Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ph5wq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T07:07:42.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Impact of population density on immunization programmes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2009

I. Arita
Affiliation:
Smallpox Eradication Unit, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
J. Wickett
Affiliation:
Smallpox Eradication Unit, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
F. Fenner
Affiliation:
John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, GPO Box 334, Canberra, Australia
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The eradication of smallpox was achieved by surveillance and containment vaccination after the failure of mass immunization campaigns. The reasons for this failure are considered in this paper. Comparison of population densities in the Indian subcontinent and Africa show that in highly populated areas even an 80% vaccine coverage will still leave a density of susceptibles high enough to maintain the disease, a finding with important implications for other vaccine campaigns.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. (1982). Directly transmitted infectious diseases: control by vaccination. Science 215, 10531060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arita, I. (1985). Capability of developing countries to produce vaccinia vector vaccine. In Vaccinia Viruses and Vectors for Vaccine Antigens(ed. Quinnan, G. V. Jr,), pp. 117125. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bell, R. & Torrigiani, G. (ed.) (1984). New Approaches to Vaccine Development. Basel: Schwabe.Google Scholar
Emmet, W. (1971). Low level transmission of smallpox in a well-vaccinated area, Passar Minggu, Jakarta, Indonesia (Feb.-Aug. 1970). In Inter-regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, WHO SE 71/30, pp. 130133. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Foege, W. H., Millar, J. D. & Henderson, D. A. (1975). Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 52, 209222.Google ScholarPubMed
Fox, J. P., Elveback, L., Scott, W., Gatewood, L. & Ackerman, E. (1971). Herd immunity: Basic concepts and relevance to public health immunization practices. American Journal of Epidemiology 94, 179189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frederiksen, H. (1962). Strategy and tactics for smallpox eradication. Public Health Reports 77, 617622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelfand, H. M. (1966). A critical examination of the Indian smallpox eradication programme. American Joxirnal of Public Health 56, 16341651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Government Of India, Ministry Of Health And Family Planning (1966). National Smallpox Eradication Programme in India. New Delhi: Government of India.Google Scholar
Henderson, D. A. (1974). Genesis, strategy and progress of the global smallpox eradication programme. Journal of Communicable Diseases 6, 155159.Google Scholar
Henderson, R. H., Davis, H., Eddins, D. L. & Foege, W. H. (1973). Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 48, 183194.Google ScholarPubMed
Horstmann, D. M., Quinn, T. C. & Robbins, F. C. (eds.) (1984). International symposium on poliomyelitis control. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 6, Sup. 2, S301–S601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, S. L., Krugman, S. & Quinn, T. C. (eds.) (1983). International symposium on measles immunization. Revieivs of Infectious Diseases 5, 389627.Google Scholar
Lerner, R. A., Chanock, R. M. & Brown, F. (eds.) (1985). Vaccines 85. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.Google Scholar
Millar, J. D. & Foege, W. H. (1968). Status of eradication of smallpox (and control of measles) in West and Central Africa. Journal of Infectious Diseases 120, 725732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinnan, G. V. Jr (1985). Vaccinia Virttsesas Vectors for Vaccine Antigens. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Stuart-Harris, C., Western, K. A. & Chamberlayne, E. C. (eds.) (1982). Can infectious diseases be eradicated? Revieivs of Infectious Diseases 4, 912984.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. B., McCormack, W. M., Arita, I., Khan, M. M., Islam, M. S. & Mack, T. M. (1971a). Endemic smallpox in rural East Pakistan. I. Methodology, clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of cases, and intervillage transmission. American Journal of Epidemiology 93, 361372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, D. B., Arita, I., McCormack, W. M., Khan, M. M., Islam, M. S. & Mack, T. M. (1971b). Endemic smallpox in rural East Pakistan. II. Intravillage transmission and infectiousness. American Journal of Epidemiology 93, 373383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, D. B., Mack, T. M., Ali, A. & Khan, M. M. (1972). Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission. American Journal of Epidemiology 95, 178189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Would Health Organization (1959). Smallpox eradication. Official Record, no. 95, 572588. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Would Health Organization (1968). Smallpox eradication. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. WHO Technical Report Series, no 393. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1980). The Global Eradication of Smallpox. Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. History of International Public Health, no. 4. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar