Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ws8qp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T05:42:22.963Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Risk factors associated with Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa) infection in cultured turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 June 2006

M. I. QUIROGA
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
M. J. REDONDO
Affiliation:
Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (C.S.I.C.), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain
A. SITJÀ-BOBADILLA
Affiliation:
Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (C.S.I.C.), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain
O. PALENZUELA
Affiliation:
Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (C.S.I.C.), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain
A. RIAZA
Affiliation:
Stolt Sea Farm S.A., Lira, Carnota
A. MACÍAS
Affiliation:
Stolt Sea Farm S.A., Lira, Carnota
S. VÁZQUEZ
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
A. PEREZ
Affiliation:
Center for Animal Diseases Modeling and Surveillance, University of California in Davis, 279 Cousteau Place, Suite 500, Davis, CA 95616, USA, and CONICET/INTA Balcarce, Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Ruta 226 km 73, (7620) Balcarce, Argentina
J. M. NIETO
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
P. ALVAREZ-PELLITERO
Affiliation:
Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (C.S.I.C.), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain

Abstract

An epidemiological cohort study of Enteromyxum scophthalmi in cultured turbot was performed on a farm in North Western Spain. Four different ongrowing stocks (A, B, C, D) were monitored monthly until market size. Fish from stocks C and D were divided into 2 subgroups, receiving filtered (CF and DF) or unfiltered (CUF and DUF) water. The lack of water filtration was positively associated with infection prevalence, as all fish kept in filtered water remained uninfected. Parasite abundance varied seasonally (P<0·05) in stock B and subgroup CUF. Infection was also associated (P<0·05) with host weight, and the highest prevalences and intensities were detected in 101–200 g and 201–300 g fish. Distribution pattern of E. scophthalmi in subgroups CUF and DUF had a variance higher than the mean, indicating overdispersion. The minimum period necessary for the first detection of the parasite and for the appearance of disease symptoms and mortality, varied depending on the stock and introduction date, although a long pre-patent period was always observed. Several factors, such as host density, parasite recruitment and parasite-induced fish mortality can contribute to the observed distribution pattern. Risk factors found to be associated with E. scophthalmi infection, including water quality and accumulation of infective stages in the culture tanks, should be considered when designing control strategies to prevent the introduction and spread of infective stages in the facilities.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

M. I. Q and M. J. R. contributed equally to this article, so they share first authorship.

References

REFERENCES

Alvarez-Pellitero, P. and Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. ( 1993 a). Pathology of Myxosporea in marine fish culture. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 17, 229238.Google Scholar
Alvarez-Pellitero, P. and Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. ( 1993 b). Ceratomyxa spp. (Protozoa: Myxosporea) infections in wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, from the Spanish Mediterranean area. Journal of Fish Biology 42, 889901.Google Scholar
Arndt, R. E. and Wagner, E. J. ( 2004). Rapid and slow sand filtration techniques and their efficacy at filtering triactinomyxons of Myxobolus cerebralis from contaminated water. North American Journal of Aquaculture 66, 261270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arneberg, P., Skorping, A. and Read, A. F. ( 1998). Parasite abundance, body size, life histories, and the energetic equivalence rule. American Naturalist 151, 497513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartholomew, J. L., Smith, C. E., Rohovec, J. S. and Fryer, J. L. ( 1989). Characterization of a host response to the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), by histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunological techniques. Journal of Fish Diseases 12, 509522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branson, E., Riaza, A. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 1999). Myxosporean infection causing intestinal disease in farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), (Teleostei: Scophthalmidae). Journal of Fish Diseases 22, 395399.Google Scholar
Bush, A. O., Lafferty, K. D., Lotz, J. M. and Shostak, A. W. ( 1997). Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. Journal of Parasitology 83, 575583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duerr, H. P., Dietz, K. and Eichner, M. ( 2003). On the interpretation of age-intensity profiles and dispersion patterns in parasitological surveys. Parasitology 126, 87101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foott, J. S., Harmon, R. and Stone, R. ( 2004). Effect of water temperature on non-specific immune function and ceratomyxosis in juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead from the Klamath River. California Fish and Game 90, 7184.Google Scholar
Gbankoto, A., Pampoulie, C., Marques, A., Sakiti, G. N. and Dramane, K. L. ( 2003). Infection patterns of Myxobolus heterospora in two tilapia species (Teleostei: Cichlidae) and its potential effects. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 55, 125131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgiadis, M. P., Gardner, I. A. and Hedrick, R. P. ( 2001). The role of epidemiology in the prevention, diagnosis, and control of infectious diseases of fish. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 48, 287302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, M. L., Andrée, K. B., Bartholomew, J. L., El-Matbouli, M., Desser, S. S., Devlin, R. H., Feist, S. W., Hedrick, R. P., Hoffmann, R. W., Khattra, J., Hallet, S. L., Lester, R. J. G., Longshaw, M., Palenzuela, O., Siddall, M. E. and Xiao, C. ( 2001). Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 48, 395413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGeorge, J., Sommerville, C. and Wootten, R. ( 1996). Epizootiology of Sphaerospora truttae (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infections of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar at freshwater smolt producing hatcheries in Scotland. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 26, 3341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, C. R., Patheland, N. R. and Gray, R. ( 1985). On computing an exact confidence interval for the common odds ratio in several 2×2 contingency tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association 78, 969973.Google Scholar
Moran, J. D. W. and Kent, M. L. ( 1999). Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infections in pen-reared Atlantic salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean with a survey of potential nonsalmonid reservoir hosts. Journal of Aquatic Animal 11, 101109.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, J. D. W., Whitaker D. J. and Kent, M. L. ( 1999). A review of the myxosporean genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947, and its impact on the international aquaculture industry and commercial fisheries. Aquaculture 172, 163195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nehring, R. B., Thompson, K. G., Taurman, K. and Atkinson, W. ( 2003). Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmoninds to the actionospore of Myxobolus cerebralis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 57, 7783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palenzuela, O., Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 1997). Ceratomyxa sparusaurati (Protozoa: Myxosporea) infections in cultured gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (Pisces: Teleostei) from Spain: aspects of the host-parasite relationship. Parasitology Research 83, 539548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palenzuela, O., Alvarez-Pellitero, P. and Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. ( 1999). Glomerular disease associated to Polysporoplasma sparis (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infections in the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, (Pisces; Teleostei): aspects of the host-parasite relationship. Parasitology 118, 245256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palenzuela, O., Redondo, M. J. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 2002). Description of Enteromyxum scophthalmi gen nov., sp. nov. (Myxozoa), an intestinal parasite of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) using morphological and ribosomal RNA sequence data. Parasitology 124, 369379.Google Scholar
Redondo, M. J., Palenzuela, O., Riaza, A., Macías, M. A. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 2002). Experimental transmission of Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa), an enteric parasite of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Journal of Parasitology 88, 482488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redondo, M. J., Palenzuela, O. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 2004). Studies on transmission and life cycle of Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa), an enteric parasite of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Folia Parasitologica 51, 188198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, D. J., Grenfell, B. T. and Dobson, A. P. ( 1998). Patterns of macroparasite aggregation in wildlife host populations. Parasitology 117, 597610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 1993). Population dynamics of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi Sitjà-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1992 and S. testicularis Sitjà-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1990 (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infections in wild and cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Parasitology 106, 3945.Google Scholar
Sitjà-Bobadilla, A., Redondo, M. J., Macias, M. A., Ferreiro, I., Riaza, A. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 2004). Development of immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of circulating antibodies against Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 17, 335345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitjà-Bobadilla, A., Redondo, M. J., Bermúdez, R., Palenzuela, O., Ferreiro, M. I., Riaza, A., Quiroga, M. I., Nieto, J. M. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. ( 2006). Innate and adaptative immune responses of turbot, Enteromyxum scophthalmi (L.) following experimental infection with Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa: Myxosporea). Fish and Shellfish Immunology (in the Press).Google Scholar
Su, X. Q. and White, R. W. G. ( 1996). Frequency distribution and host-parasite relationships of Zschokkella leptatherinae (Myxozoa: Myxididae), a parasite of atherinid fishes. Australian Journal of Zoology 44, 97106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thrusfield, M. ( 1999). Veterinary Epidemiology, 2nd Edn. Blackwell Science Ltd, London, UK.
Zelmer, D. A. and Arai, H. P. ( 1998). The contributions of host age and size to the aggregated distribution of parasites in yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from Garner Lake, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Parasitology 84, 2428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar