸ Sorel, Albert, L'Europe et la révòlution française, Paris, 1889, Vol. II, p. 109.Google Scholar

⁹ July 10, 1791, quoted in Laurent, F., Histoire du droit des gens, Paris, 1868, Vol. XV, p. 24.Google Scholar

¹⁰ November 11, 1792, quoted in Sorel, , op. cit., Vol. III, p. 165.Google Scholar

¹¹ March 10, 1793, ibid., p. 344.

¹² November 7, 1792, ibid., Vol. II, p. 214.

¹³ Isnard, quoted in Laurent, , op. cit., p. 82.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Quoted in Laurent, , op. cit., p. 174.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Kersaint, January 1, 1793, quoted in Sorel, , op. cit., Vol. III, p. 244.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Baraillon, January 13, 1793, quoted in Mathiez, Albert, La révolution et les étrangers, Paris, 1918, p. 88.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Quoted in Laurent, , op cit., p. 268.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Dyke, Vernou, “The Responsibility of States for International Propaganda,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. XXXIV, (Jan. 1940), p. 61.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Basdevant, Jules, La révolution française et le droit de la guerre continentale, Paris, 1901, p. 164.Google Scholar

²⁰ Sorel, , op. cit., Vol. III, p. 431.Google Scholar

²¹ Ibid., Vol. V, p. 66.

²² Laurent, , op. cit., p. 308.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., p. 467.

²⁴ Resolution adopted by the Congress of the Second International at Stuttgart, 1907; see Lorwin, Lewis L., Labor and Internationalism, New York, Macmillan, 1929, pp. 91 ff.Google Scholar

²⁵ Nowhere, perhaps, has the tragic situation confronting internationalists during those days been more poignantly portrayed than in Martin du Gard's Les Thxbaults.

²⁶ See Lenin, V. I., Selected Works, London, 1936, Vol. VI, pp. 17f.Google Scholar, 230, 288, 297.

²⁷ Resolution on “The Present Situation and the War,” adopted by the Sixth Party Congress. I owe this and the following references to Ossip K. Flechtheim, who kindly made available to me a manuscript entitled “The Struggle of Bolshevism for World Dominion.”

²⁸ Cf. resolution of the Central Committee of the Party of October 23. 1917.

²⁹ Quoted in Flechtheim MS cited above.

³⁰ Ibid.

³¹ Text in International Conciliation, No. 371, June 1941, pp. 585 ff.

³² Niebuhr, Reinhold, “The Myth of World Government,” Nation, March 16, 1946.Google Scholar

³³ Niemeyer, Gerhard, Law Without Force, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1941.Google Scholar

³⁴ Salutati, quoted by Gilbert, Felix in his chapter “Machiavelli,” in Makers of Modem Strategy, ed. by Earle, Edward M., Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1943, p. 21.Google Scholar

³⁵ From Joel Barlow's “Columbiad,” as quoted in Kohn, Hans, The Idea of Nationalism, New York, Macmillan, 1944, p. 299.Google Scholar

³⁶ From addresses in 1842 and 1846, quoted in Lorwin, , op. cit., pp. 21 f.Google Scholar

³⁷ Graham, Frank D., “Economics and Peace,” in The Second Chance: America and the Peace, ed. by Whitton, John B., Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1944, p. 126.Google Scholar

³⁸ While liberal economic theory has tended to play down the economic factor, Marxist criticism of “finance capitalism” and imperialism has tended to overlook the power factor. Both are realistic in their critique but reveal the harmonistic tendencies of their general doctrines by their respective de-emphasis. Cf., e.g., the writings of Staley, Eugene, notably his War and the Private Investor, New York, Doubleday, 1935Google Scholar, and Hallgarten's, Wolfgang book Forkriegsimperialismus, Paris, 1935.Google Scholar

³⁹ Hayek, Friedrich A., The Road to Serfdom, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1944, p. 221.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Mises, Ludwig von, Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1944, p. 5.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Laski, Harold J., Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time, New York, Viking, 1943, p. 245.Google Scholar

⁴² Thus Moshe Piyade, of the Yugoslav Politbureau, complains: “They have betrayed socialism … They accuse us of meddling in their internal affairs, but they have brought back their diplomacy … to the line that existed in Russia before the October Revolution … We have learned that even the great principles of Socialism and international Socialist solidarity can become business phrases in the mouths of Socialist statesmen. We have learned that behind the phrases of Socialist internationalism there can be hidden the most selfish interests of the great powers toward the small.” (From a speech made July 7, 1949, as reported in New York Times, July 9, 1949.)

⁴³ Aristotle, Politics, Book II, Chapter 7, with regard to the theories of Phaleas the Chalcedonian.

⁴⁴ Gasset, Jose Ortega y, The Revolt of the Masses, London, 1932, p. 83.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Huxley, Thomas H., Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays, New York, Appleton, 1896, pp. 81 ff.Google Scholar