Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T19:30:26.436Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Stress and the Domestic Fowl: a Physiological Appraisal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2007

B. M. Freeman
Affiliation:
Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton, Huntingdon, PEI 7 2DA, England
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1971

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akers, T. K. and Peiss, C. N. 1963. Comparative study of epinephrine and norepinephrine on cardiovascular system of turtle, alligator, chicken and opossum. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 112: 396399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, E., 1966. Adrenocorticotrophic–releasing hormone in peripheral blood: increase during stress. Science. N.Y. 152: 379390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bannister, G. L., 1951. Avian blood changes following injection of cortisone. Can J. comp. Med. 15: 169171.Google ScholarPubMed
Bedrak, E., 1962. Enzyme responses following administration of ACTH to birds. J. Endocr. 25: 403404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breitenbach, R. P. 1962. The effect of ACTH on adrenocortical secretion and ascorbic acid depletion in normal and testosterone treated cockerels. Poult. Sci. 41: 13181324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K. I., 1967. Environmentally imposed stress. In: Environmental control in Poultry Production, pp. 101113. Edit. Carter, T. C.Edinburgh.Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Brown, K. I. and Nestor, K. E., 1967 Turkeys selected for high and low adrenal response to stress. Poultry Sci. 46: 12381239.Google Scholar
Brown, K. I. and Nestor, K. E., 1970 Physiological responses of turkeys selected for high and low adrenal response to cold stress. Poultry Sci. 49: 1372.Google Scholar
Bruggemann, J., Merkenschlager, M., Schmidt, H., Riedel, G. and Schole, J., 1969. Die Beeinflussung des Wachstums keimfrei und konventionell gehaltener Kuken durch Chlortetracyklin uber den intermediaren Stoffwechsel. Z. Tierphysoil. Tierernahr. Futtermittelk. 25: 321332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruinvels, J. 1968. The influence of acetylcholine on the release of noradrenaline and adrenaline during incubation in vitro of adrenal slices from different species. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 174: 1727.Google ScholarPubMed
Burger, R. E. and Lorenz, F. W., 1960a. Pharmacologically induced resistance to heat shock. 3. Effects of rauwolfoids and chlorpromazine on heart rate. Poultry Sci. 39: 981984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, R. E. and Lorenz, F. W., 1960b. Pharmacologically induced resistance to heat shock. 1. Rauwolfoids and chlorpromazine. Poultry Sci. 39: 468476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, R. E. and Lorenz, F. W., 1960c. Pharmacologically induced resistance to heat shock. 2. Modifications of activity of the central nervous and endocrine systems. Poultry Sci. 39: 477482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, R. E., Matre, N. S. and Lorenz, F. W., 1957 Mechanism of increased resistance to heat stress by tranquilizing drugs. Poultry Sci. 36: 1107.Google Scholar
Challey, J. R., 1960. The effect of cecal coccidiosis infections and experimental hemorrhage upon adrenal ascorbic acid levels in the chicken. J. Parasit. 46: 727731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Challey, J. R., 1962. The role of the bursa of Fabricius in adrenal response and mortality due to Eimeria tenella infections in the chicken. J. Parasit. 48: 352357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Challey, J. R., 1966. Changes in adrenal constituents and their relationship to corticosterone secretion in chickens selected for genetic resistance and susceptibility to cecal coccidiosis. J. Parasit. 52: 967974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champion, L. R., Zindel, H. C., Ringer, R. K. and Wolford, J. H., 1966. The performance of started pullets treated with Su–9064 (Pacitran) prior to transport. Poultry Sci. 45: 13591368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chester–Jones, I., 1957. The Adrenal Cortex. Cambridge, University Press.Google Scholar
Chubb, L. G., Freeman, B. M., Wakelin, D., 1964. The effect of Capillaria obsignata, Madsen, 1945. on the vitamin A and ascorbic acid metabolism in the domestic fowl. Res. vet Sci. 5: 154160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coates, M. E., 1970. In: Aspects of Infective Drug Resistance. p. 57. Edit Mennie, T. A.London, PMP Services Ltd.Google Scholar
Conner, M. H. 1959. Effect of various hormone preparations and nutritional stresses in chicks. Poultry Sci. 38: 13401343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deroos, R., 1969. Effects of mammalian corticotropin and progesterone on corticoid production by chicken adrenal tissue in vitro. Gen. comp. Endocr. 13: 455459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deroos, R. and Deroos, C., 1964. Effect of mammalian corticotropin and chicken adenohypophysical extracts on steriod ogenesis by chicken adrenal tissue in vitro. Gen. comp. Endocr. 4: 602607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, M. H., 1967. In: Environmental Control in Poultry Production, p. 132. Edit Carter, T. C.Edinburgh Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Draper, M. H. and Lake, P. E., 1967 Physiological reactions of the laying fowl to adverse environments, with special reference to the defence reaction. In: Environmental Control in Poultry Production, pp. 87100. Edit Carter, T. C.Edinburgh Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Elton, R. L., Zarrow, I. G., Zarrow, M. X., 1959. Depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol: A comparative study. Endocrinology 65: 152157.Google Scholar
Flickinger, G. L.. 1961. Effect of grouping on adrenals and gonads of chickens. Gen. comp. Endocr. 1: 332340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flickinger, G. L., 1966 Effect of prolonged ACTH administration on the gonads of sexually mature chickens. Poultry Sci. 45: 753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankel, A. I., Graber, J. W., Nalbandov, A. V., 1966 Adrenal function in adenohypo–physectomized and intact cockerels. Exepta Med. Int. Cong. series no. 132: 11041113.Google Scholar
Frankel, A. I., Graber, J. W. and Nalbandov, A. V., (1967a) Adrenal function in cockerels. Endocrinology 80: 10131029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankel, A. I., Graber, J. W. and Nalbandov, A. V., (1967b.) The effect of hypothalamic lesions on drenal function in intact and adenohypophysectomized cockerels. Gen. comp. Endocr. 8: 387396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, B. M., 1967. Effects of stress on the ascorbic acid content of the adrenal gland of Gallus domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23: 303305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, B. M., 1968. Depletion of ascorbic acid from the adrenal of the intact embryo of Gallus domestlcus by adrenocorticotrophic hormone or histamine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 24: 905914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, B. M., 1969. The bursa of Fabricius and adrenal cortical activity in Galbus domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physol. 29: 639646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, B. M., 1970. The effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on adrenal weight and adrenal ascorbic acid in the normal and bursectomized fowl. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 32: 755761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, B. M., Chebb, L. G., Pearson, A. W., 1966. Some effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on bursectomised and intact chickens. In: Physiology of the Domestic Fowl, pp. 103112 Edited by Horton–Smith, C. and Amoroso, E. C.. Edinburgh Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Gabrielsen, A. E. and Good, R. A., 1967. Chemical suppression of adaptive immunity. Adv. Immunol. 6: 91229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garren, H. W. and Barber, C. W., 1955. Endocrine and lymphatic gland changes occurring in young chickens with fowl typhoid. Poultry Sci. 34: 12501258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garren, H. W., Hill, C. H. and Carter, M. W., 1961. Adrenal response of young chickens to adrenocorticomtropic hormone as influenced by dosage and frequency of injection. Poultry Sci. 40: 446453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garren, H. W. and Shaffner, C. S., 1952. The response of young New Hampshire chickens to conditions of stress. Poultry Sci. 31: 917.Google Scholar
Garren, H. and Shaffner, C. S.. 1956. How the period of exposure to different stress stimuli affects the endocrine and lymphatic gland weights of young chickens. Poultry Sci. 35: 266272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghosh, A. and Banerjee, M., 1968. The effect of reserpine on the female reproductive system of the domestic pigeon. Z. Biol. 116: 8689.Google ScholarPubMed
Ghosh, A.Datta, B. 1969. Effect of reserpine on the release of adrenomedullary catccholamines and their role in glycemic and presor responses in two avian species. Gen. Comp. Endocr. Suppl. 2: 354357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, B., (1958a.) The effect of cortisone acetate on the leukocytes of young chickens. Poultry Sci. 37: 14461452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, B., (1958b.) The effect of procaine penicillin on white blood cells of chickens. Poultry Sci. 37: 7881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, B. 1959. The experimental production of the stress picture with cortisone and the effect of penicillin young chickens. Ohio J. Sci. 59: 8186.Google Scholar
Greeman, D. L., Whitley, L. S., Zarrow, M. X., 1967. Ascorbic acid depletion and corticosterone production in the avian adrenal gland. Gen. Comp. Endocro. 9: 422427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, W. B. and Colmano, G., 1967. Further studies on the effects of social stress on the resistance to infection with Escherichia coli. Poultry Sci. 46: 4146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, W. B. and Colmano, G., 1969. The effect of social stress on disease resistance. 3rd Poultry Hlth. Symp. Univ.California, 2Google Scholar
Gross, W. B. and Colmano, G., (1970a.) Corticosterone and ACTH as treatments for Escherichi coli infection m chickens. Poultry Sci. 49: 12561258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, W. B. and Colmano, G., (1970b.) The effect of social stress on infectious disease. Poultry Sci. 49: 1390.Google Scholar
Gross, W. B. and Siegel, H. S., 1965. The effect of social stress on resistance to infection with Excherichia coli or Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poultry Sci. 44: 9981001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, P. F. and Koritz, S. B., 1966. Action of ACTH upon steroidogenesis in the chicken adrenal gland. Endocrinology 79: 652654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, A. N. and Constable, B. J., 1958. The metabolism of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and ascorbic acid in the chick. Biochem. J. 69: 501505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huble, J., 1955. Haematological changes in cockerels after ACTH and cortisoneacetate treatment. Poultry Sci. 34: 3571359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jailer, J. W. and Boas, N. F. 1950. The inability of epinephrine or Adrenocorticotropic hormone to deplete the ascorbic; acid content of the chick adrenal. Endocrinology. 46: 314318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josephson, E. S., Taylor, D. J., Greenberg, J., and Nodel, E. M., 1949. The ascorbic acid content of the adrenal glands of chicks infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum. J. natn. Mal. Soc. 8: 132134.Google ScholarPubMed
Juszkiewicz, T., Kafel, S.Madejski, Z.Stefaniak, B. and Gorzelewska, K. 1964. Pathophysiology of the pituitary–adrenal axis in birds. I. Effects of ACTH shaking and infection with Salmonella gallinarum on some stress mdicators. Polskie Archwm. wet. 8: 368382Google Scholar
Juszkiewicz, T., Stefaniak, B., Modejski, Z. and Karczeweki, W 1966. Corticosteroidal stress and Newcastle disease virus infection. Acta microbiol. bolonica. 15: 3552.Google ScholarPubMed
Kass, E. H. and Finland, M., 1953. Adrenocortical hormones in infection and immunity. A. Rev. Microhiol. 7: 361378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, J. and Harry, E. G., 1967. Systemic Escherichia coli infection as a physiological stress in chickens. Res. vet Sci. 8: 212218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilbourne, E. D., Smart, K. M. and Pokorny, B. A., 1961. Inhibition by cortisone of the synthesis and action of interferon. Nature, Lond. 190: 650651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krista, L. M., Burger, R. E. and Waibel, P. E.. 1963. Blood pressure and heart rate in the turkey as measured by the indirect method and their modifications by pharmacological agents. Poultry Sci. 42: 646652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kudzia, J. J. and Champion, L. R., 1953. Investigations concerning the effects of cortisone in the domestic fowl. Poultry Sci. 32: 476481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, P. L., 1970. Development (schizogony) of Eimeria tenella in the liver of chickens treated with corticosteroid. Nature, Lond. 225: 290291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malmejac, J. 1964. Activity of the adrenal medulla and its regulation. Physiol. Rev. 44: 186218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcloughlin, D. K., 1969. The influence of dexamethasone on attempts to transmit Eimeria meleagrimitis to chickens and E. tenella to turkeys. J. Protozool. 16: 145148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, R. A. and Riddle, O., 1942. The cytology of the adrenal cortex of normal pigeons and in experimentally induced atrophy and hypophysectomy. Am. J. Anat. 71: 311335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morita, S. and Mohldo, S., 1956. Hematological and histological changes induced by adreno corticotropic hormone (ACTH) and formaldehyde stressor in the domestic fowl. Endocr. jap. 3: 3949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagra, C. L., Birnie, J G., Baum, J. and Meyer, R. K., 1963. The role of the pituitary in regulating steroid secretion by the avian adrenal. Gen. comp. Endocr. 3: 274280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nalbandov, A. V. and Card, L. E.. 1943. Effect of hypophysectormy of growing chicks. J. exp. Zool. 94: 387409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newcomer, W. S., 1957. Blood cell changes following ACTH injection in the chick. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 96: 613616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newcomer, W. S., 1958. Physiologic factors which influence acidephilia induced by stressors in the chicken. Am. J. Physiol. 194: 251254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padgett, G. A. and Schoenhard, D. E., 1962. Effective concentration and time of administration of deoxycortisone trimethylacetate in treatment of chronic respiratory disease. Avian Dis. 6: 258267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, E. L., (1969a.) Product report: Pacitran (SU 9064)–(met orerpate hydrochloride)—tranquilizer for specific stresses in poultry. Veterinarian, Oxford. 6: 79.Google Scholar
Parker, E. L., (1969b.) Metoserpate hydrochloride—tranquilizer for specific stresses in poultry Feedstuffs, Minneap. 41 (2): 2123.Google Scholar
Perek, M. and Bedrak, E., 1962. The effect of cold and debeaking upon the adrenal ascorbic acid concentration of chickens fed aureomycin supplement. Poultry Sci. 41: 11491156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perek, M., Eckstein, B. and Eshkol, Z., 1959. The effect of ACTH on adrenal ascorbic acid in laying hens. Endocrinology. 64: 831832.Google ScholarPubMed
Perek, M. and Eilat, A., 1960. The bursa of Fabricius and adrenal ascorbic acid depletion following ACTH injections in chicks. J. Endocr. 20: 251255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perek, M. and Kendler, J., 1963. Ascorbic acid as a dietary supplement for White Leghorn hens under conditions of climatic stress. Br. Poultry Sci. 4: 191200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premachandra, B. N. and Turner, C. W., 1960. Reserpine and thyroid activity in fowls. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 104: 306309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Report of the Joint Committee on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (1969). Cmnd 4190. London H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Rose, M. E., 1970. Immunity to coccidiosis: effect of betamethasone treatment of fowls on Eimeria mivati infection. Parasitology. 60: 137146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozengurt, J. E.Fretz, N. and Capaul, E. G., 1968. Changes in circulating lymphocytes induced by the administration of ACTH in cocks. Acta physiol. lat–amer. 18: 7489.Google ScholarPubMed
Russek, M.Mogenson, G. N. and Stevenson, J. A. F., 1967. Calorigenic, hyperglycemic and anoiexigenic effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Physiol. Behav. 2: 429433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sammelwitz, P. H., 1967. Adrenocortical hormone therapy of induced heat stress mortality in broilers. Poultry Sci. 46: 1314.Google Scholar
Sato, K. and Glick, B. 1964. Effect of ACTH on total adrenal cholestrol in bursectormized chicks. Am. J. Physiol. 207: 4749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schindler, W. J., 1962. Hypothalamic neurohumoral control of pituitary function. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 55: 125130.Google ScholarPubMed
Schooley, J. P., Riddle, O. and Bates, R. W., 1941. Replacement therapy in hypophysectomized juvenile pigeons. Am. J. Anat. 69: 123157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selye, H., 1936. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature, Lond. 138: 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H. S. 1958. Effects of increased population density on the adrenals of cockerels. Poultry Sci. 37: 12421243.Google Scholar
Siegel, H. S., 1959. The relation between crowding and weight of adrenal glands in chickens. Ecology. 40: 495498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H. S. 1960. Effect of population density on the pituilary–adrenal cortical axis of cockerels. Poultry Sci. 39: 500510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H. S., 1961. Age and sex modification of responses to adrenocorticotropin in young chickens. I. Changes in adrenal and lymphatic gland weights. Poultry Sci. 40: 12631274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H. S., 1962. Age and sex modification of responses to adreno–corticotropin in young chickens. 2. Changes in adrenal cholesterol and blood constituent levels.. Poultry Sci. 41: 321334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H. S., 1968. Blood cells and chemistry of young chickens during daily ACTH and cortisol administration. Poultry Sci. 47: 18111817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, H. S. and Beane, W. L., 1961. Time responses to single intramuscular doses of ACTH in chickens. Poultry Sci. 40: 216219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H. S. and Gross, W. B., 1965. Social grouping, stress and resistance to coliform infection in cockerels. Poultry Sci. 44: 15301536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, H. S. and Siegel, P. B., 1961. The relationship of social competition with endocrine weights and activity in male chickens. Anim. Behav. 9: 151158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H. S. and Siegel, P. B., 1966. Genetic variation in responses to repeated administrations of ACTH and hydrocortisone in immature chickens. Poultry Sci. 45: 901912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smart, K. M. and Kilbourne, E. D., (1966a.) The influence of cortisone on experimental viral infection. VI. Inhibition by hydrocortisone of interferon synthesis in the chick embryo. J. exp. Med. 123: 299307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smart, K. M. and Kilbourne, E. D. (1966b.) The influence of cortisone on experimental viral infection. VIII. Kinetics of interferon formation and its inhibition with hydrocortisone in relation to viral strain and virulence. J. exp. Med. 123: 309325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stainer, I.M. and Holmes, W.N., 1969. Some evidence for the presence of a corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Gen comp. Endocr. 12: 350359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, G., Sturkie, P. D. and Whittow, G. C. 1964. Changes in the cardiac output, blood pressure and heart rate of the chicken during hyperthermia. J. Physiol. Lond. 170: PP6162Google Scholar
Sturkie, P. D., Durfee, W. K. and Sheaham, M., 1958. Effects of reserpine on the fowl Am. J. Physiol. 194: 184186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subaschandren, D. V. and Balloun, S. L., 1967. Acetyl–p–aminophenol and vitamin C in heat–stressed birds. Poultry Sci. 46: 10731076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, A. H., 1955. The effect of adrenaline on oviduct motility and egg production in the fowl. Poultry Sci. 34: 622628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapper, D. N. and Kare, M. R., 1959. Epinephrine–induced hemoconcentaration in the domestic hen. Am. J. Physiol. 196: 13221325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornton, P. A., 1962. Tyrosine, protein and ascorbic acid effects on egg shell thickness from subjected to heat stress. Poultry Sci. 41: 18321835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tienhoven, A. Van, 1961. The effect of massive doses of corticotropin and of corticosterone on ovulation of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Acta Endocr. 38: 407412.Google ScholarPubMed
Urist, M. R. and Deutsch, N. M., 1960. Influence of ACTH upon avian species and osteoporosis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 104: 3539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, M. S., 1960. The effect of continuous treatment with reserpine on body temperature, respiratory–cardiovascular functions and heat tolerance of the hen. Poultry Sci. 39: 366373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welter, C. J., 1960. The effect of various stresses upon histomoniasis in chickens and turkeys. Poultry Sci. 39: 361365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White-Stevens, R. M., (1970a.) Man and his environment. In: Aspects of Infective Drug Resistance, pp. 2743. Edit. Mennie, A. T.London, PMP Services Ltd.Google Scholar
White-Stevens, R. M., (1970b.) In: Aspects of Infective Drug Resistance p. 62. Edit. Mennie, A. T.London, PMP Services Ltd.Google Scholar
Whittow, G. C., Sturkie, P. D., and Stein, G., 1964. Cardiovascular changes associated with thermal ploypnoea in the chicken. Am. J. Physiol. 207: 13491353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittow, G. C., Sturkie, P. D. and Stein, G., 1966. Cardiovascular differences between cold-acclimatized and heat–acclimatized chickens. Res. vet. Sci. 7: 296301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolford, J. H. and Ringer, R. K., 1962. Adrenal weight, adrenal ascorbic acid, adrenal cholesterol and differential leucocyte counts as physiological indicators of “stressor” agents in laying hens. Poultry Sci. 41: 15211529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarrow, M. X., Greenman, D. L., Kollias, J. and Dalrymple, D., 1962. The pituitary–adrenal axis in the bird. Gen. comp. Endocr. 2: 177180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed