Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-995ml Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T00:03:57.250Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Alcohol use among older adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2010

Philip D St John*
Affiliation:
Section of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Canada
Wanda M Snow
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Canada
Suzanne L Tyas
Affiliation:
Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, and Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
*
Address for correspondence: Philip St John, GG 441 Health Sciences Centre, 820 Sherbrook Street, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3A 1R9. Email: pstjohn@hsc.mb.ca

Summary

Alcohol use is common in older adults and is associated with numerous health and social problems. Recent evidence suggests that in addition to level of alcohol consumption, drinking pattern may also be important. Moderate alcohol intake may confer some cardiac benefits, while heavy episodic drinking seems particularly problematic. Detecting alcohol misuse in older adults is difficult since clinical acumen is often poor, screening questionnaires have serious limitations and laboratory tests are not diagnostic. Brief alcohol interventions to reduce alcohol consumption appear useful in younger populations, but are less studied in older adults. While there is increasing research into the issue of alcohol use among older adults, clinicians and policy-makers must rely on limited evidence when making clinical decisions.

Type
Clinical geriatrics
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Vallee, BL. Alcohol in human history. EXS 1994; 71: 18.Google ScholarPubMed
2Kerr, WC, Greenfield, TK, Bond, J, Ye, Y, Rehm, J. Age-period-cohort modelling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the US National Alcohol Surveys: divergence in younger and older adult trends. Addiction 2009; 104: 2737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Schuckit, MA. Alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 2009; 373: 492501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Adams, WL, Cox, NS. Epidemiology of problem drinking among elderly people. Int J Addict 1995; 30: 1693–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Atkinson, R. Depression, alcoholism and ageing: a brief review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 14: 905–10.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Galea, S, Nandi, A, Vlahov, D. The social epidemiology of substance use. Epidemiol Rev 2004; 26: 3652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7O'Connell, H, Chin, AV, Cunningham, C, Lawlor, B. Alcohol use disorders in elderly people – redefining an age old problem in old age. BMJ 2003; 327: 664–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Oslin, DW. Late-life alcoholism: issues relevant to the geriatric psychiatrist. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12: 571–83.Google Scholar
9Alcoholism in the elderly. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA 1996; 275: 797801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Fink, A, Hays, RD, Moore, AA, Beck, JC. Alcohol-related problems in older persons. Determinants, consequences, and screening. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1150–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Johnson, I. Alcohol problems in old age: a review of recent epidemiological research. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 575–81.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Wetterling, T, Veltrup, C, John, U, Driessen, M. Late onset alcoholism. Eur Psychiatry 2003; 18: 112–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Liberto, JG, Oslin, DW. Early versus late onset of alcoholism in the elderly. Int J Addict 1995; 30: 1799–818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Moos, RH, Schutte, KK, Brennan, PL, Moos, BS. Late-life and life history predictors of older adults’ high-risk alcohol consumption and drinking problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009 (Epub, 5 Dec).Google Scholar
15Adams, WL. Potential for adverse drug–alcohol interactions among retirement community residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 1021–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Adams, WL. Alcohol use in retirement communities. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44: 1082–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Adams, WL, Magruder-Habib, K, Trued, S, Broome, HL. Alcohol abuse in elderly emergency department patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 1236–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Ganry, O, Joly, JP, Stan-Quintin, I, Queval, M, Beaudot, JM, Dubreuil, A. Alcohol use disorders in French university hospital patients. Eur Addict Res 2000; 6: 9196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Moore, AA, Hays, RD, Greendale, GA, Damesyn, M, Reuben, DB. Drinking habits among older persons: findings from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1982–84). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 412–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Rehm, J, Rehn, N, Room, R, Monteiro, M, Gmel, G, Jernigan, D et al. The global distribution of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking. Eur Addict Res 2003; 9: 147–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Zhang, Y, Guo, X, Saitz, R, Levy, D, Sartini, E, Niu, J et al. Secular trends in alcohol consumption over 50 years: the Framingham Study. Am J Med 2008; 121: 695701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Kerr, WC, Greenfield, TK, Bond, J, Ye, Y, Rehm, J. Age, period and cohort influences on beer, wine and spirits consumption trends in the US National Alcohol Surveys. Addiction 2004; 99: 1111–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Sieri, S, Agudo, A, Kesse, E, Klipstein-Grobusch, K, San-Jose, B, Welch, AA et al. Patterns of alcohol consumption in 10 European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 1287–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Klipstein-Grobusch, K, Slimani, N, Krogh, V, Keil, U, Boeing, H, Overvad, K et al. Trends in self-reported past alcoholic beverage consumption and ethanol intake from 1950 to 1995 observed in eight European countries participating in the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 1297–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Murray, RP, Tyas, SL, Snow, W, Ekuma, O, Bond, R, Barnes, GE. Exploring the boundary between health protective and hazardous drinking in a community cohort. Addict Behav 2010; 35: 278–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Rehm, J, Greenfield, TK, Rogers, JD. Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, and all-cause mortality: results from the US National Alcohol Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 6471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Blazer, DG, Wu, LT. The epidemiology of at-risk and binge drinking among middle-aged and elderly community adults: National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 1162–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Adams, WL, Garry, PJ, Rhyne, R, Hunt, WC, Goodwin, JS. Alcohol intake in the healthy elderly. Changes with age in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 211–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Moore, AA, Gould, R, Reuben, DB, Greendale, GA, Carter, MK, Zhou, K et al. Longitudinal patterns and predictors of alcohol consumption in the United States. Am J Public Health 2005; 95: 458–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Blay, SL, Fillenbaum, GG, Andreoli, SB, Gastal, FL. Correlates of lifetime alcohol misuse among older community residents in Brazil. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 384–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Castro-Costa, E, Ferri, CP, Lima-Costa, MF, Zaleski, M, Pinsky, I, Caetano, R et al. Alcohol consumption in late-life – the first Brazilian National Alcohol Survey (BNAS). Addict Behav 2008; 33: 1598–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Moore, AA, Karno, MP, Grella, CE, Lin, JC, Warda, U, Liao, DH et al. Alcohol, tobacco, and non-medical drug use in older US adults: data from the 2001/02 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 2275–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33St John, PD, Montgomery, PR, Tyas, SL. Alcohol misuse, gender and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling seniors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 369–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Grucza, RA, Bucholz, KK, Rice, JP, Bierut, LJ. Secular trends in the lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence in the United States: a re-evaluation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 763–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Conner, KR, Pinquart, M, Gamble, SA. Meta-analysis of depression and substance use among individuals with alcohol use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 37: 127–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Blow, FC, Serras, AM, Barry, KL. Late-life depression and alcoholism. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 1419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Gilman, SE, Abraham, HD. A longitudinal study of the order of onset of alcohol dependence and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 63: 277–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Grant, BF, Harford, TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995; 39: 197206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Hasin, DS, Stinson, FS, Ogburn, E, Grant, BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 830–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Saunders, PA, Copeland, JR, Dewey, ME, Davidson, IA, McWilliam, C, Sharma, V et al. Heavy drinking as a risk factor for depression and dementia in elderly men. Findings from the Liverpool longitudinal community study. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 213–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Swendsen, JD, Merikangas, KR, Canino, GJ, Kessler, RC, Rubio-Stipec, M, Angst, J. The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. Compr Psychiatry 1998; 39: 176–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Nunes, EV, Levin, FR. Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 291: 1887–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Oslin, DW, Katz, IR, Edell, WS, Ten Have, TR. Effects of alcohol consumption on the treatment of depression among elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 8: 215–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Karlamangla, A, Zhou, K, Reuben, D, Greendale, G, Moore, A. Longitudinal trajectories of heavy drinking in adults in the United States of America. Addiction 2006; 101: 9199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Bristow, MF, Clare, AW. Prevalence and characteristics of at-risk drinkers among elderly acute medical in-patients. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 291–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Perreira, KM, Sloan, FA. Life events and alcohol consumption among mature adults: a longitudinal analysis. J Stud Alcohol 2001; 62: 501–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Henkens, K, van, Solinge H, Gallo, WT. Effects of retirement voluntariness on changes in smoking, drinking and physical activity among Dutch older workers. Eur J Public Health 2008; 18: 644–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Grimby, A, Johansson, AK. Factors related to alcohol and drug consumption in Swedish widows. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2009; 26: 812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Grant, BF. The impact of a family history of alcoholism on the relationship between age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Alcohol Health Res World 1998; 22: 144–47.Google ScholarPubMed
50Kerr, WC, Greenfield, TK, Tujague, J. Estimates of the mean alcohol concentration of the spirits, wine, and beer sold in the United States and per capita consumption: 1950 to 2002. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30: 1583–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Blocker, JS Jr. Did prohibition really work? Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 233–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Rimm, EB, Williams, P, Fosher, K, Criqui, M, Stampfer, MJ. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ 1999; 319: 1523–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Room, R, Babor, T, Rehm, J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet 2005; 365: 519–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Suh, I, Shaten, BJ, Cutler, JA, Kuller, LH. Alcohol use and mortality from coronary heart disease: the role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 881–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Rimm, EB, Giovannucci, EL, Willett, WC, Colditz, GA, Ascherio, A, Rosner, B et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. Lancet 1991; 338: 464–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Imhof, A, Froehlich, M, Brenner, H, Boeing, H, Pepys, MB, Koenig, W. Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation. Lancet 2001; 357: 763–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Imhof, A, Koenig, W. Alcohol inflammation and coronary heart disease. Addict Biol 2003; 8: 271–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Imhof, A, Woodward, M, Doering, A, Helbecque, N, Loewel, H, Amouyel, P et al. Overall alcohol intake, beer, wine, and systemic markers of inflammation in western Europe: results from three MONICA samples (Augsburg, Glasgow, Lille). Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 2092–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59Mattace-Raso, FU, Van Der Cammen, TJ, Van Den Elzen, AP, Schalekamp, MA, Asmar, R, Reneman, RS et al. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced arterial stiffness in older adults: the Rotterdam study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60: 1479–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Snow, WM, Murray, R, Ekuma, O, Tyas, SL, Barnes, GE. Alcohol use and cardiovascular health outcomes: a comparison across age and gender in the Winnipeg Health and Drinking Survey Cohort. Age Ageing 2009; 38: 206–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Bryson, CL, Au, DH, Sun, H, Williams, EC, Kivlahan, DR, Bradley, KA. Alcohol screening scores and medication non-adherence. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 795804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Merrick, EL, Hodgkin, D, Garnick, DW, Horgan, CM, Panas, L, Ryan, M et al. Unhealthy drinking patterns and receipt of preventive medical services by older adults. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 1741–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Moreno, A, Pares, A, Ortiz, J, Enriquez, J, Pares, X. Alcohol dehydrogenase from human stomach: variability in normal mucosa and effect of age, gender, ADH3 phenotype and gastric region. Alcohol Alcohol 1994; 29: 663–71.Google ScholarPubMed
64Klatsky, AL. Alcohol and cardiovascular disease – more than one paradox to consider. Alcohol and hypertension: does it matter? Yes. J Cardiovasc Risk 2003; 10: 2124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Murray, RP, Connett, JE, Tyas, SL, Bond, R, Ekuma, O, Silversides, CK et al. Alcohol volume, drinking pattern, and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: is there a U-shaped function? Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 242–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Zaridze, D, Brennan, P, Boreham, J, Boroda, A, Karpov, R, Lazarev, A et al. Alcohol and cause-specific mortality in Russia: a retrospective case-control study of 48,557 adult deaths. Lancet 2009; 373: 2201–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Zaridze, D, Maximovitch, D, Lazarev, A, Igitov, V, Boroda, A, Boreham, J et al. Alcohol poisoning is a main determinant of recent mortality trends in Russia: evidence from a detailed analysis of mortality statistics and autopsies. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38: 143–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Callahan, CM, Tierney, WM. Health services use and mortality among older primary care patients with alcoholism. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 1378–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Moore, AA, Giuli, L, Gould, R, Hu, P, Zhou, K, Reuben, D et al. Alcohol use, comorbidity, and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 757–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Thun, MJ, Peto, R, Lopez, AD, Monaco, JH, Henley, SJ, Heath, CW Jr et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly US adults. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1705–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71Thomas, VS, Rockwood, KJ. Alcohol abuse, cognitive impairment, and mortality among older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 415–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Bradley, KA, Maynard, C, Kivlahan, DR, McDonell, MB, Fihn, SD. The relationship between alcohol screening questionnaires and mortality among male veteran outpatients. J Stud Alcohol 2001; 62: 826–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Batty, GD, Hunt, K, Emslie, C, Lewars, H, Gale, CR. Alcohol problems and all-cause mortality in men and women: predictive capacity of a clinical screening tool in a 21-year follow-up of a large, UK-wide, general population-based survey. J Psychosom Res 2009; 66: 317–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74Lang, I, Guralnik, J, Wallace, RB, Melzer, D. What level of alcohol consumption is hazardous for older people? Functioning and mortality in US and English national cohorts. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 4957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Lee, SJ, Sudore, RL, Williams, BA, Lindquist, K, Chen, HL, Covinsky, KE. Functional limitations, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in moderate alcohol drinkers. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 955–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Grant, BF, Dufour, MC, Harford, TC. Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1988; 8: 1225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Seitz, HK, Stickel, F. Alcoholic liver disease in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2007; 23: 905–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Irving, HM, Samokhvalov, AV, Rehm, J. Alcohol as a risk factor for pancreatitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pancreas 2009; 10: 387–92.Google ScholarPubMed
79Franke, A, Teyssen, S, Singer, MV. Alcohol-related diseases of the esophagus and stomach. Dig Dis 2005; 23: 204–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Rehm, J, Samokhvalov, AV, Neuman, MG, Room, R, Parry, C, Lonnroth, K et al. The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Bryson, CL, Au, DH, Sun, H, Williams, EC, Kivlahan, DR, Bradley, KA. Alcohol screening scores and medication non-adherence. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 795804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82Moore, AA, Whiteman, EJ, Ward, KT. Risks of combined alcohol/medication use in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007; 5: 6474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Sorock, GS, Chen, LH, Gonzalgo, SR, Baker, SP. Alcohol-drinking history and fatal injury in older adults. Alcohol 2006; 40: 193–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Vingilis, E, Wilk, P. Predictors of motor vehicle collision injuries among a nationally representative sample of Canadians. Traffic Inj Prev 2007; 8: 411–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Ryg, J, Rejnmark, L, Overgaard, S, Brixen, K, Vestergaard, P. Hip fracture patients at risk of second hip fracture: a nationwide population-based cohort study of 169,145 cases during 1977–2001. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24: 1299–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Harris, AH, Bryson, CL, Sun, H, Blough, D, Bradley, KA. Alcohol screening scores predict risk of subsequent fractures. Subst Use Misuse 2009; 44: 1055–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Kincade, JE, Dougherty, MC, Carlson, JR, Wells, EC, Hunter, GS, Busby-Whitehead, J. Factors related to urinary incontinence in community-dwelling women. Urol Nurs 2007; 27: 307–17.Google ScholarPubMed
88Chueh, KH, Yang, MS, Chen, CS, Chiou, SM. Poor sleep quality and alcohol use problems among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 593–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Flensborg-Madsen, T, Knop, J, Mortensen, EL, Becker, U, Sher, L, Gronbaek, M. Alcohol use disorders increase the risk of completed suicide – irrespective of other psychiatric disorders. A longitudinal cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2009; 167: 123–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Pearce, JM. Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy. Eur Neurol 2008; 59: 101–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Sechi, G, Serra, A. Wernicke's encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 442–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Anstey, KJ, Mack, HA, Cherbuin, N. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 17: 542–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Peters, R, Peters, J, Warner, J, Beckett, N, Bulpitt, C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing 2008; 37: 505–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Tyas, SL. Alcohol use and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Alcohol Res Health 2001; 25: 299306.Google ScholarPubMed
95Lindeman, RD, Wayne, SJ, Baumgartner, RN, Garry, PJ. Cognitive function in drinkers compared to abstainers in the New Mexico elder health survey. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60: 1065–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Bond, GE, Burr, R, McCurry, SM, Graves, AB, Larson, EB. Alcohol, aging, and cognitive performance in a cohort of Japanese Americans aged 65 and older: the Kame project. Int Psychogeriatr 2001; 13: 207–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97Ganguli, M, Vander, BJ, Saxton, JA, Shen, C, Dodge, HH. Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in late life: a longitudinal community study. Neurology 2005; 65: 1210–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Solfrizzi, V, D'Introno, A, Colacicco, AM, Capurso, C, Del, PA, Baldassarre, G et al. Alcohol consumption, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. Neurology 2007; 68: 1790–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Sattar, SP, Padala, PR, Arthur-Miller, D, Roccaforte, WH, Wengel, SP, Burke, WJ. Impact of problem alcohol use on patient behavior and caregiver burden in a geriatric assessment clinic. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007; 20: 120–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100Perreira, KM, Sloan, FA. Excess alcohol consumption and health outcomes: a 6-year follow-up of men over age 50 from the health and retirement study. Addiction 2002; 97: 301–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Cawthon, PM, Fink, HA, Barrett-Connor, E, Cauley, JA, Dam, TT, Lewis, CE et al. Alcohol use, physical performance, and functional limitations in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 212–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Curtis, JR, Geller, G, Stokes, EJ, Levine, DM, Moore, RD. Characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholism in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 310–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Hasin, D. Classification of alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Res Health 2003; 27: 517.Google ScholarPubMed
104American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – text revision (DSM-IV), 4th edn. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.Google Scholar
105WHO. ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992.Google Scholar
106Aertgeerts, B, Buntinx, F, Ansoms, S, Fevery, J. Screening properties of questionnaires and laboratory tests for the detection of alcohol abuse or dependence in a general practice population. Br J Gen Pract 2001; 51: 206–17.Google ScholarPubMed
107Conigrave, KM, Davies, P, Haber, P, Whitfield, JB. Traditional markers of excessive alcohol use. Addiction 2003; 98: 3143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Adams, WL, Barry, KL, Fleming, MF. Screening for problem drinking in older primary care patients. JAMA 1996; 276: 1964–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Aertgeerts, B, Buntinx, F, Kester, A. The value of the CAGE in screening for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in general clinical populations: a diagnostic meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57: 3039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Berks, J, McCormick, R. Screening for alcohol misuse in elderly primary care patients: a systematic literature review. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 20: 1090–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Bradley, KA, Boyd-Wickizer, J, Powell, SH, Burman, ML. Alcohol screening questionnaires in women: a critical review. JAMA 1998; 280: 166–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Bradley, KA, Bush, KR, McDonell, MB, Malone, T, Fihn, SD. Screening for problem drinking: comparison of CAGE and AUDIT. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. J Gen Intern Med 1998; 13: 379–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Buchsbaum, DG, Buchanan, RG, Centor, RM, Schnoll, SH, Lawton, MJ. Screening for alcohol abuse using CAGE scores and likelihood ratios. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 774–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Buchsbaum, DG, Buchanan, RG, Welsh, J, Centor, RM, Schnoll, SH. Screening for drinking disorders in the elderly using the CAGE questionnaire. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 662–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Fiellin, DA, Reid, MC, O'Connor, PG. Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1977–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Malet, L, Schwan, R, Boussiron, D, Aublet-Cuvelier, B, Llorca, PM. Validity of the CAGE questionnaire in hospital. Eur Psychiatry 2005; 20: 484–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117Moore, AA, Seeman, T, Morgenstern, H, Beck, JC, Reuben, DB. Are there differences between older persons who screen positive on the CAGE questionnaire and the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric Version? J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 858–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118O'Connell, H, Chin, AV, Hamilton, F, Cunningham, C, Walsh, JB, Coakley, D et al. A systematic review of the utility of self-report alcohol screening instruments in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19: 1074–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119Conigliaro, J, Kraemer, K, McNeil, M. Screening and identification of older adults with alcohol problems in primary care. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13: 106–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Ewing, JA. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA 1984; 252: 1905–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Ewing, JA. Screening for alcoholism using CAGE. Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye opener. JAMA 1998; 280: 1904–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
122Malet, L, Llorca, PM, Reynaud, M. Systematic use in hospitals of a alcohol problems detecting questionnaire. The CAGE (cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye opener) questionnaire. Presse Med 2005; 34: 502–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123Malet, L, Brousse, G, Llorca, PM. CAGE unsound for alcohol misuse in seniors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24: 434–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Whitford, JL, Widner, SC, Mellick, D, Elkins, RL. Self-report of drinking compared to objective markers of alcohol consumption. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2009; 35: 55–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Bertholet, N, Daeppen, JB, Wietlisbach, V, Fleming, M, Burnand, B. Reduction of alcohol consumption by brief alcohol intervention in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 986–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Kaner, EF, Beyer, F, Dickinson, HO, Pienaar, E, Campbell, F, Schlesinger, C et al. Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (2): CD004148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127Wilk, AI, Jensen, NM, Havighurst, TC. Meta-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief interventions in heavy alcohol drinkers. J Gen Intern Med 1997; 12: 274–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Oslin, DW, Pettinati, H, Volpicelli, JR. Alcoholism treatment adherence: older age predicts better adherence and drinking outcomes. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 740–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129McQueen, J, Howe, TE, Allan, L, Mains, D. Brief interventions for heavy alcohol users admitted to general hospital wards. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (3): CD005191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
130Vasilaki, EI, Hosier, SG, Cox, WM. The efficacy of motivational interviewing as a brief intervention for excessive drinking: a meta-analytic review. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41: 328–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131Anton, RF, O'Malley, SS, Ciraulo, DA, Cisler, RA, Couper, D, Donovan, DM et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 2003–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed