Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T21:30:23.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets: implications and strategies to minimise subsequent problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

Michael Bedford
Michael Bedford
Affiliation:
Finnfeeds, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 lXN, UK
Get access

Abstract

Studies with germ-free chicks and antimicrobial compounds have indicated the significance of the interaction between host nutrition and the intestinal microflora. This interaction has suddenly leapt to prominence as a result of the decision of the European Union to remove several antibacterial agents from use in animal feed. A consequence of this decision has been a loosening of some of the constraints on intestinal bacterial growth rates which will benefit from the use of slowly digested ingredients, because undigested feed is a potential substrate for bacterial fermentation. The use of poorly digestible ingredients runs the risk not only of poor performance, which has always been the case, but now there is an additional danger from bacterial overgrowth and subsequent disease/intestinal disorders. Variations in the nutritional quality of the ingredients are therefore of increased relevance, and any measures that reduce such variations are likely to be of benefit. As a result, the use of enzymes, which are known to reduce variations in the performance of birds fed on barley-, wheat- and maize-based diets, will need to be revisited, particularly with reference to correct dosage. In the past the use of antibiotics effectively reduced the need to consider enzyme use and dose. Coccidiosis control is also of great interest because of its association with necrotic enteritis. Prevention of coccidiosis and limitation of the damage to the intestines associated with this disease is of paramount importance if necrotic enteritis is subsequently to be avoided. As a result, the use of coccidiostats for direct control and betaine and other pronutrients for amelioration of the symptoms is receiving greater attention. Ultimately it is hoped that nutritional control will lead to microbiological control, allowing for more consistent production responses in the absence of antibiotics.

Keywords

Antibioticsbetainecoccidiosisenzymesnecrotic enteritisnutrient digestibility
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , December 2000 , pp. 347 - 365
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, P.C., Danforth, H.D. and Augustine, P.C. (1998) Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis. lnternational Journal of Parasitology 28: 1131–1140Google ScholarPubMed
Al Sheikhly, F. and Al Saieg, A. (1980) Role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. Avian Diseases 24: 324–333CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anadon, A. (1998) Current situation and future perspectives of the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. IFIF II Conference of Mixed-Feed Manufacturers in the MediterraneanGoogle Scholar
Angkanaporn, K., Choct, M., Bryden, W.L., Annison, E.F. and Annison, G. (1994) Effects of wheat pentosans on endogenous amino acid losses in chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 66: 399–404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apajalahti, J. and Bedford, M.R. (1999) Improve bird performance by feeding its microflora. World Podtry 15: 20–23Google Scholar
Augustine, P.C., McNaughton, J.L., Virtanen, E. and Rosi, I. (1997) Effect of betaine on the growth performance of chicks inoculated with mixed cultures of avian eimeria species and on invasion and development of Eimeria tenella and Eimeria acervulina in vitro and in vivo. Poultry Science 76: 802–809CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balauca, N. (1976) Experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in the chicken. 1. Archiu für Experimentelle Veterinürmedizin 30: 903–912Google ScholarPubMed
Barrier-Guillot, B., Bedford, M.R., Metayer, J.P. and Gatel, F. (1997) Valeur alimentaire du blez chez le poulet de chair: effets de la variete, du lieu de culture et de l'addition d'enzymes. Deuxiemes Journees de la Recherche Auicole, 8–10 AprilGoogle Scholar
Barton, M.D. (1998) Does the use of antibiotics in animals affect human health? Australian Veterinary Journal 76: 177–180CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bezoen, A., Van Haren, W. and Hanekamp, J.C. (1999) Emergence ofa Debate: AGPs and Public Health. Heidelberg Appeal Nederland FoundationGoogle Scholar
Brenes, A., Smith, M., Guenter, W. and Marquardt, R.R. (1993) Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat and barley based diets. Poultry Science 72: 1731–1739CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broussard, C.T., Hofacre, C.L., Page, R.K. and Fletcher, O.J. (1986) Necrotic enteritis in cage-reared commercial layer pullets. Avian Diseases 30: 617–619CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bywater, R.J. (1998) Benefits and microbial risks of feeding additive antibiotics. IFIF II Conference of Mixed-Feed Manufacturers in the Mediterranean 1–5Google Scholar
Choct, M., Hughes, R.J., Wang, J., Bedford, M.R., Morgan, A.J. and Annison, G. (1996) Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of nonstarch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science 37: 609–621CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Classen, H.L., Scott, T.A., Irish, G.G., Huck, P., Swift, M. and Bedford, M.R. (1995) The relationship of chemical and physical measurements to the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of wheat when fed to broiler chickens with and without a wheat enzyme source. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Feed Enzymes, pp. 65–69Google Scholar
Cook, M.E. (1998) Suppressing the anorexia trigger. Feed Mix 6: 17–19Google Scholar
Deloyer, P., Dandrifosse, G., Bartholomeus, C., Romain, N., Klimek, M., Salmon, J., Gerard, P. and Goessens, G. (1996) Polyamine and intestinal properties in adult rats. British Journal of Nutrition 76: 627–637CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elwinger, K. and Teglof, B. (1991) Performance of broiler chickens as influenced by a dietary enzyme complex and without antibiotic supplementation. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 55: 69–73Google Scholar
Elwinger, K., Berndtson, E., Engstrom, B., Fossum, O. and Waldenstedt, L. (1998) Effect of antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidials on growth of Clostridium perfringens in the caeca and on performance of broiler chickens. Acta Veterinaria 39: 433–441Google ScholarPubMed
Goransson, L., Martinsson, K., Lange, S. and Lonnroth, I. (1993) Feed-induced lectins in piglets. (Feed induced lectins and their effect on post-weaning diarrhoea, daily weight gain and mortality). Journal of Veterinary Medicine B40: 478–484CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartemink, R., Van Laere, K.M.J., Mertens, A.K.C. and Rombouts, F.M. (1996) Fermentation of xyloglucan by intestinal bacteria. Anaerobe 2: 223–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, K. (1999) Manipulation of the intestinal microflora for improved health and growth in pigs. Proceedings of the WPSA Spring Meeting, Searborough,22–24 March, pp. 59–61Google Scholar
Hock, E., Halle, I., Matthes, S. and Jeroch, H. (1997a) Investigations on the composition of the ileal and caecal microflora of broiler chicks in consideration to dietary enzyme preparation and zinc bacitracin in wheat-based diets. Zeitschrift für Agrarbiologie Agrikulturchemie Okologie 50: 85–95Google Scholar
Hock, E., Halle, I., Matthes, S. and Jeroch, H. (1997b) Investigations on the composition of the ileal and caecal microflora of broiler chicks in consideration to dietary enzyme preparation and zinc bacitracin in wheat-based diets. Zeitschrift für Agrarbiologie Agrikulturchemie OkoIogie 50: 85–95Google Scholar
Hofshagen, M. and Kaldhusdal, M. (1992) Barley inclusion and avoparcin supplementation in broiler diets. 1. Effect on small intestinal bacterial flora and performance. Poultry Science 71: 959–969CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hume, M.E., Corrier, D.E., Nisbet, D.J. and Deloach, J.R. (1996) Reduction of Salmonella crop and cecal colonisation by a characterised competitive exclusion culture in broilers during grow-out. journal of Food Protection 59: 688–693CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imaizumi, K., Nakatsu, Y., Sato, M., Sedarnawati, Y. and Sugano, M. (1991) Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides on blood glucose, serum and liver lipids and cecum short-chain fatty acids in diabetic rats. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55: 199–205Google Scholar
Jaskari, J., Kontula, P., Siitonen, A., Jousimies-Somer, H., Mattila-Sandholm, T. and Poutanen, K. (1998) Oat beta-glucan and xylan hydrolysates as selective substrates for Bifidobacteriirni and Lactobacillus strains. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 49: 175–181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaldhusdal, M. and Skjerve, E. (1996) Association between cereal contents in the diet and incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens in Norway. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 28: 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klasing, K.C. (1998) Nutritional modulation of resistance to infectious diseases. Poultry Science 77: 1119–1125CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korver, D.R. and Klasing, K.C. (1997) Dietary fish oil alters specific and inflammatory immune responses in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 127: 2039–2046CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, Y.H., Ha, S.D. and Ricke, S.C. (1998) Growth response of a Salmonella typhimurium poultry isolate to propionic acid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Journal of Food Safety 18: 139–149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, S.A. (1997) Necrotic enteritis. Poultry International July: 42–44Google Scholar
Morita, T., Kasaoka, S., Oh-Hashi, A., Ikai, M., Numasaki, Y. and Kiriyama, S. (1998) Resistant proteins alter cecal short-chain fatty acid profiles in rats fed high amylose cornstarch. Journal of Nutrition 128: 1156–1164CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mudd, T. (1998) Antibiotics: a political pawn? International Poultry Production 6: 11–15Google Scholar
Muramatsu, T., Nakajima, S. and Okumura, J. (1994) Modification of energy metabolism by the presence of the gut microflora in the chicken. British Journal of Nutrition 71: 709–717CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noack, J., Kleessen, B., Lorenz, A. and Blaut, M. (1996) The effect of alimentary polyamine depletion on germ-free and conventional rats. Nutritional Biochemistry 7: 560–566CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pack, M. and Bedford, M.R. (1998) Optimising the dose of Avizyme in wheat-based broiler diets. Poultry International May: 43–46Google Scholar
Piva, G. and Rossi, F. (1998) Possible alternatives to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. New additives. IFIF II Conference of Mixed-Feed Manufactures in the MediterraneanGoogle Scholar
Riddell, C. and Kong, X.-M. (1992) The influence of diet on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases 36: 499–503CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, G.D. (1995) Antibacterials in poultry and pig nutrition. In: Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding (Wallace, R.J. and Chesson, A., Eds), VCIl Verlagsgesellschaft, pp. 143–172CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, W. and Godwin, I.R. (1997) The effects of physical form of the diet on digesta transit in chickens. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 230Google Scholar
Schutte, J.B. (1990) Nutritional implications and metabolizable energy value of D-xylose and L-Arabinose in chicks. Poultry Science 69: 1724–1730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutte, J.B. and Langhout, D.J. (1999) Influence of the intestinal microflora on health and performance of broiler chicks. Proceedings ofthe WPSA Spring Meeting,Scarborough22–24 March, pp. 57–58Google Scholar
Seidel, E.R., Haddox, M.K. and Johnson, L.R. (1985) Ileal mucosal growth during intraluminal infusion of ethylamine or putrescine. American Journal of Physiology 249: G434–438Google ScholarPubMed
Silva, S.S.P. and Smithard, R.R. (1996) Exogenous enzymes in broiler diets: crypt cell proliferation, digesta viscosity, short chain fatty acids and xylanase in the jejunum. British Poultry Science 37 (Supplement): S77–79Google Scholar
Smits, C.H.M. and Annison, G. (1996) Non-starch plant polysaccharides in broiler nutrition: towards a physiologically valid approach to their determination. World's Poultry Science Journal 52: 203–221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smits, C.H.M., Veldman, A., Verkade, H.J. and Beynen, A.C. (1998) The inhibitory effect of carboxymethylcellulose with high viscosity on lipid absorption in broiler chickens coincides with reduced bile salt concentration and raised microbial numbers in the small intestine. Poultry Science 77: 1534–1539CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stobberingh, E.E. (1998) Usage of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals poses a public health threat. Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Paper C–77Google Scholar
Svihus, B., Herstad, O., Newman, C.W. and Newman, R.K. (1997) Comparison of performance and intestinal characteristics of broiler chickens fed on diets containing whole, rolled or ground barley. British Poultry Science 38: 524–529CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taljanski-Zygmunt, W., Grzesiuk, E., Zabielski, R. and Pierzynowski, S.G. (1998) Is the use of antimicrobial drugs in agriculture risky for human health? Journal of Animal Feed Science 7: 289–295Google Scholar
Thomke, S. and Elwinger, K. (1998a) Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. II. Mode of action of antibiotic growth promotants. Annales de Zootechnie 47: 153–167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomke, S. and Elwinger, K. (1998b) Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. I. Growth and feed efficiency responses to antibiotic growth promotants. Annales de Zootechnie 47: 85–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomke, S. and Elwinger, K. (1998c) Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. III. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promotants. Annales de Zootechnie 47: 245–271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahjen, W., Glaser, K., Schafer, K. and Simon, O. (1998) Influence of xylanase-supplemented feed on the development of selected bacterial groups in the intestinal tract of broiler chicks. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 130: 489–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verstegen, M.W.A., Schutte, J.B., Hel, W.V.D., Polziehn, R., Schrama, J.W. and Sutton, A.L. (1997) Dietary xylose as an energy source for young pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 77: 180–188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vranjes, M.V. and Wenk, C. (1997) Influence of dietary enzyme complex on broiler performance in diets with and without antibiotic supplementation. In: Enzymes in Animal Nutrition. Proceedings of the 1st Symposium (Wenk, C. and Boessinger, M., Eds), Schriftenreihe aus dem Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften Gruppe Ernährung,ETH Zurich, pp. 152–155Google Scholar
Wagner, D.D. and Thomas, O.P. (1987) Influence of diets containing rye or pectin on the intestinal flora of chicks. Poultry Science 57: 971–975CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldenstedt, L., Elwinger, K., Hooshmand-Rad, P., Thebo, P. and Uggla, A. (1998) Comparison between effects of standard feed and whole wheat supplemented diet on experimental Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima infections in broiler chickens. Acta Veterinaria 39: 461–471Google ScholarPubMed
Waldenstedt, L., Elwinger, K., Thebo, P. and Uggla, A. (1999) Effect of betaine supplement on broiler performance during an experimental coccidial infection. Poultry Science 78: 182–189CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed