Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T02:10:31.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neuropsychiatric predictors of return to work in HIV/AIDS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2006

WILFRED G. VAN GORP ,
JUDITH G. RABKIN ,
STEPHEN J. FERRANDO ,
JIM MINTZ ,
ELIZABETH RYAN ,
THOMAS BORKOWSKI  and
MARTIN MCELHINEY
WILFRED G. VAN GORP
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
JUDITH G. RABKIN
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
STEPHEN J. FERRANDO
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
JIM MINTZ
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
ELIZABETH RYAN
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry & Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
THOMAS BORKOWSKI
Affiliation:
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
MARTIN MCELHINEY
Affiliation:
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study followed 118 HIV+ individuals who had taken steps to return to work to determine facilitators or barriers in returning to work. Over the two-year study period, 52% of the participants obtained employment. Memory function served as the most potent predictor of obtaining employment. Persons who were younger, did not have a diagnosis of AIDS and who had shorter periods of unemployment prior to entering the study also had better chances of finding employment during the study. After finding employment, participants reported lower levels of depression as well, an apparent result of their obtaining employment. These findings indicate that memory is a key neuropsychiatric variable that is perhaps most relevant to HIV+ persons' quest to return to work. (JINS, 2007, 13, 80–89.)

Keywords

MemoryEmploymentOccupational groupsHIV-associated cognitive/motor complexCognitive manifestationsDepression
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , January 2007 , pp. 80 - 89
Copyright
© 2007 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Beck, A.T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blalock, A., McDaniel, S., & Farber, E. (2002). Effect of employment on quality of life and psychological functioning in patients with HIV/AIDS. Psychosomatics, 43, 400–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brook, R., Ware, J., & Davies-Avery, A. (1979). Overview of adult health status measures fielded in RAND's Health Insurance Study. Medical Care, 17(Suppl).Google Scholar
Chalder, T., Berelowitz, G., Pawlikowska, T., Watts, L., Wessely, S., Wright, D., & Wallace, E.P. (1993). Development of a fatigue scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciesla, J. & Roberts, J.E. (2001). Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 725–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delis, D., Kramer, J., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. (1987). The California Verbal Learning Test. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
Endicott, J. (1993). Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: A new measure. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 29, 321–326.Google Scholar
Ferrando, S.J., Rabkin, J.G., van Gorp, W., Lin, S., & McElhiney, M. (2003). Longitudinal improvement in psychomotor processing speed is associated with potent combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15, 208–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrier, S.E. & Lavis, J.N. (2003). With health comes work? People living with HIV/AIDS consider returning to work. AIDS Care, 15, 423–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, C.J. (1978). Stroop Word and Color Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses. Illinois: Stoetling Co.
Goldman, D.P. & Bao, Y. (2004). Effective HIV treatment and employment of HIV+ adults. Health Services Research, 39, 1691–1712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, D. & Berg, E.A. (1948). A behavioural analysis of degree or reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaton, R., Chelune, G., & Lehman, R. (1978). Using neuropsychological and personality tests to assess the likelihood of patient employment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166, 408–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaton, R.K., Velin, R.A., McCutchan, J.A., Gulevich, S.J., Atkinson, J.H., Wallace, M.R., Godfrey, H.P., Kirson, D.A., & Grant, I. (1994). Neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus-infection: Implications for employment. HNRC Group. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 8–17.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A.B. & Redlich, F. (1958). Social class and mental illness. New York: Wiley.CrossRef
Lem, M., Moore, D., Marion, S., Bonner, S., Chan, K., O'Connell, J., Montaner, J., & Hogg, R. (2005). Back to work: Correlated of employment among persons receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Care, 17, 740–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, E., Sorensen, D.J., Edelstein, H.E., & Robertson, L.C. (1992). Decision making speed in HIV-1 infection: A preliminary report. AIDS, 6, 109–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McElhiney, M., Rabkin, J.G., Ferrando, S., & van Gorp, W. (2000). Returning to work: Barriers and incentives for people with HIV/AIDS. American Psychological Association 108th Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.
Miller, E.N. (1990). California Computerized Assessment Battery (CalCAP) Manual. Los Angeles: Norland Software.
Mintz, J., Mintz, L., Arruda, M.J., & Hwang, S. (1992). Treatment of depression and the functional capacity to work. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 761–768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, K., Wortman, C., Kessler, R., & Joseph, J. (1993). Social relationships of men at risk for AIDS. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 1161–1167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabkin, J.G., McElhiney, M., Ferrando, S., Van Gorp, W., & Lin S. (2004). Predictors of employment of men with HIV/AIDS: A longitudinal study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabkin, J.G. & Ferrando, S.J. (1997). A “Second Life” agenda. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1049–1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reitan, R. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indication of organic brain damage. Journal of Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J.B.W. (1999). Validity and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ Primary Care Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1737–1744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. (1995). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Van Gorp, W., Baerwald, J., Ferrando, S., McElhiney, M., & Rabkin, J.G. (1999). The relationship between employment and neuropsychological impairment in HIV infection. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 534–539.Google Scholar
Vitry-Henry, L., Penalba, C., Beguinot, L., & Deschamps, F. (1999). Relationships between work and AIDS status. Occupational Medicine, 49, 115–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1997a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1997b). Wechsler Memory Scale—III. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace.
White, D., Heaton, R.K., & Monsch, A.U. (1995). Neuropsychological studies of asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-type-1 infected individuals. The HNRC Group. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 304–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, G.S. (1993). The Wide Range Achievement Test—3. Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates.
Young, A., Roessler, R., Wasiak, R., McPherson, K., van Poppel, M., & Anema J. (2005). A developmental conceptualization of return to work. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 15, 557–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar