Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T23:43:39.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutritional considerations concerning threonine in broilers1,2

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

M. T Kidd
M. T Kidd
Affiliation:
Mississippi State University, Department of Poultry Science, Box 9665, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762–9665, USA
Get access

Abstract

An important objective of the least cost formulation of broiler diets is to provide sufficient amounts of the most limiting amino acids to support the needs of tissue maintenance and accretion while minimising any excesses. Threonine is the third most limiting amino acid in broiler diets behind the total sulphur-containing amino acids and lysine. Research into the threonine requirement of broilers is sparse compared with that of methionine and lysine. However, recent work on the threonine needs of growing and finishing broilers has been invaluable in helping commercial nutritionists determine the minimum amount of threonine required in least cost diet formulations. This review summarises this recent research. It also considers threonine needs for optimal immune system functions, feather growth, glycine requirements and gastrointestinal functions, as well as under conditions causing heat stress.

Keywords

Amino acidbroilerl-threoninepoultrythreonine
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 56 , Issue 2 , June 2000 , pp. 139 - 151
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

This is journal article no. J-9678 from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.

2

Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station of the products, nor similar ones not mentioned.

References

Almquist, H.J. and Grau, C.R. (1944) The amino acid requirements of the chick. Journal of Nutrition 28: 325–331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, D.H. and Han, Y. (1994) Ideal amino acid profile for chicks during the first three weeks posthatching. Poultry Science 51: 1292–1298Google Scholar
Baker, D.H., Hill, T.M. and Kleiss, A.J. (1972) Nutritional evidence concerning formation of glycine from threonine in the chick. Journal of Animal Science 34: 582–586CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertolo, R.F.P., Chen, Z.L., Law, G., Pencharz, P.B. and Ball, R.O. (1998) Threonine requirement of neonatal piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition is considerably lower than that of piglets receiving an identical diet intragastrically. Journal of Nutrition 128: 1752–1759CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhargava, K.K., Hanson, R.P. and Sunde, M.L. (1971) Effects of threonine on growth and antibody production in chicks infected with Newcastle disease virus. Poultry Science 50: 710–713CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilgili, S.F., Moran, E.T. JR., and Acar, N. (1990) Live performance and carcass responses of commercial strain crosses of male broiler to dietary lysine from 6 to 8 weeks. Poultry Science 69 (Supplement 1): 18Google Scholar
Burrin, D.G. and Reeds, P.J. (1997) Alternative fuels in the gastrointestinal tract. Current Opinions in Gastroenterology 13: 165–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlstedt, I., Herrmann, A., Karlsson, H., Sheehan, J., Fransson, L.A. and Hansson, G.C. (1993) Characterization of two different glycosylated domains from the insoluble mucin complex of rat small intestine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268: 18771–18781CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandra, R.K. (1988) Nutritional regulation of immunity: an introduction. In: Nutrition and Immunology, Alan R. Liss Inc, New York, pp. 1–8Google Scholar
Chung, T.K., Khajarern, J. and Khajarern, S. (1996) Effect of dietary threonine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens raised at high temperatures. In: Proceedings of the World's Poultry Congress, New DelhiIndia p. 145Google Scholar
Coon, C.N., Grossie, V.B. JR., and Couch, J.R. (1974) Glycine-serine requirements for chicks. Poultry Science 53: 1709–1713CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Defa, L., Changting, X., Shiyan, Q., Jinhui, Z., Johnson, E.W. and Thacker, P.A. (1999) Effects of dietary threonine on performance, plasma parameters and immune function of growing pigs. Feed Science and Technology 78: 179–188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dozier, W.A. III, Moran, E.T. Jr and Kidd, M.T. (1999) Threonine requirement for finishing the heavy broiler male. Poultry Science 78 (Supplement 1): 86Google Scholar
Dozier, W.A. III, Moran, E.T. Jr and Kidd, M.T. (2000) Responses of full- and slow-feathering male broilers to dietary threonine during 42 to 56 days of age Journal of Applied Poultry Research (in press)Google Scholar
Edwards, H.M. III, Baker, D.H., Fernandez, S.R. and Parsons, C.M. (1997) Maintenance threonine requirement and efficiency of its use for accretion of whole-body threonine and protein in young chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 78: 111–119CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glick, B., Day, E.J. and Thompson, D. (1981) Calorie-protein deficiencies and the immune response of the chicken I. Humoral immunity. Poultry Science 60: 2494–2500CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grau, C.R. (1949) The threonine requirement of the chick. Journal of Nutrition 37: 105–114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guy, J.S. (1998) Virus infections of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. Poultry Science 77: 1166–1175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heger, J. and Pack, M. (1996) Effects of dietary glycine + serine on starting broiler chick performance as influenced by dietary crude protein levels. Agribiological Research 49: 257–265Google Scholar
Hegsted, D.M. (1944) Growth in chicks fed amino acids. Journal of Biologicnl Chemistry 156: 247–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickling, D.R., Guenter, W. and Jackson, M.E. (1990) The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70: 673–678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kharlakian, H.K., Shellem, T.A., Thomas, O.P. and Baer, C.K. (1996) Lysine, methionine, and threonine requirements in broilers during the withdrawal period. In: Proceedings of the Maryland Nutrition Conference, BaltimoreMaryland pp. 53–63Google Scholar
Kidd, M.T. and Kerr, B.J. (1996) L-threonine for poultry: a review. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 5: 358–367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, M.T. and Kerr, B.J. (1997) Threonine responses in commercial broilers at 30 to 42 days. Journa1 of Applied Poultry Research 6: 362–367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, M.T., Kerr, B.J., England, J.A. and Waldroup, P.W. (1997a) Performance and carcass composition of Large White toms as affected by dietary crude protein and threonine supplements. Poultry Science 76: 1392–1397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, M.T., Kerr, B.J. and Anthony, N.B. (1997b) Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in broilers. Poultry Science 76: 608–614CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, M.T., Ferket, P.R. and Garlich, J D. (1998) Dietary threonine responses in growing turkey toms. Poultry Science 77: 1550–1555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, M.T., Lerner, S.P., Allard, J.P., Rao, S.K. and Halley, J.T. (1999) Threonine needs of finishing broilers: growth, carcass, and economic responses. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 160–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, M.T., Kerr, B.J., Allard, J.P., Rao, S.K. and Halley, J.T. (2000) Limiting amino acid responses in commercial broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9: (in press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclercq, B. (1998) Specific effects of lysine on broiler production: comparison with threonine and valine. Poultry Science 77: 118–123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehmann, D., Pack, M. and Jeroch, H. (1997) Effects of dietary threonine in starting, growing, and finishing turkey toms. Poultry Science 76: 696–702CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilburn, M.S. and Barbour, G.A. (1996) Threonine requirement of turkeys. In: Proceedings of the Arkansas Nutrition Conference, FayettevilleArkansas pp. 229–233Google Scholar
Lotan, R., Mokady, S. and Horenstein, L. (1980) The effect of lysine and threonine supplementation on the immune response of growing rats fed wheat gluten diets. Nutritional Reports International 22: 313–318Google Scholar
Martinez-Amezcua, C., Laparra-Vega, J.L., Avila-Gonzalez, E., Fuente, B., Jinez, T. and Kidd, M.T. (1999) Dietary L-threonine responses in laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 236–241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, E.T. JR and Bilgili, S.F. (1990) Processing losses, carcass quality, and meat yield of broiler chickens as influenced by dietary lysine. Poultry Science 69: 702–709CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revision Edition. National Academy Press, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Niess, E. and Pack, M. (1996) Biological efficacy for growing chicks of threonine in a new type of supplement obtained from the fermentation broth of L-threonine production. Agribiological Research 49: 239–247Google Scholar
Penz, A.M. Jr, Colnago, G.L. and Jensen, L.S. (1991) Threonine requirement of broiler chickens from 3 to 6 weeks of age. Poultry Science 70 (Supplement 1): 93Google Scholar
Penz, A.M. Jr, Colnago, G.L. and Jensen, L.S. (1997) Threonine supplementation of practical diets for 3 to 6-wk-old broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6: 355–361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, K.R. (1987) Threonine requirement of the broiler chick as affected by protein level and source. Poultry Science 66: 1531–1534CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, W.C., Mccoy, R.H., Meyer, C.E., Carter, H.E., Womack, M. and Mertz, E.T. (1935) Isolation of the “unknown essential” present in proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 109: LXXVII–LXXVIIIGoogle Scholar
Roth, EX., Kirchgessner, M., Paulicks, B.R. and Koch, F. (1995) Biological efficacy of new threonine supplement in comparison to pure L-threonine in piglets. Agribiological Research 48: 291–298Google Scholar
Schutte, J.B., Smink, W. and Pack, M. (1997) Requirement of young broiler chicks for glycine + serine. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 61: 43–47Google Scholar
Smith, N.K. Jr and Waldroup, P.W. (1988) lnvestigations of threonine requirements of broiler chicks fed diets based on grain sorghum and soybean meal. Poultry Science 67 108–112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stilborn, H.L., Moran, E.T. Jr, Gous, R.M. and Harrison, M.D. (1997) Effect of age on feather amino acid content in two broiler strain crosses and sexes. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6: 205–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoll, B., Henry, J., Reeds, P.J., Yu, H., Jahoor, F. and Burrin, D.G. (1998) Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets. Journal of Nutrition 128: 606–614CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, K., Konashi, S., Akiba, Y. and Horiguchi, M. (1994) Effects of dietary threonine level on antibody production in growing broilers. Aninial Science and Technology 65: 956–960Google Scholar
Ten Doeschate, R.A.H.M. (1995) Meat production of male broilers fed diets differing in amino acid pattern, non-essential nitrogen and threonine content. In: Towards a Physiological Feeding Strategy for Protein in Broilers. Thesis, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, HollandGoogle Scholar
Ten Doeschate, R.A.H.M., Scheele, C.W., Schreurs, V.V.A.M., Boekholt, H.A. and Brandsma, M. (1995) Dietary nitrogen excess might increase threonine requirement. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Protein Metabolism mid Nutrition, Vale de SantarémPortugal p. 385Google Scholar
Tenenhouse, H.S. and Deutsch, H.F. (1966) Some physical-chemical properties of chicken gamma-globulins and their pepsin and papain digestion product. Immunochemistry 3: 11–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, O.P., Zuckerman, A.I., Farran, M. and Tamplin, C.B. (1986) Updated amino acid requirements of broilers. In: Proceedings of the Maryland Nutrition Conference, BaltimoreMaryland pp. 79–85Google Scholar
Thomas, O.P., Shellem, T.A., Sprague, M. and Kharlakian, H.G. (1995) Amino acid requirements during the withdrawal period. In: Proceedings of the Maryland Nutrition Conference, BaltimoreMaryland pp. 71–75Google Scholar
Tizzard, I.R. (1992) The nature of antibodies. In: Immunology: An Introduction. Saunders College Publishing, New York, pp. 145–166Google Scholar
Uzu, G. (1986) Threonine requirement for broilers. AEC Information Poultry 252, 03600 Commentry, France.Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W., Mitchell, R.J., Payne, J.R. and Hazen, K.R. (1976) Performance of chicks fed diets formulated to minimize excess levels of essential amino acids. Poultry Science 55: 243–253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldroup, P.W., England, J.A. and Kidd, M.T. (1998) An evaluation of threonine requirements of young turkeys. Poultry Science 77: 1020–1023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webel, D.M., Fernandez, S.R., Parsons, C.M. and Baker, D.H. (1996) Digestible threonine requirement of broiler chickens during the period three to six and six to eight weeks posthatching. Poultry Science 75: 1253–1257CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, G. (1998) Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. Journal of Nutrition 128: 1249–1252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed