Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T08:35:10.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Endo-β-mannanase activity is associated with the completion of embryogenesis in imbibed carrot (Daucus carota L.) seeds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2007

Tanja M. Homrichhausen ,
Jessica R. Hewitt  and
Hiroyuki Nonogaki
Tanja M. Homrichhausen
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Jessica R. Hewitt
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Hiroyuki Nonogaki*
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
*
*Correspondence Fax: +1 541737 3479, Email: hiro.nonogaki@oregonstate.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Development of the rudimentary embryo in mature carrot (Daucus carota) seed during imbibition was characterized. The small embryo in the carrot seed, located in the micropylar region, elongated into the lateral part during imbibition and attained about two-thirds the length of the seed before radicle protrusion. Developing embryos excised from imbibed seeds were only capable of germinating in both water and Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium when they reached maximum size. The corrosion cavity into which the embryo grew enlarged concomitantly with endosperm degradation. The expression of endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78), which is assumed to be involved in endosperm degradation, was characterized. A cDNA encoding an endo-β-mannanase was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNA extracted from 24-h-imbibed carrot seeds. The full-length cDNA (DcMAN1) exhibited 64% deduced amino acid sequence identity with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seed germination-associated mannanase (LeMAN2). DcMAN1 mRNA and endo-β-mannanase activity were first detected in the micropylar-half seed and then in the lateral-half seed. The timing of the appearance of DcMAN1 mRNA and endo-β-mannanase activity in the lateral-half seed corresponded with that of embryo development into this region. These results suggest that the expression of DcMAN1 and endo-β-mannanase activity in imbibed carrot seeds is associated with the enlargement of the corrosion cavity, which accompanies embryogenesis.

Keywords

abscisic acidcarrot (Daucus carota L.)developmentembryoendo-β-mannanaseendosperm
Type
Research Article
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 13 , Issue 3 , September 2003 , pp. 219 - 227
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bewley, J.D. (1997) Breaking down the walls – a role for endo-β-mannanase in release from seed dormancy? Trends in Plant Science 2, 464–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. (1994) Seeds: Physiology of development and germination (2nd edition). New York, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawidowicz-Grzegorzewska, A. (1997) Ultrastructure of carrot seeds during matriconditioning with Micro-Cel E. Annals of Botany 79, 535–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downie, B., Hilhorst, H.W.M. and Bewley, J.D. (1994) A new assay for quantifying endo-β-mannanase activity using Congo Red dye. Phytochemistry 36, 829–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groot, S.P.C. and Karssen, C.M. (1987) Gibberellins regulate seed germination in tomato by endosperm weakening: a study with gibberellin-deficient mutants. Planta 171, 525–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossniklaus, U., Vielle-Calzada, J-P., Hoeppner, M.A. and Gagliano, W.B. (1998) Maternal control of embryogenesis by MEDEA, a polycomb group gene in Arabidopsis. Science 280, 446–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halmer, P., Bewley, J.D. and Thorpe, T.A. (1976) An enzyme to degrade lettuce endosperm cell walls. Appearance of a mannanase following phytochrome- and gibberellin-induced germination. Planta 130, 189–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kermode, A.R. and Bewley, J.D. (1986) The role of maturation drying in the transition from seed development to germination. IV. Protein synthesis and enzyme activity changes within the cotyledons of Ricinus communis L. seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany 37, 1887–1898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marraccini, P., Rogers, W.J., Allard, C., André, M.-L., Caillet, V., Lacoste, N., Lausanne, F. and Michaux, S. (2001) Molecular and biochemical characterization of endo-β-mannanases from germinating coffee (Coffea arabica) grains. Planta 213, 296–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum 15, 473–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, H., Engelbrecht, J., Brunak, S. and von Heijne, G. (1997) Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites. Protein Engineering 10, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nikolaeva, M.G. (1969) Physiology of deep dormancy in seeds. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translation Press.Google Scholar
Nonogaki, H. and Morohashi, Y. (1996) An endo-β-mannanase develops exclusively in the micropylar endosperm of tomato seeds prior to radicle emergence. Plant Physiology 110, 555–559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nonogaki, H., Matsushima, H. and Morohashi, Y. (1992) Galactomannan hydrolyzing activity develops during priming in the micropylar endosperm tip of tomato seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 85, 167–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nonogaki, H., Nomaguchi, M. and Morohashi, Y. (1995) Endo-β-mannanases in the endosperm of germinated tomato seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 94, 328–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nonogaki, H., Gee, O.H. and Bradford, K.J. (2000) A germination-specific endo-β-mannanase gene is expressed in the micropylar endosperm cap of tomato seeds. Plant Physiology 123, 1235–1245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohad, N., Margossian, L., Hsu, Y.-C., Williams, C., Repetti, P. and Fischer, R.L. (1996) A mutation that allows endosperm development without fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93, 5319–5324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, J.S.G. and Bewley, J.D. (1979) A dual role for the endosperm and its galactomannan reserves in the germinative physiology of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), an endospermic leguminous seed. Planta 147, 145–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. (2nd edition). Cold Spring Harbor, NY, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Google Scholar
Sánchez, R.A. and de Miguel, L. (1997) Phytochrome promotion of mannan-degrading enzyme activities in the micropylar endosperm of Datura ferox seeds requires the presence of embryo and gibberellin synthesis. Seed Science Research 7, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toorop, P.E., Bewley, J.D. and Hilhorst, H.W.M. (1996) Endo-β-mannanase isoforms are present in the endosperm and embryo of tomato seeds, but are not essentially linked to the completion of germination. Planta 200, 153–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Toorn, P. (1989) Embryo growth in mature celery seeds. PhD thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Williams, H.A., Bewley, J.D., Greenwood, J.S., Bourgault, R. and Mo, B. (2001) The storage cell walls in the endosperm of Asparagus officinalis L. seeds during development and following germination. Seed Science Research 11, 305–315.Google Scholar
Yadegari, R., Kinoshita, T., Lotan, O., Cohen, G., Katz, A., Choi, Y., Katz, A., Nakashima, K., Harada, J.J., Goldberg, R.B., Fischer, R.L. and Ohad, N. (2000) Mutations in the FIE and MEA genes that encode interacting polycomb proteins cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms. Plant Cell 12, 2367–2381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed